结直肠癌干细胞中miR-520c-3p的表达及其对丙酮酸代谢的调控机制研究

背景与目的 研究显示,丙酮酸代谢的改变在结直肠癌的发生发展中起重要作用,而结直肠癌干细胞中microRNA（miRNA）表达异常可能与丙酮酸代谢密切相关。笔者前期通过TCGA数据库分析发现,miR-520c-3p在结直肠癌中表达升高,且与预后相关。然而,miR-520c-3p是否参与了丙酮酸代谢尚不清楚。因此,本研究探讨结直肠癌干细胞中miR-520c-3p的表达与丙酮酸代谢的关系。方法 选择人结肠癌细胞株,并从中分离纯化结直肠癌干细胞。检测过表达或敲低miR-520c-3p后,结直肠癌干细胞及结直肠癌细胞增殖能力、丙酮酸氧化水平、乳酸产量的变化。用_D-［U-¹³C］葡萄糖孵育细胞,质量同位素分析追踪葡萄糖衍生碳的命运。通过miRNA序列分析和遗传学手段分析和鉴定miR-520c-3p的功能底物。结果 过表达miR-520c-3p后,结直肠癌干细胞的增殖能力明显增强、丙酮酸氧化水平明显下降、乳酸产量明显升高（均P<0.05）;用_D-（U-¹³C）葡萄糖培养后,未标记的柠檬酸盐（m+0）明显增加,而高阶柠檬酸盐标记（m+1、m+4和m+5）明显减少（均P<0.05）。在敲低miR-520c-3p后,结直肠癌干细胞的上述情况呈反向变化（均P<0.05）。过表达或敲低miR-520c-3p对结直肠癌细胞的上述指标均无明显影响（均P>0.05）。miR-520c-3p可以靶向线粒体丙酮酸载体1（MPC1）mRNA 3''UTR（P<0.05）。过表达miR-520c-3p后,结直肠癌干细胞中MPC1的mRNA与蛋白水平均明显下降,敲低miR-520c-3p后则相反（均P<0.05）。TCGA数据库分析结果显示,低表达MPC1的结直肠癌患者预后较差（P<0.05）。敲低MPC1后,结直肠癌干细胞的丙酮酸氧化水平明显降低、乳酸产量明显增高、增殖能力均明显增强（均P<0.05）;用_D-［U-¹³C］葡萄糖培养后,未标记的柠檬酸盐（m+0）在敲低MPC1的结直肠癌干细胞中明显增加,而高阶柠檬酸盐标记（m+1、m+4和m+5）明显减少（均P<0.05）。同时敲低miR-520c-3p和MPC1后,结直肠癌干细胞丙酮酸氧化水平、乳酸产量、增殖能力均无明显变化（均P>0.05）。结论 结直肠癌中miR-520c-3p的高表达与较差的预后相关,其机制可能是miR-520c-3p靶向MPC1调控结直肠癌干细胞中的丙酮酸代谢水平,促进了结直肠癌干细胞的增殖。     

吲哚菁绿-近红外显像技术在腹腔镜结直肠癌手术中的应用价值

背景与目的 淋巴结清扫和消化道重建是结直肠癌手术中需解决的重要问题,近年来吲哚菁绿（ICG）显像技术已广泛应用于临床并展现出良好前景,本研究旨在探讨吲哚菁绿-近红外（ICG-NIR）显像技术在腹腔镜结直肠癌术中的应用价值。方法 回顾性研究分析2019年7月—2020年12月中南大学湘雅三医院胃肠外科收治的行腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术的234例患者的临床病例资料,其中37例术中使用ICG-NIR显像技术（ICG组）,197例行常规腹腔镜手术,术中未使用ICG荧光显像系统（非ICG组）,比较两组患者一般病例资料、手术资料、术中及术后并发症等资料。结果 两组患者术前基线资料差异无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。ICG组与非ICG组平均术中出血量（87 mL vs. 98 mL）、平均手术时间（195 min vs. 220 min）、手术方式方面比较差异无统计学意义（均P>0.05）,ICG组2例ICG荧光显像提示吻合口血运不佳,术中改变切缘再吻合,非ICG组无改变手术计划,两组非计划处置率差异有统计学意义（P=0.024）。ICG组与非ICG组在中位首次排气时间（3 d vs. 3 d）、中位术后住院时间（10 d vs. 10 d）、吻合口瘘发生率（2.7% vs. 5.5%）、总并发症发生率（5.4% vs. 8.1%）及平均并发症综合指数（20.03 vs. 18.16）的差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。ICG组平均淋巴结检出数目高于非ICG组（17.37枚vs. 14.29枚,P=0.002）,但两组在平均阳性淋巴结数目（1.40枚vs. 1.45枚）、淋巴结转移患者比例（32.4% vs. 39.5%）的差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。结论 腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术中应用ICG显像技术安全可行,能指导淋巴结的清扫提升手术质量、实时评估肠管血流灌注,但其在降低吻合口瘘和总并发症的发生方面未显示出优势。     

