抗骨松丹杞颗粒含药血清对成骨-破骨细胞共培养体系中破骨细胞功能的影响

目的:观察补肾方抗骨松丹杞颗粒含药血清在成骨-破骨细胞共同培养体系中对大鼠破骨细胞(OC)骨吸收功能的影响。方法:取1 d龄SD大鼠的胎鼠颅骨与四肢骨分别分离、培养成骨细胞和破骨细胞,建立细胞上清相通但细胞间不相互混杂的平面式成骨-破骨细胞共育体系,实验分为不同浓度(低、中、高)的补肾方含药血清组和对照组进行比较,用重氮盐法检测抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)和光镜观察骨陷窝数。结果:25%的补肾方含药血清组在48 h、72 h、96 h成骨-破骨细胞共育体系中OC分泌TRAP的活性明显降低于对照组;25%的补肾方含药血清组在48 h、72 h、120 h所形成骨吸收陷窝的数目明显低于对照组(P0.01)。结论:补肾方抗骨松丹杞颗粒含药血清在共育体系中能够抑制OC活性。     

1, 25二羟基胆钙化醇诱导大鼠骨髓单核细胞向破骨细胞转化的机制

目的:探讨1,25二羟基胆钙化醇(1,25(OH)2D3)诱导大鼠骨髓单核细胞向破骨细胞转化时明胶酶表达及其参与骨陷窝形成机制。方法:分离乳鼠骨髓内细胞,诱导生成破骨样细胞。姬姆莎、抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)染色鉴定。扫描电镜观察诱导出的细胞贴附于骨片上形成的骨陷窝,明胶酶谱检测细胞培养液中明胶酶表达水平。结果:单核细胞经1,25(OH)2D3诱导,第9日生成大量的破骨样细胞。姬姆莎染色显示出多核(≥3个),TRAP染色阳性,扫描电镜观察破骨细胞在骨片上培养时产生骨陷窝。1,25(OH)2D3组基质金属蛋白酶2(MMP-2)表达水平增加显著。结论:1,25(OH)2D3诱导单核细胞产生大量破骨细胞。参与骨陷窝形成的明胶酶是MMP-2。这可能是破骨细胞通过某些机制,促进其他非破骨细胞分泌有活性的MMP-2参与噬骨。     

密骨打老儿丸含药血清对共育体系中成骨细胞和破骨细胞功能的影响

 目的： 观察密骨打老儿丸（Migu-Dalaoer pill,MDP）含药血清在成骨-破骨细胞共同培养体系中对成骨细胞（osteoblasts,OB）增殖和破骨细胞（osteoclasts,OC）骨吸收功能的影响。方法： 利用分段酶消化法从胎鼠颅骨中分离出OB,取1日龄SD大鼠四肢股骨和胫骨分离培养OC,建立培养上清相通但2种细胞间互不接触的成骨-破骨细胞共育模型。实验分为不同浓度（低、中、高）的MDP含药血清组和对照组进行比较,以细胞增殖（MTT 法）和碱性磷酸酶（alkaline phosphatase,ALP）活性代表OB的成骨活性,以抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶（tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase,TRAP）活性和骨吸收陷窝数目代表OC的破骨能力进行测定。结果： 与对照组相比,中、高浓度MDP含药血清在成骨-破骨细胞共同培养体系中6和7 d 能显著提高OB数目和 ALP 活性（P<0.01）。与对照组相比,中、高浓度MDP含药血清在成骨-破骨细胞共同培养体系中6和7 d 能显著降低OC骨吸收陷窝的数目和分泌 TRAP 的活性（P<0.01）。结论： 密骨打老儿丸含药血清在共育体系中能够促进OB增殖和骨形成,同时抑制OC骨吸收功能。     

破骨细胞骨吸收上清液对骨髓间充质干细胞增殖分化的影响

目的研究破骨细胞骨吸收活动中的分泌产物对骨髓间充质干细胞增殖、分化的影响。方法诱导小鼠脾脏细胞为破骨细胞,用抗酒石酸盐酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)染色。破骨细胞与牛骨磨片共培养,扫描电镜观察骨吸收陷窝。收集骨吸收实验破骨细胞培养上清液作用于小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSC),MTT法检测BMSC生长曲线;成骨诱导后钙化结节茜素红染色法检测BMSC成骨能力;成脂诱导后油红O染色检测BMSC成脂能力;Western blot法检测小鼠BMSC成骨相关蛋白RUNX2、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)及成脂相关蛋白过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPAR-γ)的表达。结果 TRAP染色、扫描电镜显示脾脏细胞可诱导分化为具有骨吸收能力的破骨细胞;与对照组相比,加入破骨细胞培养上清液,BMSC的增殖受到抑制,成骨分化增强,成脂分化减弱(P0.05)。结论破骨细胞骨吸收上清液具有使BMSC增殖能力降低,成骨分化增强,成脂分化减弱的作用。     

