Pancreatico-pleural fistula in chronic pancreatitis

Seven patients presented with a pancreatic pleural fistula in the context of chronic pancreatitis. The diagnosis was made by analysis of the pleural effusion and by endoscopic retrograde pancreatography which opacified the fistula in six cases. Surgical procedure (five resections, one Roux-en-Y drainage and one resection associated with Roux-en-Y drainage) was guided by the morphology of the pancreatic duct and the presence of pseudocysts. All patients were successfully treated by surgery.     

Surgical Management of Failed Endoscopic Treatment of Pancreatic Disease

Introduction  Endoscopic therapy of acute and chronic pancreatitis has decreased the need for operative intervention. However, a significant proportion of patients treated endoscopically require definitive surgical management for persistent symptoms. Objective  Our aim was to determine which patients are likely to fail with endoscopic therapy, and to assess the clinical outcome of surgical management. Patients were identified using ICD-9 codes for pancreatic disease as well as CPT codes for endoscopic therapy followed by surgery. Material and Methods  Patients with documented acute or chronic pancreatitis treated endoscopically prior to surgical therapy were included (N = 88). The majority of patients (65%) exhibited chronic pancreatitis due to alcohol abuse. Common indicators for surgery were: persistent symptoms, anatomy not amenable to endoscopic treatment and unresolved common bile duct or pancreatic duct strictures. Surgical salvage procedures included internal drainage of a pseudocyst or an obstructed pancreatic duct (46%), debridement of peripancreatic fluid collections (25%), and pancreatic resection (31%). Results  Death occurred in 3% of patients. The most common complications were hemorrhage (16%), wound infection (13%), and pulmonary complications (11%). Chronic pancreatitis with persistent symptoms is the most common reason for pancreatic surgery following endoscopic therapy. Surgical salvage therapy can largely be accomplished by drainage procedures, but pancreatic resection is common. Conclusion  These complex procedures can be performed with acceptable mortality but also with significant risk for morbidity. Presented at the 49th Annual Meeting of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, San Diego, CA, May 21, 2008.     

Transgastric pancreatography and EUS-guided drainage of the pancreatic duct

Background/Purpose Endoscopic transpapillary drainage of the retained pancreatic duct in symptomatic patients with chronic pancreatitis is considered an established treatment option. The aim of this study was to investigate, as an alternative, endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided transgastric pancreatography and drainage of the pancreatic duct, in terms of their feasibility and outcome. Methods All consecutive symptomatic patients with failure of the traditional approach to catheterize and drain the pancreatic duct, over a 3-year time period, were enrolled in this prospective, observational single-center study (case series). Feasibility was characterized by success rate, outcome by complication rate (frequency of bleeding or perforation), mortality, and follow-up. Results Twelve patients underwent 14 interventions (sex ratio, M/F, 10 : 4; age range, 43–77 years) from November 2002 to October 2005. The main indication was retention of the pancreatic duct associated with pain, in particular: (i) papilla not reachable because of prior gastrointestinal surgery (n = 5); and (ii) not possible to introduce the catheter through the papilla in chronic pancreatitis or “pancreas divisum” (n = 7). Pancreatography was successful in all patients (normal finding with no therapeutic consequence, n = 1 [after pancreaticojejunostomy]), whereas drainage of the pancreatic duct was achieved in 9 patients (69%; attempts, n = 13). The transgastric route was used in 5 patients and the transpapillary route (rendezvous technique with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography [ERCP]) in 4. There was a complication rate of 42.9%, comprising postinterventional pain (n = 4; 28.6%); bleeding (n = 1); and perforation because of retriever problems (n = 1). The postinterventional pancreatitis rate was 0% and mortality was 0%. The follow-up investigation (range, 4 weeks − 3 years) revealed that 4 patients (28.6%) subsequently underwent surgical intervention, because of duodenal stenosis (n = 1; 7.1%), suspicious tumor growth (n = 1; 7.1%), and insufficient drainage of the pancreatic duct (n = 2; 14.3%). In 2 subjects (14.3%), endoscopic reinterventions became necessary, which were subsequently successful. There were the following technical problems: 1) Too dense stenosis (n = 3); 2) inadequate equipment (insufficient infeed of the endoscopic tool because of its bending), in each case. Conclusions Transgastric pancreatography and EUS-guided drainage of the pancreatic duct are reasonable and feasible alternative options for diagnostic and therapeutic management for selected indications (chronic pancreatitis; anomaly of the congenital pancreatic or postoperative gastrointestinal anatomy), with an acceptable periinterventional risk, which broaden the therapeutic spectrum and may avoid surgery but need further evaluation and follow-up investigation.     