circRAD18/miR-516b/PDK1轴调节葡萄糖代谢重编程与结直肠癌增殖的关系

背景与目的 环状RNA circRAD18被发现在乳腺癌和甲状腺癌的进展中起了促进作用,但其在其他恶性肿瘤的表达及作用尚未被充分揭示。笔者前期通过生物信息学软件预测circRAD18可与miR-516b互补结合,而葡萄糖代谢关键调节酶丙酮酸脱氢酶激酶1（PDK1）可能是miR-516b的靶基因。因此,本研究初步探讨circRAD18在结直肠癌细胞中的表达及作用,及其对靶miRNA及下游靶基因的调控关系。方法 用qRT-PCR检测不同结直肠癌细胞系（SW480、SW620、HT-29）及正常结直肠上皮细胞（NCM460）中circRAD18的表达;用si-circRAD18沉默结直肠癌细胞中circRAD18的表达后,分别用CCK-8实验和相应的试剂盒检测细胞的增殖情况以及葡萄糖摄取量和乳酸产生量。用双荧光素酶报告基因实验与RNA免疫沉淀（RIP）实验分析circRAD18、miR-516b及PDK1之间的结合关系;最后,采用过表达/敲低实验进一步验证三者之间的关系。结果 与正常结直肠上皮细胞比较,circRAD18在各结直肠癌细胞系中的表达均明显上调（均P<0.05）;转染si-circRAD18后,结直肠癌细胞增殖能力、葡萄糖摄取及乳酸产生量均明显降低（均P<0.05）;双荧光素酶报告基因实验与RIP实验证实circRAD18可与miR-516b结合,而PDK1是miR-516b的下游靶基因。miR-516b模拟物及si-circRAD18的转染可明显抑制细胞葡萄糖摄取、乳酸产生及PDK1蛋白表达,且补充PDK1可逆转该抑制作用（均P<0.05）。结论 circRAD18在结直肠癌细胞中表达上调,并与结直肠癌细胞增殖能力的增强密切相关,作用机制可能与circRAD18通过海绵样吸附miR-516b后,上调PDK1表达,从而导致结直肠癌细胞葡萄糖代谢重编程有关。     

RUNX3在结直肠癌中的表达与作用及其与TGF-β/SMAD4信号通路的关系

背景与目的 转化生长因子β（TGF-β）/SMAD4信号传导通路在结直肠癌发生与发展中起了重要作用。runt相关转录因子3（RUNX3）在结直肠癌组织中的表达水平显著降低,且可能发挥抑癌作用。但RUNX3的作用与TGF-β/SMAD4通路的关系尚未见报道。因此,本研究旨在探讨RUNX3与SMAD4在结肠癌中的表达及作用,以及两者的关系。方法 收集98例结直肠癌组织和癌旁正常组织标本,分别用Western blot检测RUNX3和SMAD4蛋白的水平,qRT-PCR检测SMAD4 mRNA的水平,并分析两者表达的相关性。将人结直肠癌细胞SW480分别转染RUNX3过表达载体（RUNX3组）、SMAD4过表达载体（SMAD4组）、RUNX3+SMAD4过表达载体（RUNX3+SMAD4组）,以转染阴性对照质粒的SW480细胞为对照组,分别用Western blot与qRT-PCR检测各组细胞RUNX3与SMAD4表达的变化;用CCK-8实验与Transwell实验分析各组细胞的增殖与侵袭能力的差异。结果 结直肠癌组织中的RUNX3蛋白表达量明显低于癌旁正常组织,而SMAD4的mRNA与蛋白表达水平均明显高于癌旁正常组织（均P<0.05）;结直肠癌组织中RUNX3蛋白表达与SMAD4 mRNA和蛋白表达均呈负相关（r=0.511,P=0.004;r=0.487,P=0.009）。与对照组比较,RUNX3组的RUNX3蛋白水平均明显升高,但SMAD4 mRNA和蛋白水平明显降低（均P<0.05）;SMAD4组的RUNX3蛋白水平无明显变化（P>0.05）,但SMAD4 mRNA和蛋白的表达水平明显升高（均P<0.05）;RUNX3+SMAD4组的RUNX3蛋白水平均明显升高（P<0.05）,SMAD4 mRNA和蛋白水平变化不明显（均P>0.05）。RUNX3组细胞增殖与侵袭能力均明显低于对照组（均P<0.05）,SMAD4组的细胞增殖和侵袭能力均明显高于对照组（均P<0.05）,RUNX3+SMAD4组的细胞增殖和侵袭能力介于RUNX3组与SMAD4组之间,与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。结论 RUNX3在结肠癌组织中表达降低,上调RUNX3的表达对结肠癌细胞的恶性生物学行为有抑制作用,其机制可能与抑制TGF-β/SMAD4通路的活性有关。     