益骨胶囊含药血清对共育体系中破骨细胞活性和凋亡的影响

目的： 观察益骨胶囊含药血清在成骨-破骨细胞共育体系中对SD大鼠破骨细胞（OC）活性和凋亡的影响。 方法： (1)取1d龄SD大鼠颅骨分离培养成骨细胞（OB），取5d龄SD大鼠四肢股骨、胫骨分离培养OC，建立细胞上清相通但细胞间不相互混杂的平面式成骨-破骨细胞共育体系，实验分为含药血清组和对照组；（2）将10月龄SD雌性大鼠分为益骨胶囊灌胃组和生理盐水对照组，制备含药血清和对照血清；（3）重氮盐法检测抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶（TRAP）和光镜观察骨陷窝数；（4）光镜和荧光显微镜下观察共育体系中OC凋亡情况。 结果： 含药血清组在48 h、72 h、96 h对成骨-破骨细胞共育体系中OC分泌TRACP的活性均明显降低于对照组，OC的存活数明显低于对照组，OC的凋亡率明显高于对照组且呈明显的时效关系；所形成骨吸收陷窝的数目明显低于对照组(P<0.01)。 结论： 益骨胶囊含药血清在共育体系中能够抑制OC活性，诱导破骨细胞的凋亡。     

成骨细胞参与白细胞介素—1调节破骨细胞功能的实验研究

建立了成骨细胞和破骨细胞共同培养体系，探讨了白细胞介素－１（ＩＬ１）促进骨吸收的作用机理。研究发现，破骨细胞＋ＩＬ１组的骨吸收陷窝数目和面积，与单纯破骨细胞组比较，差异无显著性意义。破骨细胞＋成骨细胞＋ＩＬ１组，骨吸收陷窝数目和面积均显著增加，与破骨细胞＋ＩＬ１组及单纯破骨细胞对照组比较，差异均有显著性意义。提示ＩＬ１对破骨细胞缺乏直接作用，而是在成骨细胞介导下，发挥调节破骨细胞的骨吸收作用。     

应用破骨细胞-颅骨联合培养体系研究先天性成骨不全的骨再建过程

目的　采用先天性成骨不全(OI)小鼠,oim/oim为动物模型,应用破骨细胞-颅骨联合培养体系研究OB和OC两种细胞在OI骨再建过程中的功能改变和相互作用。 方法　实验采用小鼠颅骨（CAL）组织培养,实验设两组：WTCAL-WTOC组：联合培养对照组颅（WTCAL） 与对照破骨细胞（WTOC）;OICAL-OIOC组：联合培养OI颅骨（OICAL）与OI破骨细胞（OIOC）。以免疫组化染色方法　-TRAP识别破骨细胞,ALP免疫组化染色方法识别成骨细胞。破骨细胞骨吸收活性为骨吸收陷窝占颅骨表面百分比。单位OC吸收面积为总骨吸收陷窝除以破骨细胞数。 结果　于7d,OICAL-OIOC组破骨细胞数低于WTCAL-WTOC组;OICAL-OIOC组的OC/OB比例低WTCAL-WTOC组;OICAL-OIOC组单位破骨细胞吸收能力高于WTCAL-WTOC组。 结论　OI的小鼠模型骨再建中骨量丢失一方面由于其成骨细胞功能异常,另一方面也可能因为其破骨细胞的代偿性功能活跃。     