AN AUDIT OF PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYST MANAGEMENT AND THE ROLE OF ENDOSCOPIC PANCREATOGRAPHY

Background : A rational algorithm for the management of symptomatic pancreatic pseudocysts is necessary with the increasing availability of radiological, surgical and endoscopic methods of treatment. Methods : A retrospective audit of the management and outcome of all patients who presented with symptomatic pancreatic pseudocysts to the Auckland Hospital over a 9-year period (1988–96) was made. Results : There were 44 patients (28 men, 16 women; median age 50; range 18–81) in this series. Initial management was not based on pseudocyst size, duration, location, wall thickness, the patients' symptoms and comorbidity, or the aetiology of pancreatitis. Of the 27 patients who had initial conservative management, 15 pseudocysts (56%) completely resolved. Of the 17 patients who were initially or subsequently treated with percutaneous catheter drainage (PCD), 10 pseudocysts (59%) completely resolved without additional treatment. Of the 13 patients initially or subsequently treated by surgery, all but one completely resolved after the first procedure. Two patients were successfully treated with endoscopic pancreatic stent placement. Complications arose in eight patients treated with PCD (47%) and four patients treated with surgery (31%). There was no mortality. The decision for active treatment was not preceded by delineation of the pancreatic duct by ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography) in 60% of patients. Conclusions : More than one-third of all patients with symptomatic pancreatic pseudocysts can be managed conservatively. Surgery yields excellent results but PCD has a high failure rate in patients with an underlying pancreatic duct stricture. A rational management algorithm is presented, based on pre-intervention ERCP, which should improve patient selection and outcome.     

慢性胰腺炎伴胰管结石外科治疗体会

目的 探讨慢性胰腺炎伴胰管结石外科治疗的术式选择.方法 对1991年6月至2006年6月收治的17例慢性胰腺炎伴胰管结石手术治疗的患者进行回顾性分析,总结不同类型的胰管结石的手术方式及结果.结果 本组17例中胰头部胰管结石13例,胰体尾部胰管结石4例,合并胆石症6例,其中6例行胰管切开取石胰管空肠吻合术(Partington法);4例行胰管胃吻合术(Warren法);3例行保留十二指肠胰头次全切除术(Beger法);3例行胰尾切除胰腺空肠吻合术(Duval法);1例行胰尾、脾切除胰腺空肠吻合术.17例临床治愈,其中上腹部顽固性疼痛完全缓解15例,血糖控制2例,胰漏2例,1例术后11个月死于胰腺癌.结论 针对慢性胰腺炎合并胰管结石患者的不同状况采取的手术方式应高度个体化,有主胰管扩张者采取引流术,无胰管扩张及局部胰腺病变者采取胰腺部分切除联合内引流术,同时注意尽量保存胰腺组织功能,可明显改善患者生活质量.     

Surgical approaches for pancreatic ascites: Report of three cases

Pancreatic ascites can occur in association with the rupture of a pseudocyst or the disruption of a pancreatic duct during the natural course of chronic pancreatitis. We report herein the successful treatment of three patients with pancreatic ascites by performing a surgical procedure after 4–6 weeks of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) proved ineffective. The principles of our surgical procedure for pancreatic ascites are as follows: (1) minimum pancreatic tissue is resected; (2) surgical intervention to repair leaking sites is not necessary; (3) pancreatic duct drainage is facilitated by an intestinal Rouxen-Y loop; (4) An external drainage tube is inserted through the Roux-en-Y loop into the main pancreatic duct. All three patients who underwent our surgical procedure had a good outcome. Although the mean follow-up time is still only 18.3 months, their condition has improved, with no evidence of recurrent ascites. Thus, our surgical procedure should be considered as an appropriate treatment for pancreatic ascites because it can be applied for all types of leakage, including leakage from the posterior wall of pancreas; it preserves pancreatif function, especially endocrine function; and it enables preservation of the spleen.     