扩大左半结肠切除术中不同结直肠吻合方式的近期疗效比较

目的：比较扩大左半结肠切除术中不同结直肠吻合方式的近期疗效。方法：回顾性分析2000年7月—2013年8月实施的扩大左半结肠切除术28例临床资料,根据吻合方式不同分为传统组（15例）和改良组（13例）,传统组行常规小肠前结直肠吻合术;改良组行经小肠系膜（8例）或小肠系膜后（5例）直肠吻合术。比较两组的术中、术后指标。结果：两组手术时间、术中出血量差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,改良组术后平均排气时间、术后恢复正常饮食时间、住院时间均短于传统组（P<0.05）;改良组术后总并发症发生率明显低于传统组（23.1% vs. 46.7%,P<0.05）,其中主要差异在于高位小肠梗阻发生率（26.7% vs. 0.0%,P<0.05）。结论：扩大左半结肠切除术中,采用经小肠系膜和小肠系膜后结直肠吻合术能减少吻合口张力,避免压迫空肠,术后疗效明显优于小肠前结直肠吻合术。

     

腹腔镜超声下左半肝切除术治疗原发性肝癌的近期预后及对肝功能的影响

背景与目的 腹腔镜超声（LUS）下肝切除术的临床应用时间尚短,其在原发性肝癌（PLC）中的应用效果研究仍较少。因此,本研究探讨LUS下左半肝切除术治疗PLC的近期预后及对肝功能的影响。方法 回顾性分析2017年1月─2020年1月期间收治的64例原发性肝癌患者的临床资料,其中30例行LUS下左半肝切除术（LUS组）,34例行常规腹腔镜下左半肝切除（常规组）。比较两组围手术期情况及并发症发生情况,以及术前及术后3 d、1个月检测血清白蛋白（ALB）、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）、丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、总胆红素（TBIL）、甲胎蛋白（AFP）、凝血活酶时间（APTT）、纤维蛋白原（FIB）、凝血酶原时间（PT）,以及随访情况。结果 两组患者术前基本资料与肝功能指标均无统计学差异（均P>0.05）。LUS组的术中平均出血量明显低于常规组（322.64 mL vs. 395.94 mL,P<0.05）,两组手术时间、病灶切缘距离、术后引流管置管时间、肛门排气时间、住院时间差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。LUS组无肝中静脉损伤,常规组肝中静脉损伤5例（14.71%）,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。LUS组与常规组并发症发生率差异无统计学意义（13.33% vs. 23.53%,P>0.05）,两组术后3 d、1个月的APTT、FIB和PT以及ALB和AFP水平差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）;术后3 d,LUS组的ALT、AST、TBIL均低于常规组（均P<0.05）,但术后1个月时差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。术后中位随访时间13.5（9~18）个月,LUS组与常规组的复发率、病死率差异均无统计学意义（10.00% vs. 17.65%,P=0.483;3.33% vs. 5.88%,P=0.999）。结论 LUS下左半肝切除术治疗PLC安全有效,近期预后与常规腹腔镜手术相当;较常规组可减少术中出血并更好地保护早期肝功能。     