空泡型质子泵阻断剂Baf. A1抑制破骨样细胞体外骨吸收研究

目的 从骨吸收机制比较骨巨细胞瘤中的破骨样细胞和破骨细胞,明确参与破骨样细胞骨吸收的质子泵类型及其在骨吸收中的作用,进一步探讨破骨样细胞的特征和来源。方法 采用骨片与破骨样细胞体外共同培养的方法,观察破骨样细胞形成的骨吸收陷窝数和陷窝面积,比较线粒体型质子泵Ｆ－ＡＴＰａｓｅ阻断剂Ｏｌｉｇｍｙｃｉｎｅ和空泡型质子泵阻断剂Ｂａｆｌｏｍｙｃｉｎｅ Ａ１对破骨样骨吸收的影响。结果 只有Ｂａｆ．Ａ１明显阻断     

低氧环境中PADI4促进破骨细胞分化和骨吸收功能的研究

为探讨低氧环境中肽酰基精氨酸脱亚胺酶4(peptidyl arginine deiminase 4,PADI4)对破骨细胞分化和功能的影响,采用巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(macrophage colony-stimulating factor, M-CSF)和核因子κB受体活化因子配体(receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand, RANKL)诱导单核巨噬细胞白血病细胞RAW264.7向破骨细胞分化,采用PADI4抑制剂Cl-amidine和PADI4-siRNA-MSN抑制PADI4表达,采用抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, TRAP)染色试验、TRAP活性试验和骨吸收试验鉴定破骨细胞的分化和功能,用qRT-PCR和Western blotting分别检测PADI4、TRAP基因及其蛋白的表达水平。结果显示,低氧-M-CSF+RANKL组TRAP和PADI4 mRNA相对表达水平较常氧-M-CSF+RANKL组显著升高(P0.05)。低氧-M-CSF+RANKL组的TRAP阳性细胞数[(7.33±1.37)个/HP]显著高于常氧-M-CSF+RANKL组[(3.33±1.63)个/HP,P0.01],低氧-M-CSF+RANKL组较常氧-M-CSF+RANKL组TRAP活性显著增加(P0.001)。低氧-M-CSF+RANKL组骨吸收陷窝数[(107.00±12.42)个/片]较常氧-M-CSF+RANKL组[(77.40±8.79)个/片]显著增加(P0.05)。在低氧环境下,与对照组比较,M-CSF+RANKL+Cl-amidine组和M-CSF+RANKL+siRNA组TRAP mRNA表达水平、TRAP蛋白表达水平、TRAP阳性细胞数、TRAP活性、骨吸收陷窝数均显著降低(P0.05)。该研究提示,在低氧环境中PADI4可能是促进巨噬细胞向破骨细胞分化以及骨吸收的关键分子。     

破骨细胞骨吸收中肿瘤坏死因子α可提高空泡型质子泵表达与活性

背景:空泡型的ATP酶(V-ATPase)在破骨细胞的骨吸收功能中起重要作用,肿瘤坏死因子α对破骨细胞中的V-ATPase表达与活性的影响尚不明确。目的:通过V-ATPase的表达与酶的活性变化,探讨肿瘤坏死因子α促进破骨细胞骨吸收功能的机制。方法:体外诱导培养破骨细胞,分别给予不同质量浓度的肿瘤坏死因子α干预(5,10,30μg/L)。采用荧光定量PCR及Western Blot检测肿瘤坏死因子α对破骨细胞V-ATPase表达的影响;根据吸光度值计算出V-ATPase的相对活性;倒置显微镜下观察骨吸收陷窝形成情况,采用Image J软件分析骨吸收面积。结果与结论:破骨细胞经过48 h的肿瘤坏死因子α干预以后,V-ATPase的表达与活性均有显著的增加,并且提高肿瘤坏死因子α的干预浓度均可增强此效应。破骨细胞经肿瘤坏死因子α干预后,培养板的骨吸收面积明显增加,这种作用随着肿瘤坏死因子α干预浓度的增加而增强。由此推测肿瘤坏死因子α作为一个重要的炎症递质参与病理性骨质吸收的过程,除促进破骨细胞形成以外,其可能的机制是肿瘤坏死因子α通过增加V-ATPase的表达,并提高V-ATPase活性,从而增强破骨细胞的骨质吸收活动。     

THE EFFECT ON CHICK OSTEOCLASTS OF INFECTION WITH PARAMYXOVIRUSES

The detection of virus in osteoclasts from Pagetic patients is now well known, but it has yet to be shown convincingly that the presence of virus in Pagetic osteoclasts influences their behaviour. In this study, osteoclasts from embryonic chick tibiae were infected with canine distemper virus or measles virus and compared with mock-infected controls. Infection was confirmed using virus-specific fluorescent antibodies. It was found that virus infection did not alter osteoclast morphology or tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity. Both infected and mock-infected osteoclasts produced resorption pits on bovine bone slices; these could be divided into two distinct size classes with a computer-based measuring system. Virus infection significantly increased the proportion of the larger size class of resorption pit. These results suggest that virus infection can increase bone resorption by osteoclasts, lending further support to the hypothesis that viruses play a role in Paget's disease of bone.     