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for the treatment of pancreatic duct stones

The purpose of endoscopic therapy in chronic pancreatitis is to decompress the main pancreatic duct and to remove the obstacles that impede the ductal flow of pancreatic juice. The availability of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) has improved the results of endoscopic drainage of the main pancreatic duct and has also expanded the indications of endoscopic therapy for chronic pancreatitis. This article briefly reviews ESWL for pancreatic duct stones in patients with chronic pancreatitis, including our experience with ESWL. ESWL is an effective and safe procedure for endoscopically unremovable main pancreatic duct stones, and, in selected patients, ESWL alone may be effective.     

Surgical treatment of pancreas divisum causing chronic pancreatitis: The outcome benefits of duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection

Pancreas divisum (PD) represents a duct anomaly in the pancreatic head ducts, leading frequently leading to recurrent acute pancreatitis (rAP) or chronic pancreatitis (CP). Based on endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, pancreas divisum can be found in 1% to 6% of patients with pancreatitis. The correlation of this abnormality with pancreatic disease is an issue of continuing controversy. Because of the underlying duct anomalies and major pathomorphological changes in the pancreatic head, duodenumpreserving pancreatic head resection (DPPHR) offers an option for causal treatment. Thirty-six patients with pancreatitis caused by PD were treated surgically. Thirty patients suffered from CP, 6 from rAP. The mean duration of the disease was 47.5 and 49.8 months, respectively. The age at the time of surgery was 39.2 years in the CPgroup, and 27.6 years in the rAP group. Median hospitalization since diagnosis was 18.8 weeks for CP patients and 24.6 weeks for rAP patients. Previous procedures performed in these patients included endoscopic papillotomy (30%), duct stenting (14%), and surgical treatment (17%). The median preoperative pain score was 8 on a visual analog scale. According to the classification of pancreas divisum, 10 patients demonstrated a complete PD, 25 had a functionally incomplete PD, and 1 had a dorsal duct type. The pain status as well as the endocrine (oral glucose tolerance test) and exocrine (pancreolauryl test) function were evaluated preoperatively and early and late postoperatively with a median follow-up time of 39.3 months. There was no operative-related mortality. The follow-up was 100%; 4 patients died (1 from suicide, 1 from cardiac arrest, and 2 from cancer of the esophagus). Fifty percent of the patients were completely pain-free,31%hada significant reduction of pain with a median pain score of 2 (P < 0.001). Six patients (5 CP, 1 rAP) had further attacks of acute pancreatitis with a need for hospitalization. DPPHR reduced pain and preserved the endocrine function in the majority of patients with pancreas divisum. Therefore, DPPHR is an alternative to other resective or drainage procedures after failure of interventional treatment.     

Pancreas divisum--a rare cause of chronic pancreatitis

Pancreas divisum (P.D.) is a congenital anatomic variant, characterized by the nonunion of dorsal and ventral pancreatic ducts. A 20 years old man followed for 8 years with reccurent abdominal pain and relapsing acute pancreatitis develope chronic calcific pancreatitis. He was diagnosed with P.D. on endoscopic retrograde pancreatography and operative pancreatography. The patient was treated with longitudinal pancreatico-jejunostomy (PUESTOW-GILLESBY procedure). His pain resolved following surgical drainage of the pancreatic duct. Evaluation of the clinical course of this patient and critical review of other such cases in the literature support the role of compromised ductal drainage of the pancreas in the pathogenesis of chronic pancreatitis in P.D.     