左半结肠癌致肠梗阻治疗中的临床特点

正结直肠癌(colorectal cancer)是全球范围内发病率最高的恶性肿瘤之一,发病率仍处于上升趋势,最新数据显示,发病率已超过胃癌,继乳腺癌、肺癌之后位于第3位[1]。肿瘤的早期筛查和晚期综合治疗是降低死亡率的重中之重[2]。广义上左半结肠可包括横结肠的左三分之一、降结肠、乙状结肠以及直肠上段。中晚期结直肠癌合并梗阻的病人中,左半结肠癌所占的比率比较高,约为60%～70%,这与左半结肠和右半结肠的生理发育、病理类型、     

结直肠癌肝转移合并同时性肺转移患者手术治疗疗效分析

背景与目的 对于结直肠癌肝转移合并可切除肺转移的患者,手术治疗的疗效已经得到广泛认可,但对于合并不可切除的肺转移患者的治疗策略仍需要进一步明确。因此,本研究通过对笔者单位收治的结直肠癌肝转移合并同时性肺转移患者临床资料的回顾性分析,以期为该类患者的治疗提供数据参考。方法 本研究采用回顾性队列研究方法,纳入2008年1月—2020年12月期间在北京大学肿瘤医院肝胆胰外一科行手术治疗的127例结直肠癌肝转移合并同时性肺转移患者的资料,所有患者原发灶及肝转移灶均按肿瘤根治原则行完整切除（R₀/R₁）,其中31例行肺转移灶的根治性局部治疗（局部治疗组）,96例肺转移灶未行局部治疗（非局部治疗组）,比较两组患者的临床资料、总生存时间（OS）、无复发生存时间（RFS）,并对非局部治疗组的患者进行预后相关因素分析。结果 除局部治疗组肺转移灶直径大于非局部治疗组外（P<0.05）,两组其余一般临床资料均无明显差异（均P>0.05）。全组患者中位随访时间为30（5~134）个月,失访率3%。全组患者中位OS为41（4~118）个月,1、3年OS率分别为96.8%和59.7%,其中非局部治疗组中位OS为37（4~118）个月,1、3年OS率分别为95.8%和51.2%;局部治疗组中位OS为72（15~101）个月,1、3年OS率分别为100.0%和82.9%,局部治疗组的OS率明显优于非局部治疗组（P=0.001）。非局部治疗组中位RFS为8（1~37）个月,1、3年RFS率分别为30.8%和2.4%;局部治疗组中位RFS为10（3~67）个月,1、3年RFS率分别为38.7%和18.1%,局部治疗组的RFS优于非局部治疗组,但差异无统计学意义（P=0.055）。对非局部治疗组的96例患者进行预后相关因素分析显示,原发肿瘤T4分期和RAS基因突变是影响OS的独立危险因素（均P<0.05）,合并2个危险因素的患者,尽管生存逊于合并0或1个危险因素的患者（均P<0.05）,但中位OS也达到27（4~35）个月。结论 对于结直肠癌肝转移合并同时性肺转移的患者应该积极行原发灶和肝转移的手术治疗以及肺转移的局部治疗。对于肺转移不可局部治疗的患者,无论合并危险因素与否,切除原发灶及肝转移灶也能带来生存获益。     

ERCP联合eyemax对胆管癌的诊断价值

背景与目的 胆管癌诊治困难，发病隐匿，常用影像学检查方法难以鉴别其良恶性，因此寻求可靠、有效的检测方式对早期诊断、治疗胆管癌意义重大。内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）为临床帮助诊断胆管癌的方法之一，而超细软式电子胰胆管镜（eyemax）画面更为清晰，利于临床明确靶区方位，但是尚未明确其在胆管癌中的诊断价值。因此，本研究对胆管癌患者进行ERCP联合eyemax检测，并分析其诊断价值。方法 选取在南阳医学高等专科学校第一附属医院就诊的100例疑似胆管癌患者作为研究对象，所有患者均进行ERCP、eyemax检测，以胆管组织活检结果为金标准，分析ERCP、eyemax诊断胆管癌的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值。结果 100例疑似胆管癌患者中，86例经病理学检查确诊为胆管癌，74例经ERCP检查确诊为胆管癌，72例经eyemax检查确诊为胆管癌，两者与病理学诊断结果均有明显差异（χ²=4.500，P=0.034；χ²=5.907，P=0.015）；ERCP联合eyemax检测诊断胆管癌81例，与病理学结果比较无明显差异（χ²=0.907，P>0.05）。ERCP、eyemax单独应用时两者特异度、敏感度均在78.00%以上，准确率均为82.00%，而两者联合检测特异度、敏感度均在92.00%以上，准确率为93.00%，漏诊率、误诊率更低，阳性、阴性预测值更高。结论 ERCP与eyemax联合检测在胆管癌中的诊断价值较高，可用作为临床诊断胆管癌的常规方式，以提高临床诊断效率。     