Giant cells in pigmented villo nodular synovitis express an osteoclast phenotype.

AIM: To determine the cytochemical and functional phenotype of multinucleated giant cells in pigmented villo nodular synovitis (PVNS). METHODS: Giant cells isolated from a patient with PVNS of the knee were assessed for a number of markers used to distinguish osteoclasts from macrophages/ macrophage polykaryons: evidence of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity; expression of CD11b, CD14, CD51, and calcitonin receptors; and the ability of the giant cells to carry out lacunar resorption. RESULTS: Isolated giant cells expressed an osteoclast antigenic phenotype (positive for CD51, negative for CD11b and CD14) and were TRAP and calcitonin receptor positive. They also showed functional evidence of osteoclast differentiation, producing numerous lacunar bone resorption pits on bone slices in short term culture. CONCLUSIONS: The giant cells in this case of PVNS express all the phenotypical features of osteoclasts including the ability to carry out lacunar resorption. This may account for the bone destruction associated with this aggressive synovial lesion.     

Effects of ibandronate-hydroxyapatite on resorptive activity of osteoclasts

Introduction

Bisphosphonates (BPs) can be locally used to improve the osteogenesis around hydroxyapatite (HA) implants. However, there are almost no reports discussing the effects of BPs in the bound state with HA on osteoclasts. Ibandronate is a BP widely used in clinical practice. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of ibandronate combined with HA on the morphology and resorptive activity of osteoclasts.

Material and methods

The HA and ibandronate-HA were prepared. Osteoclasts were isolated from Sprague-Dawley rats and then the cells were cultured with both HA and ibandronate-HA. Then the cell morphology was inspected by inverted phase contrast microscope and transmission electron microscopy observation. The resorptive activity was tested using the dyeing agent seminaphthofluorescein and bone resorption assay.

Results

Compared with the control group, the osteoclasts demonstrated morphological alterations, and the hydrogen ion concentration was significantly lower in the ibandronate-HA group. Areas of the resorption pits formed by the osteoclasts were significantly smaller, the trabecula thickness appeared thicker, and concentration of CTx was also significantly lower in the experimental group.

Conclusions

Resorptive activity of osteoclasts cultured with ibandronate-HA was weaker than that of the control group. Ibandronate on HA in the bound state could maintain its action as an inhibitor to osteoclasts.     

The effect of dichloromethylene diphosphonate, a pyrophosphate analog, on bone and bone cell structure in the growing rat.

Dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl2MDP) is a synthetic compound related in structure to inorganic pyrophosphate but is resistant to enzymatic and chemical degradation and is known to be a potent inhibitor of bone resorption. The administration of 20 mg/kg/day of Cl2MDP for ten days to growing rats results in marked increases in metaphyseal mineralized tissue mass due to slowed bone resorption. There was an increase in resorption areas covering anorganic bone viewed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), however, the resorption pits, or Howship's lacunae, in these resorption areas were smaller and less defined than those encountered in controls. The appearance of these large areas of poorly delineated resorption pits is likely due to an inhibition of bone resorption coupled with slow bone formation. Administration of Cl2MDP to growing rats also results in an increase in the numbers and size of osteoclasts. Because this would appear to be a histological paradox, in view of the ability of Cl2MDP to slow bone resorption, the osteoclasts were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The ruffled borders and associated cytoplasmic vacuoles were generally less extensive in the Cl2MDP-treated osteoclasts than in controls, even though clear zones were frequently seen. Examination of undecalcified light microscope sections reveal that the area of bone being degraded by adjacent osteoclasts was generally much smaller in the Cl2MDP-treated animals than in controls. Thus the collaborating TEM observations of smaller ruffled borders, with the SEM observations of smaller, less-defined resorption pits, with the light microscope observations of smaller bone areas being degraded by individual osteoclasts provide a morphological basis for the observed decreases in bone resorption following Cl2MDP administration.     