Dorsal duct sphincterotomy is effective long-term treatment of acute pancreatitis associated with pancreas divisum

Nonbiliary, nonalcoholic pancreatic inflammatory disease was investigated by biochemical investigation, ultrasonography, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, and secretin tests. Twenty-five consecutive cases were followed up for 12 months to 10 years after treatment of disease associated with pancreas divisum, diagnosed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Thirteen patients had no recurrence of acute pancreatitis after dorsal duct sphincterotomy alone, during long-term follow-up (mean, 54 months); one patient had recurrent pancreatitis during 33 months after failed sphincterotomy. Eight patients had variable results 12 months to 8 years (mean, 49 months) after dorsal duct sphincterotomy for pancreatic pain syndrome (without amylase elevation), three were pain free, and one had recurrent pancreatitis. For 10 years after dorsal duct sphincterotomy for chronic pancreatitis, one patient had no pain relief; after subtotal pancreatectomy and pancreaticojejunostomy of the dorsal duct, both for chronic pancreatitis, one patient each was pain free and normoglycemic after 54 and 12 months, respectively. Dorsal duct sphincterotomy alone is successful in achieving long-term freedom from recurrence of acute pancreatitis associated with pancreas divisum. Pancreatic pain syndrome is not consistently improved by dorsal duct sphincterotomy. Chronic pancreatitis associated with pancreas divisum should be treated by resection or drainage procedures, not by dorsal duct sphincterotomy.     

Endoscopic drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts

Summary Seventeen patients with pancreatic pseudocysts were treated by endoscopic drainage. In nine cases we performed endoscopic retrograde pancreatic drainage (ERPD) by inserting 7-Fr pigtail catheters via the papilla into the cyst or into the main pancreatic duct. In two cases transduodenal cystotomy (ECD) and in eight cases transgastral cystotomy (ECG) are performed by using coagulator and papillotome. In five cases of ECG an endoprosthesis was inserted into the cyst. In two cases combination therapy of ERPD and ECG was performed. All patients reported reduction of continuous pain and postprandial epigastralgia after placement of endoprosthesis. After disappearance of symptoms and abnormal endoscopic findings within a period of 2–12 months the drainage tubes were removed. In one case postoperative dislocation of the prosthesis was observed; no serious complication was not encountered. The period of observation varied from 5 to 40 months. Two patients are presently under treatment with endoprostheses. Endoscopic drainage yielded good results in the treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts.     

胰管结石性慢性胰腺炎的临床特点与外科治疗

目的探讨胰管结石性慢性胰腺炎的临床特点及外科术式选择与疗效。方法回顾性分析我院外科1983年1月至2006年12月间收治并手术治疗的31例胰管结石性慢性胰腺炎患者的临床资料、手术方式和疗效。结果胰管结石性慢性胰腺炎患者多见于酗酒所致的酒精性胰腺炎,腹痛为最突出临床表现,胰腺内外分泌功能减退较为常见。B超及CT为最常用的检查手段,对胰管结石的诊断准确率分别达到96.8%（30/31）和100%（26/26）,患者多同时存在胰腺萎缩及钙化、胰管扩张等。31例患者共接受32例次手术,胰管取石＋括约肌成形术2例,胰尾空肠吻合3例,改良Puestow术13例,Whipple手术9例,Frey手术5例。手术效果满意。结论胰管结石性慢性胰腺炎临床表现复杂,病因以酒精性为主,腹部B超和CT检查多可明确诊断。手术治疗是缓解症状的主要治疗手段,外科治疗应采用个体化原则。     

Laparoscopic side-to-side pancreaticojejunostomy (Partington-Rochelle) for chronic pancreatitis

Intractable pain in chronic pancreatitis has been treated by several different procedures, including resection and drainage, or a combination of the two. We describe the technique of laparoscopic side-to-side pancreaticojejunostomy for chronic pancreatitis in five patients. The procedure is performed using five trocars. Stapling and direct suturing are required. Careful selection of patients is important. Preoperative and intraoperative ultrasound is necessary to assess the dilated pancreatic duct. In one of the five patients, the laparoscopic technique was converted to an open procedure because the preoperative findings were not confirmed at exploration. Four of the five patients are pain-free, with 5- to 30-month follow-up. Laparoscopic pancreaticojejunostomy can be performed safely, and it is a procedure that should be considered in the treatment of appropriate patients with chronic pancreatitis. Received for publication on Aug. 17, 1998; accepted on June 10, 1999     