核转录因子HMBOX1在结直肠癌中的表达及其与预后的关系

背景与目的 核转录因子HMBOX1在不同肿瘤中有不同的表达模式,且与胶质瘤、卵巢癌、胃癌及肝细胞癌预后密切相关。但是,目前尚未见HMBOX1在结直肠癌中的表达及与预后的关系的报道,故本研究探讨结直肠癌组织中HMBOX1的表达及与预后的关系。方法 收集2012年1月—2014年1月行结直肠癌切除术的90例患者癌组织标本及临床资料,采用免疫组化染色检测结直肠癌组织中HMBOX1表达,并根据免疫组化结果分为HMBOX1高表达组与HMBOX1低表达组,分析两组临床病理特征的与预后差异,并分析影响结直肠癌术后患者无瘤生存率和总生存率的危险因素。结果 HMBOX1高表达组54例（60.0%）,HMBOX1低表达组36例（40.0%）。HMBOX1高表达与TNM分期、N分类、M分类及分化程度明显有关（均P<0.05）,与年龄、性别和T分类无明显关系（均P>0.05）。HMBOX1高表达组1、3、5年无瘤生存率与1、3、5年总生存率均明显低于低表达组（均P<0.05）。单因素分析显示,III~IV期、N₂、M₁及HMBOX1高表达为影响无瘤生存率的危险因素,多因素分析表明,III~IV期、M₁及HMBOX1高表达是影响无瘤生存率的独立危险因素（均P<0.05）。单因素分析显示,III~IV期、M₁、低分化及HMBOX1高表达为影响总生存率的危险因素,多因素分析表明,III~IV期、低分化及HMBOX1高表达是影响总生存率的独立危险因素（均P<0.05）。结论 在结直肠癌中,HMBOX1的表达与恶性生物学指标密切相关,HMBOX1的表达可作为结直肠癌患者术后预后评估的因素,HMBOX1高表达者预后不良。     

A novel indicator for surveillance colonoscopy following colorectal cancer resection

Introduction Current surveillance for recurrent intraluminal or metachronous colorectal cancer following resection is largely undertaken by colonoscopic examination of the remaining colon. The burden on colonoscopic services is high and the procedure is expensive. Immunological faecal occult blood testing (FOBT) is a sensitive and specific test for detecting colorectal cancer, and may fine tune the need for timely surveillance colonoscopy. Methods Consecutive patients due for surveillance colonoscopy following colonic resection for cancer were prospectively studied. Each patient had a single faecal sample obtained at per rectal examination on a gloved examining finger. This was subjected to immunological FOBT in the clinic, and patients were categorized as FOBT positive or negative, according to the result. Colonoscopy as well as ultrasound or CT of the liver were performed within eight weeks of FOBT. Results Six hundred and eleven patients had both FOBT and colonoscopy. Fifty‐nine (13.6%) were categorized as FOBT‐positive. Of these, nine had biopsy‐proven recurrent or metachronous cancer, 12 patients had one, or more adenomatous polyps, one patient had radiation proctitis and two patients had pan‐colonic mucositis following chemotherapy. In the remaining 552 FOBT‐negative patients, no cancers were found. Thirty‐eight patients had polyps that were removed. The sensitivity and specificity for detecting cancer by immunological FOBT was 100% sensitivity for detecting adenomatous polyps was 24% but specificity was 93%. Conclusion The immunological faecal occult blood test provides sensitive detection of metachronous and recurrent cancer in postoperative surveillance. Routine application may be used to reduce the frequency of colonoscopic surveillance, as a negative FOBT may be taken as a sign that colonoscopy may be deferred safely.     

Serum Progesterone Levels in Patients with Gastric and Colorectal Cancers

Abstract

Background: It is known that various malignant tissues possess progesterone receptors. It has been reported that the serum progesterone levels increase and show a prognostic significance in gastric carcinoma. We carried out a study to determine the serum progesterone level in gastric cancer, and colorectal cancer.