Characterization of osteoclasts from patients harboring a G215R mutation in ClC-7 causing autosomal dominant osteopetrosis type II

Autosomal dominant osteopetrosis II (ADOII) is a relatively benign disorder caused by a missense mutation in the ClCN7 gene. In this study, we characterize the osteoclasts from patients with ADOII, caused by a G215R mutation, and investigate the effect on osteoclast function in vitro. Osteoclasts from ADOII patients and healthy age- and sex-matched controls, were used to evaluate osteoclastogenesis, cell fusion, acidification, and resorptive activity. ADOII osteoclasts in vivo have increased number and size. However, in vitro we observed no significant changes in the osteoclast formation rate, the morphology, and the expression of markers, such as cathepsin K and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. When mature ADOII osteoclasts were investigated on mineralized bone, they degraded the bone material, however only to 10 to 20% of the level in controls. We show by acridine orange, that the reduced chloride transport leads to reduced acidification. We show that the residual activity is sensitive to inhibitors of cathepsins and chloride channels, confirming that resorption is reduced but present. In conclusion, this is the first functional in vitro study of human ADOII osteoclasts. We show normal osteoclastogenesis in ADOII osteoclasts. However, the residual activity of the ClC-7 channel in ADOII osteoclasts does not allow sufficient acidification and thereby resorption.     

Relationships between tooth eruption, occlusion and alveolar bone resorption: cytological and cytochemical studies of bone resorption on rat incisor alveolar bone facing the enamel

The rat labial incisor alveolar bone facing the enamel and bearing the occlusal force was examined by electron microscopy after being compared with the lingual alveolar bone by histological and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observations. On the labial side, shallow resorptive lacunae were recognized all over the bone surface; these were mainly covered by osteoclasts and some mononuclear cells. The cement line was absent from the bone matrix. On the lingual side, residues of Sharpey's fibers, the bone formation surface and deep resorptive lacunae were observed by SEM. Histologically, bone remodeling areas showing both osteoclasts and active bone-forming osteoblasts on the bone surface, as well as many cement lines in bone matrix, were recognized. Furthermore, electron microscopic and cytochemical studies demonstrated that mononuclear cells located close to osteoclasts displayed osteoblastic characteristics such as alkaline phosphatase activity, a developed Golgi apparatus, and a rough endoplasmic reticulum. These findings indicate that continuous bone resorption occurs on the labial bone surface, while active bone remodeling occurs on the lingual surface. Even on the labial surface, osteoblastic cells close to osteoclasts seem to play an important role in the differentiation and or activation of osteoclasts.     

Inhibition of leukotriene function can modulate particulate-induced changes in bone cell differentiation and activity.

Aseptic loosening remains the major problem facing arthroplasty longevity with particulates from component materials touted as the cause of periprosthetic osteolysis. Proposed mechanisms in aseptic bone loss include: increased resorption, increased differentiation of osteoclasts (and/or macrophages locally), and decreased osteoblastic bone formation. Leukotrienes participate in osteoclastic bone resorption. We investigated inhibiting leukotrienes synthesis, using ICI 230487, to ameliorate the effects of particulates on osteoclast pit formation and also assessed the effects of alendronate, a bisphosphonate, on pit formation. Three particulates were used: ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and hydroxyapatite (HA). Osteoclast resorption was increased with UHMWPE, PMMA, and HA particles. Interventions with alendronate and ICI 230487 reduced particulate-induced osteoclast resorption. Both ICI 230487 and alendronate reduced osteoclast numbers at higher doses. To assess the effect of particulates on osteoclast and macrophage differentiation, mouse bone marrow was cultured and stained for tartrate resistant acid phosphatase colonies (TRAP+, osteoclasts) and nonspecific esterase positive colonies (NSE+, macrophage precursors). Particulates increased both TRAP+ and NSE+ colony formation. These increases were inhibited by ICI 230487. Particulates also inhibited osteoblast function assessed by the development of mineralized nodules and alkaline phosphatase positive (AP+) colony area. ICI 230487 partly protected osteoblast function from this particulate effect. Blockade of leukotriene production may prove a useful therapeutic intervention for particulate-induced aseptic loosening by inhibiting resorptive activity, reducing the pro-inflammatory cell populations induced and recruited by these particulates, as well as ameliorating the negative effects of inflammatory mediators on osteoblast function.Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.