胰管结石11例诊治体会

目的探讨胰管结石的诊断与治疗。方法对2001～2007年间11例胰管结石患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果胰管结石患者均以上腹痛为主要首发症状且合并慢性胰腺炎，多数有内、外分泌功能障碍。B超、CT、ERCP及MRCP均可明确诊断。6例行胰管切开取石、胰管空肠Roux—en—Y吻合术，3例胰体尾部结石行胰体尾切除、胰断端套入空肠端Roux—en-Y吻合术；2例行胰十二指肠切除术，1例胰头部结石行胰管切开取石，主胰管内置T型管引流。结论：B超、CT及MRCP是诊断胰管结石最主要的手段。外科手术治疗仍是目前治疗胰管结石的主要方法。手术方式的选择主要取决于胰管结石的部位、主胰管有无狭窄及是否合并胰腺癌。     

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??Rationality of surgical managements according to the pathological anatomy of chronic pancreatitis GAO Hong-qiao, CAI Meng-shan, MA Yong-su, et al. Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
Corresponding author: YANG Yin-mo, E-mail: yangyinmo@263.net
Abstract Objective To investigate the outcome after surgery directed by pathological anatomy of chronic pancreatitis and provide evidence for surgical procedures. Methods The clinical material of 60 patients with chronic pancreatitis who underwent surgical treatment between 2000 and 2010 were investigated retrospectively. Result 43 cases (71.7%) presented with abdominal pain, Perioperative mortality was 1.7% (1 case). Forty-two patients with abdominal pain were all relieved after surgery, but long-term recurrence occered in 17 cases (40.5%). Modified Puestow procedure was performed on 21 patients with dilatation of pancreatic duct and/or lithiasis, long-term pain recurrence occered in 8 cases (38.1%); Six patients undergoing pancreatic head resection had no recurrence in the long-term follow-up; Pain recurrence rate of 11 cases with only cholangioenterostomy was 81.2% (9 cases) within 2 years. Chronic pancreatitis with common bile duct obstruction occurred in 33 cases(55%), cholangioenterostomy alone or combined with partly pancreatic resection or pancreatic duct drainage procedures could alleviate symptoms of biliary obstruction, 4(33.3%) cases after pure biliary drainage emerged abdominal pain, 5 cases of pancreatic head resection had no recurrence of jaundice and abdominal pain after long-term follow-up. Conclusion Surgical procedures should be selected according to the pathological anatomy of chronic pancreatitis. Reasonable pancreatic head resection and adequate bile and/or pancreatic drainage could significantly improve the long-term outcomes.     

内镜治疗急性胆源性胰腺炎的疗效评价

目的　探讨内镜治疗急性胆源性胰腺炎的临床效果。方法　将 3 6例急性胆源性胰腺炎患者分成两组治疗 ,其中 2 0例于 2 4h内行逆行胰胆管造影术 (ERCP )、内镜下乳头括约肌切开 (EST )后用网篮取石或碎石网篮碎石后气囊取石术及内镜下鼻胆管引流术 (内镜治疗组 ) ;另 16例行保守或急诊外科手术治疗 (对照组 )。结果　内镜组治疗的成功率为 95 .2 4% ,未发生与内镜操作有关的严重并发症 ,与对照组相比 ,内镜组术后腹痛缓解时间、住院时间明显低于对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ,术后第 2天血及尿淀粉酶明显降低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,第 3天降低更为明显 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　内镜治疗直接针对胆源性胰腺炎的发病原因 ,解除胆胰管开口的梗阻 ,通畅了胆胰液的引流 ,降低胆胰管内压 ,可有效治疗胆源性胰腺炎 ,该方法微创、安全、有效 ,是治疗急性胆源性胰腺炎的理想方法。     