Methods: 140 of our patients were male and 56 female. We determined serum progesterone level in patients with gastric cancer, and colorectal cancer. Patients with benign diseases participated in the study as control group. Results: In male patients with gastric cancer (n = 90) and colorectal cancer (n = 50) the serum progesterone level was not significantly higher than in the control group (n = 80) (mean: 1.08 ± 0.73,1.08 ± 0.32 and 1.01 ± 0.38 ng/ml, respectively). Among the female patients with gastric cancer (n = 26) and colorectal cancer (n = 30), the serum progesterone level was also not significantly higher than in the control group (n = 30) (mean: 1.19 ± 0.77, 1.21 ± 0.72 and 1.12 ± 0.61 respectively). In males, the sensitivity of progesterone for gastric cancer was 55.5% and 64% for colorectal cancer with a specificity of 37.5%. In females, the sensitivity of progesterone for gastric cancer was 54% and 57% for colorectal patients with a specificity of 40%.

Conclusions: Serum progesterone level does not correlate with the presence or absence of gastric cancer or colorectal cancer, and it is not a useful tumour marker.     

Interpretation of the Randomized EVAR Trials

Purpose : Laparoscopic surgery for colon cancer has been proven safe, but controversy continues over implementation of laparoscopic technique for rectal cancer. The aim of this study was to compare the long-term outcomes of laparoscopically assisted and open surgery for nonmetastatic colorectal cancer.

Material and methods : From January 2001 to December 2006 all patients with nonmetastatic adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum were considered for inclusion in this prospective non-randomised trial. The primary endpoint was overall survival, disease free survival and recurrence rate. Analysis was by intention to treat.

Results : A total of 365 resections were performed for nonmetastatic adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum during the study period. Of those resections, 220 were colonic and 145 were rectal. In the patients with colon cancer 119 (54.1%) were operated laparoscopically and 101 (45.9%) by open surgery, in the patients with rectal cancer 75 (51.7%) were treated by laparoscopy and 70 (48.3%) by open technique. No statistically significant difference was found between the laparoscopic and open group regarding 5-year overall survival (p = 0.17 for colon cancer, p = 0.60 for rectal cancer), 5-year disease free survival (p = 0.25 for colon cancer, p = 0.81 for rectal cancer) and overall recurrence (p = 0.78 for colon cancer, p = 0.79 for rectal cancer). With respect to the tumor stage, in rectal cancer the probability of 5-year disease free survival was significantly higher in the laparoscopic group in stage III (p = 0.03).

Conclusion : Laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer is an oncologically safe procedure that is associated with a survival and recurrence rate equal to open surgery.     

黑龙江省1998—2007年胃肠道恶性肿瘤临床特点分析

目的为胃肠道恶性肿瘤的临床流行病学等研究提供基本资料。方法对1998年1月至2007年12月间黑龙江省15家医院收治的胃肠道恶性肿瘤病例资料进行回顾性分析。结果具有完整的胃癌和结直肠癌病例资料者共计33540例．来自其中12家医院。胃癌占45．8％．直肠癌与结肠癌例数相近。右半结肠癌多于左半结肠癌为1.3：1．0．尤其80岁以上年龄组其比例为2．1：1．0。30岁以下结直肠癌例数仅占全部结直肠癌的1.3％。50～70岁者在进展期胃癌、结肠癌和直肠癌患者中分别占70．6％、73．4％和72．4％。早期胃癌中的高、中分化腺癌占49．7％;结直肠癌中的高一中分化腺癌占74．4％～85．1％。早期胃癌予以根治性手术切除者占69．1％：进展期胃癌占79．9％;左半结肠癌占91．9％;右半结肠癌占83．9％;直肠癌占88．3％。结论黑龙江省胃肠道恶性肿瘤发病的高峰年龄段是50～70岁：以胃癌最常见：根治性手术切除是主要治疗方式。     

Impacto de la obesidad en las características anatomopatológicas de los tumores colorrectales. Estudio observacional

