多节段椎板开窗潜行扩大术治疗退变性腰椎管狭窄症的CT椎管测量分析

目的探讨多节段椎板开窗潜行扩大术治疗退变性腰椎管狭窄症的临床疗效。方法选取2013-03-2015-09甘肃省中医院脊柱骨三科所收治的退变性腰椎管狭窄症患者100例,所有患者均采用多节段椎板开窗潜行扩大术治疗,手术前后运用Digimizer图像分析测量软件对100例患者的CT扫描片进行椎管矢径、椎板间距、上关节突内缘间距、椎管截面积测量,同时对患者手术前后进行JOA评分(日本骨科学会下腰痛评分法)。结果术后L_(3-4)、L_(4-5)、L_5-S_1各平面的椎管矢径较术前平均增加4.823 mm、5.585 mm、5.517 mm;术后L_(3-4)、L_(4-5)、L_5-S_1各平面的椎板间距较术前平均增加7.134mm、5.998 mm、5.143 mm;术后L_(3-4)、L_(4-5)、L_5-S_1各平面的上关节突内缘间距较术前平均增加7.231mm、7.046 mm、6.052 mm;术后L_(3-4)、L_(4-5)、L_5-S_1各平面的椎管截面积较术前平均增加183.818 mm~2、202.435 mm~2、177.953 mm~2,且P0.05,具有统计学意义。手术前后JOA评分,由术前的(8.63±1.83)分升高到术后的(26.33±1.53)分(P0.05)具有统计学意义;JOA评分改善率为86.90%。结论多节段椎板开窗潜行扩大术减压充分,能明显扩大病变节段的椎管矢径、椎板间距、上关节突内缘间距及椎管截面积,解除了患者的临床症状,疗效可靠。     

微型钛板腰椎管成形术在腰椎管狭窄症的应用

目的 探讨采用微型钛板腰椎管成形术在治疗腰椎管疾病应用中的安全性及有效性。方法2000年6月～2004年9月，收治腰椎管狭窄症患者18例，男10例，女8例，年龄28～56岁。病程3个月～3年。其中发育性腰椎管狭窄11例，退变性腰椎管狭窄7例。均伴腰椎间盘突出：L5、S1 6例，L4,5,9例，L3,4 2例，L3～5 1例；伴侧隐窝狭窄13例。应用微型钛板腰椎管成形术治疗，半侧椎板回植3例，全椎板回植14例，2个节段椎板回植1例。结果患者术后获随访3个月～4年3个月，平均1年8个月。术后症状缓解，无并发症发生，3～9个月后骨性融合。CT随访示无回植椎板移入椎管或移位倾向，无截骨前缘过度增生对硬脊膜产生新的压迫等，无明显椎间退变及椎间不稳；椎管矢状径扩大1．8～5．6mm，平均3．2mm；横径扩大1．3～4．4mm，平均1．8mm，症状无复发。结论微型钛板腰椎管成形术在腰椎管狭窄手术应用中安全可靠、疗效好，椎管扩大明显，椎板重建可靠，恢复了局部解剖和维持脊柱稳定。     

保留后韧带结构的单开门术治疗腰椎管狭窄症

目的　探讨一种治疗腰椎管狭窄症的方法 ,使术后脊柱稳定性较好。方法　设计保留脊柱后韧带结构的椎板开门椎管扩大成形术治疗椎管狭窄症 10 7例。统计手术前后椎管矢状径、截面积资料。结果　术后矢状径平均扩大至 (16 4 9± 0 74 )mm ,截面积增加至 (16 9 15± 16 5 8)mm2 ,各项指标与术前比较差异有非常显著性意义 (P <0 0 0 1)。随访 87例 ,术后 5～8年。疗效评定 :优 6 4例 ,良 2 3例。结论　后韧带结构为坚韧有弹性的骨韧带条 ,在维护脊柱稳定的过程中 ,有着无法替代的价值。行椎管减压术应保留后韧带结构 ,使术后脊柱稳定性较好     

带蒂椎板内板切除原位回植术治疗椎管狭窄症

目的:探讨一种治疗腰椎管狭窄症的方法,使术后脊柱解剖结构及椎管形态较接近生理状态。方法:设计带蒂椎板内板切除后原位回植的方法治疗椎管狭窄症94例。分析患者手术前后椎板厚度、椎管截面积、临床疗效。结果:术后椎板厚度L3、L4、L5分别减少至(4.89±1.10)mm、(4.78±0.96)mm、(5.10±0.91)mm,平均厚度(4.91±0.95)mm。椎管截面积L3、L4、L5下缘层面分别扩大至(148.66±12.82)mm2、(196.46±24.93)mm2、(196.98±23.09)mm2,平均截面积(193.66±26.27)mm2。各项指标与术前比较差异有非常显著性意义(P<0.001)。术后随访5-8年,按疗效评定标准:优73例,良16例,差5例。结论:腰椎管狭窄症的致窄因素除了关节突内聚肥大、黄韧带增厚之外,椎板肥硕增厚也是重要的原因,治疗方式应针对这些病理改变而设计。治疗应扩大椎管容积,在此基础上应尽量减少解剖结构的切除,使术后脊柱的稳定性较好;还应恢复椎管截面类圆形的生理形态,使适合脊髓神经根容纳,利于神经功能恢复。     