胆总管取石术后发生下端梗阻的原因分析及处理

目的分析胆总管探查取石术后发生下端梗阻的原因及采取的对策效果,为临床治疗胆总管结石及解决梗阻提供参考,减少胆总管探查取石术后发生下端梗阻。方法收集2013年1月至2015年12月间在深圳市第六人民医院行胆总管探查取石术后发生下端梗阻19例病人的一般资料及术前、术中和术后的临床资料,分析胆总管探查取石术后发生下端梗阻的原因,之后对病人采取的医疗对策并随访效果。结果 1胆总管下端良性狭窄引起的下端梗阻5例,行内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术(EST)治疗,术后随访6个月行腹部彩超、生化检查复查,结果显示均无异常。2胆总管下端嵌顿性结石引起的下端梗阻9例,行内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)+EST术治疗,术后随访6个月均无异常。3胰头部病变引起的下端梗阻5例,其中胰头慢性胰腺炎2例,行胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术治疗,术后随访6个月无异常,复查腹部CT胰头无明显炎性改变;肝胰壶腹癌1例,胰头癌2例,均行胰十二指肠切除术治疗,术后随访1年均无复发转移。结论对于不具有典型胆总管结石临床表现的病人,或者胆总管结石直径明显小于胆总管内径,而胆总管却有明显扩张的病人,应该引起重视。术前、术中均应该进行严格排查,术中应"重探查、轻取石",找到胆总管梗阻的真正原因。     

Endoscopic clearance of the pancreatic duct in chronic pancreatitis with severe pain

Summary In a phase I study endoscopic removal of pancreatic duct stones and protein plugs was attempted in five patients suffering from chronic pancreatitis with severe chronic pain. The pancreatic duct contents could be extracted after successful sphincterotomy in three patients. Clearance of the pancreatic duct was followed by complete or partial relief of pain. The follow-up period was 17–48 months. Endoscopic extraction is, however, not without complications; it is technically difficult, and many attempts may be required. The combination of endoscopic therapy and extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy may be a better alternative.     

慢性胰腺炎伴胰管结石的诊断与外科治疗

目的：探讨慢性胰腺炎伴胰管结石的诊断特点与手术方法的选择。方法：回顾分析外科治疗的慢性胰腺炎伴胰管结石的16例临床资料。结果：16例中常见的临床症状是腹痛(占100％)、食欲不振及恶心呕吐(占62．5％)、脂肪泻(占12．5％)、消瘦(占18．8％)及腹部肿块(占6．3％)。胰管扩张及胰腺结石的B超诊断率分别为81．3％及75．0％；胰管结石的腹部平片诊断率为81．3％；胰管结石的CT和MRI诊断率均为61．5％，包括胰头部局限性肿大为23．1％和胆总管扩张15．4％。手术方式包括胰管切开减压胰管空肠内引流术10例(Partington手术9例及Puestow手术1例)，胰十二指肠切除术3例(Child方法)，胰体尾部切除术3例(联合胆总管切开、T管引流术2例)。结论：严格选择适应证和合理的手术方式，对改善慢性胰腺炎伴胰管结石患者的生活质量和控制疾病发展具有重要作用。     

胰管结石外科治疗术式探讨

目的探讨胰管结石外科治疗的术式选择。方法对7例胰管结石患者进行手术治疗。采用胆管、胰管空肠(侧侧)Roux-Y吻合术 胆囊切除、胆管探查、T管引流术4例,采用胰管切开取石、胰管空肠(侧侧)Roux-Y吻合术 胆管探查、T管引流术1例,采用保留十二指肠的胰头切除、尾侧胰腺断端空肠(端侧)Roux-Y吻合术 胆囊切除及胆总管探查取石、T管引流术1例,采用胰十二指肠切除术1例。结果7例均痊愈,其中1例术前并发上消化道大出血,误切第一组小肠,遗有短肠综合征;另1例生存至1.5年后发生胰腺癌变死亡。结论外科手术仍是本病主要的治疗方法,主要有引流术和胰腺部分切除术,有主胰管扩张者宜采用引流术,无胰管扩张和胰腺病变局限化者,可用胰腺部分切除术,再联合内引流术;依据胰腺病变的具体情况选择最佳术式,手术疗效满意。