BackgroundTo asses the influence of body mass index on the tumour characteristics of patients subjected to colorectal cancer surgery.Materials and methodsRetrospective observational study. Patients subjected to curative elective colorectal cancer surgery at Hospital Josep Trueta de Girona (Spain), from 1990 to 2001.Univariate and bivariate analyses were performed to evaluate differences in tumour characteristics with regard to body mass index.ResultsA total of 369 patients with colorectal cancer were included into the study, 213 (57.7%) with colon cancer, and 156 (42.3%) with rectal cancer. For colon cancer patients, when the BMI was higher than 25 kg/m², the tumour grade was worst (P=0.011), and when BMI was above 30 kg/m² there were more lymph node metastasis. For rectal tumours, the higher the BMI, the more lymph node metastasis (P=0.041), and higher tumour stage (P=0.023).ConclusionsPatients with a higher BMI have more lymph node metastasis when submitted to elective colorectal cancer surgery. In the case of colon cancer they also have worst tumour grades, and in the case of rectal cancer, a more advanced tumour stage.     

Pulmonary metastasectomy for colorectal cancer: Prognosis analysis disaggregated by the origin of the primary tumor

BackgroundThe metastatic pattern differs between colon cancer and rectal cancer because of the distinct venous drainage systems. It is unclear whether colon cancer and rectal cancer are associated with different prognostic factors based on the anatomic difference.MethodsWe assessed the prognostic factors and survival outcomes of patients with colorectal cancer who underwent pulmonary metastasectomy (PM), disaggregated by the location of primary colorectal cancer. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify variables that influenced the outcomes of pulmonary metastasectomy.ResultsBetween 2008 and 2017, 179 patients underwent PM classified into colon cancer and rectal cancer groups based on the site of origin of metastasis. The median postoperative follow-up was 2.3 years (range, 0.1–10.6). The post-PM 5-year survival rate in the colon cancer and rectal cancer groups was 42.5% and 39.9%, respectively (p = 0.310). On multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis, presence of previous liver metastasis [hazard ratio (HR), 2.32; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.19–4.51; p = 0.013], numbers of tumors (≥2; HR, 6.56; 95% CI, 2.07–20.79; p = 0.001), and abnormal preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level (HR, 2.50; 95% CI, 1.34–4.64; p = 0.001) were independent prognostic factors in patients with metastatic rectal cancer.ConclusionsPrognostic correlates of post-PM survival differ between colon and rectal cancer. Rectal cancer patients have worse prognosis if they have a history of liver metastasis, multiple pulmonary metastases, or abnormal preoperative CEA. These results may help assess the survival benefit of PM and facilitate treatment decision-making.     

Colorectal cancer screening characteristics of patients presenting with symptoms of colorectal cancer and effect on clinical outcomes

IntroductionNational colorectal cancer screening, utilising a faecal occult blood test (FOBT), is now well established in the UK. The aim of this study was to define the screening characteristics of patients presenting to secondary care with symptoms of colorectal cancer and to assess the effect of screening outcome on subsequent symptomatic presentation.MethodsThis was a retrospective analysis of all patients of screening age presenting within one calendar year in a tertiary trust via a two-week wait (2WW) pathway owing to suspicion of colorectal cancer. Colorectal cancer related outcomes were compared between patients in the cohort who had previously accepted bowel cancer screening and patients who had previously declined bowel cancer screening. The primary endpoint was overall incidence of colorectal neoplasia. Secondary endpoints included incidence of colorectal malignancy, cancer related mortality, cancer related outcomes and polyp related outcomes.ResultsOverall, 2,227 patients presented via the 2WW pathway; 955 were aged 60–75 years. Among the latter, 411 (43%) had been screened previously and had a negative FOBT, and 544 (57%) had declined screening. Incidence of colorectal neoplasia did not differ between the two groups (113 [27%] vs 143 [26%], p=0.7). Of those with a negative FOBT and subsequent symptomatic presentation, 16 (3.9%) were diagnosed with a colorectal malignancy compared with 36 (6.6%) of those who declined screening and had subsequent symptomatic presentation (relative risk: 1.7, 95% confidence interval: 0.96–3.02, p=0.08). There were no differences between the two groups with regard to TNM (tumour, lymph nodes, metastasis) stage, Dukes’ stage, metastases, number of polyps or cancer related mortality (median follow-up duration: 20 months).ConclusionsThe incidence of colorectal neoplasia was similar among patients who previously had a negative FOBT and those who declined screening. There was a higher incidence of colorectal cancer detected among those who declined screening but it did not reach statistical significance. All other cancer and polyp outcomes were similar between the groups.     