棘突截骨椎管成形术治疗单纯性腰椎管狭窄症

目的　采用棘突截骨椎管成形术治疗单纯性腰椎管狭窄症 ,并进行临床与影像学评估。方法　手术方法为单侧椎板显露棘突基底截骨 ,将棘突 -韧带 -骶棘肌整体推离对侧椎板。切除椎板上下缘和黄韧带 ,潜式扩大椎管和摘除椎间盘。 35例退行性腰椎管狭窄症患者接受该手术 ,术后进行疗效评分 (Oswestry问卷 )和腰椎管直径测量。结果　术后 1年腰腿痛平均改善78.4% ,术后 4年平均改善 76 .3 % ,术后中期疗效下降不显著 (P >0 .0 5 )。术后CT显示椎管矢径平均增加 19.7% ,横径平均增加 17.5 % ,棘突截骨后原位愈合率为 91%。结论　棘突截骨椎管成形术操作简单 ,神经减压充分 ,手术并发症少 ,腰椎稳定性破坏轻。该术式治疗单纯性腰椎管狭窄症术后近、中期疗效和影像学评估满意     

保留后韧带结构的椎管成形术治疗腰椎管狭窄症

目的；探讨使椎板开门椎管扩大成形术更完善的方法。方法：设计保留后韧带结构的椎板开门椎管扩大成形术治疗椎管狭窄症107例，结果：术后矢状径平均为1．7cm，平均扩大0．75cm，截面积平均1．86cm^2，平均增加0.91cm^2，随访87例，时间为术后5－8年，疗效评定：优64例，良23例。结论：后韧带结构为坚韧有弹性的骨－韧带条，在维护脊柱稳定的过程中，有无法替代的价值，术式既有后路手术直视减压的优点，又有效地扩大椎管撩状径，增加截面积，术后脊柱较稳定。     

模拟棘突椎板侧翻造盖术的CT图像测量

目的:通过对模拟棘突椎板侧翻造盖术CT图像的测量,探讨该术式用于治疗腰椎管狭窄症的可行性。方法:将50例门诊腰痛患者(除外脊柱畸形、腰椎间盘突出症和腰椎管狭窄症者)的腰椎CT图像输入计算机,用Photoshop软件在图像上完成棘突椎板翻转造盖术,测量L3~L5椎板和棘突的高度,"术后"棘突加半侧椎板的长度及椎管面积,并与"术前"椎弓根内缘长度、椎管面积进行比较。结果:棘突高度L3为24.68±2.81mm,L4为22.44±4.33mm,L5为19.46±3.69mm,与原椎板高度比较无显著性差异(P>0.05)。棘突加半侧椎板长度L3为34.68±3.91mm,L4为35.44±3.43mm,L5为34.56±3.76mm,均大于原椎体的椎弓根内缘长度(P<0.05)。术后椎管截面积L3为516.01±13.75mm2,L4为507.76±12.85mm2,L5为508.03±12.12mm2,均明显大于术前椎管面积(P<0.05)。结论:翻转后的棘突椎板可完全覆盖切除的椎板缺损,并可以扩大原来的椎管截面积,可作为治疗腰椎管狭窄症的术式之一。     

棘突截骨椎管成形术治疗单纯性腰椎管狭窄症

目的：采用棘突截骨椎管成形术治疗单纯性腰椎管狭窄症,并进行临床与影像学评估。方法：手术方法为单侧椎板显像棘突基底截骨,将棘突－韧带－骶棘肌整体推离对侧椎板。切除椎板上下缘和黄韧带,潜式扩大椎管和摘除椎间盘。35例退行性腰椎管狭窄症患者接受该手术,术后进行疗效评分（Oswestry问卷）和腰椎管直径测量。结果：术后1年腰腿痛平均改善78．4％,术后4年平均改善76．3％,术后中期疗效下降不显著（P＞0．05）。术后CT显示椎管矢径平均增加19．7％, 横径平均增加17．5％,棘突截骨后原位愈合率为91％。结论：棘突截骨椎管成形术操作简单,神经减压充分,手术并发症少,腰椎稳定性破坏轻。该术式治疗单纯性腰椎管狭窄症术后近、中期疗效和影像学评估满意。     

椎管扩大成形术治疗腰椎管狭窄

目的：探讨椎管扩大成形术治疗腰椎管狭窄的效果。方法：椎板减压后复位，用棘突或髂骨植于一侧开槽处扩大椎管，并进行椎板及关节突关节植骨，对54例随访病人的手术前后临床表现及X线和CT进行比较。结果：随访6—39个月，临床优良率为81．1％。随访X线片显示椎板明显后移，CT测量与术前对比显示椎管内径扩大明显。结论：椎管扩大成形术操作简单，效果满意，术后并发症少，是治疗腰椎管狭窄的又一选择。     

棘突"人"字型劈开式椎管成形术治疗腰椎管狭窄症

为达到既扩大狭窄的椎管，又一期重建脊柱后部结构的目的，采用改良的棘突“人”字型劈开式椎管成形术治疗腰椎管狭窄症５２例。术后随访到３２例，随访时间为８个月～２年３个月。结果：优２１例，良８例，中２例，差１例，优良率为９０．６％；术后２４例获影像学检查，椎板愈合率为９５．１％，椎管矢状径平均扩大６．４ｍｍ，横径平均扩大３．２ｍｍ，椎管容积平均扩大３７．６％。认为，棘突“人”字型劈开式椎管成形术操作简便，可有效地预防腰椎不稳定及继发性椎管狭窄，是治疗腰椎管狭窄症的一种良好术式     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.