Outcome of right‐ and left‐sided colonic and rectal cancer following surgical resection

Aim To determine the outcome of surgery for colorectal cancer from a single region and to see whether location of the primary cancer influences prognosis. Method Patients with colorectal cancer diagnosed from January 2002 to December 2006, entered into a prospective database were followed until death or to December 2008. Right‐sided (caecum to transverse colon) and left‐sided (splenic flexure to rectosigmoid junction) colonic cancers and rectal cancers (distal to rectosigmoid junction to the anus) were identified. Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson’s chi‐square test, Kaplan–Meier (log‐rank statistic) and Cox regression analysis with a P‐value < 0.05 denoting significance. Results Of 841 patients with solitary colorectal cancers identified (median age 72 [30–101] years; 53% male), 283 (33.7%) were right‐sided colonic, 330 (39.2%) were left‐sided colonic and 228 (27.1%) were rectal. Respective resection rates were 82.7%, 77.9% and 91.6%, and curative resection rates were 79.9%, 82.9.0% and 85.7%, respectively. There was no significant difference in recurrence rates between right‐ (16.1%), left‐sided (23.0%) colonic and rectal (20.7%) cancers (P = 0.207). Respective mean survival rates were 54.4, 59.8 and 63.6 months (P = 0.007). Conclusion Right‐sided colorectal cancers had a worse prognosis than left‐sided and rectal cancers, possibly because of more advanced staging and fewer curative resections.     

Parameters with possible influence in PSA adjusted for transition zone volume

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of age, digital rectal examination results and prostatic volume on PSA value adjusted to transition zone (PSA-TZ) in the detection of prostatic cancer.Material and methodsData of 243 patients with serum PSA of 4 to 20 ng/ml who underwent biopsy because of prostatic cancer suspicion are analyzed. In this population, cancer was detected in 62 cases (24.8%). Total prostatic volume and transition zone volume were calculated by transrectal echography applying the ellipsoid formula.ResultsApplying lineal regresion analysis, it was found no correlation between age and PSA-TZ (Pearson coefficient 0,00). By dividing these patients among those with normal rectal examination (84%) and those with suspicious digital rectal examination (16%), cutoff values of PSA-TZ were found to be not different by ROC curves analysis for 95% sensitivity varying specificity only among 24 and 26% between these two groups of patients. Prostatic size (≤ or > 40 cc) showed that, for obtaining the same 95% sensitivity in the detection of cancer, PSA-TZ value would require to be modified, being 0.17 in large prostates (> 40 cc) and 0.25 in small prostates (≤ 40 cc).ConclusionsThe utility of PSA-TZ as a potential predictor parameter of prostatic cancer did not need to be modified with respect to age or to data of digital rectal examination. However, for supporting sensivity of its best cutoff value, PSA-TZ would need to be modified with respect to total prostatic volume.     

The influence of a colorectal service on the outcome of patients with colorectal cancer

Objective To perform a prospective audit of outcomes and survival of all patients presenting to a colorectal service with colorectal cancer, and to compare these results with an historical control group. Patients and methods At a community based teaching hospital, a prospective audit of outcomes and survival of patients with colorectal cancer was compared with a historical control. The study included all patients referred to a colorectal service with colorectal cancer from 1996 to 2000 (5‐year period). The control group was a retrospective review of patients presenting to the same hospital with colorectal cancer from 1989 to 1994 (6‐year period). A Kaplan‐Meier survival analysis compared the overall survival (all‐cause mortality) between the two groups. Results When comparing the study periods 1989–95 (n = 477) to 1996–2000 (n = 323), there has been a significant reduction in postoperative stay (16.2 vs 8.0 days, P < 0.05), and a reduction in postoperative mortality (4.5%vs 2.7%, n.s.). There was a significant increase in the overall 2 years survival for patients with colorectal cancer (62% to 71%, P < 0.01). There was also a significant increase in the overall 2 years survival of patients with rectal cancer (66% to 74%, P < 0.01), patients with ACPS C colon cancers (64% to 83%, P < 0.05), and ACPS C rectal cancers (74% to 85%, P < 0.01). Conclusions There have been significant gains in the survival of patients presenting to a community based teaching hospital with colorectal cancer. These improvements have been most notable in patients with nodal metastases at the time of diagnosis.