厌食症患者情绪障碍与家庭功能关系的对照研究

目的 探讨神经性厌食症患者发病的情绪障碍及家庭功能之间的关系.方法 使用症状自评量表(SCL-90),家庭功能量表(FAD)对29例神经性厌食症患者的心理特征及其家庭功能进行评定,并与大学生样本进行对照研究.结果 神经性厌食症患者SCL-90中躯体化,强迫,焦虑,抑郁,敌意,恐惧,偏执,精神病性评分均高于正常对照,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).FAD问题解决,沟通,情感反应,情感介入,总的功能评分均显著高于正常对照,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).家庭功能各因子与SCL-90各因子存在相关.结论 神经性厌食患者对情绪障碍更易感,并且存在家庭功能的失调,并且其情绪障碍与家庭功能可以互相影响.     

工读生攻击行为在父母养育方式及人格间的中介作用

目的 探讨工读生攻击行为、父母养育方式及人格特质之间的关系,探析攻击行为在父母养育方式及人格形成间的中介作用.方法 采用整群随机抽样法,抽取河南省2所工读学校74名男生为研究对象,并用攻击性问卷（AQ）、父母养育方式评定量表（PBI）、艾森克人格问卷（儿童）（EPQ）对其进行测量.结果 言语攻击、攻击愤怒、母亲关爱及母亲鼓励因子对人格内外向的形成有直接影响（β=0.37 ～ 1.89,P＜0.05或0.01）,对内外向的贡献率分别为18.3％、3.8％、2.8％、12.7％.结构模型显示母亲关爱因子通过攻击愤怒和言语攻击因子的部分中介作用对内外向有间接影响,间接效应占总效应的1.30％和57.58％;而母亲鼓励因子通过攻击愤怒因子的部分中介作用对内外向有间接影响,间接效应占总效应的11.05％.结论 父母养育方式对人格形成有直接影响外,还通过攻击性行为的部分中介作用影响人格的形成.     

工读男生与普通男生攻击性行为的对照研究

目的了解工读男生和普通男生的攻击性行为现状,探究工读男生的攻击性特点。方法以班级为单位整群随机选取河南省郑州市工读学校、洛阳市工读学校学生90名为实验组,选取新乡市第一中学初中学生90名为对照组,均施以基本情况调查表及攻击性问卷调查。结果年龄与言语攻击因子、愤怒因子、敌意因子呈负相关(P<0.05);工读男生较普通男生在攻击性和躯体攻击差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);高攻击水平分组中,工读男生较普通中学男生表现出更高的言语攻击;低攻击水平分组中,工读男生与普通中学男生在躯体攻击上差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论工读男生有更高的攻击性,躯体攻击较为突出。高攻击性的工读男生更多使用言语攻击,低攻击性的工读男生有更多的躯体攻击倾向。     

单相与双相抑郁症患者童年虐待、认知偏差及认知情绪调节的比较

目的:探讨单相与双相抑郁症患者在童年虐待经历、认知偏差、认知情绪调节方面的差别。方法:采用认知情绪调节问卷中文版(CERQ-C)、Beck抑郁自评量表(BDI)、功能失调性认知态度问卷(DAS)、儿童期受虐经历问卷(CTQ-SF)对83例发作期双相抑郁障碍患者、76例发作期单相抑郁患者进行评定。结果:双相抑郁组CTQ-SF总分[(41. 34±5. 92) vs.(38. 28±7. 90)]及躯体虐待[(6. 81±1. 93) vs.(6. 08±1. 80)]、性虐待因子[(6. 35±1. 49) vs.(5. 42±0. 94)]分均显著高于单相抑郁组,差异具有统计学意义(t值依次为2. 78、2. 45、4. 66; P 0. 05或P 0. 01)。双相抑郁组DAS强制性因子[(22. 12±3. 55) vs.(20. 82±4. 51)]、依赖性因子[(22. 43±5. 20) vs.(19. 87±5. 18)]、自主性态度因子分[(24. 63±7. 24) vs.(22. 41±5. 95)]及CERQ-C自我责难[(14. 24±2. 47) vs(13. 43±2. 42)]、接受因子分[(13. 98±3. 66) vs (12. 82±2. 94)]显著高于单相抑郁组,而认知哲学因子分[(16. 47±5. 42)vs.(18. 45±4. 00)]低于单相抑郁组,差异具有统计学意义(t值依次为2. 04、3. 11、2. 10、-2. 60,P 0. 05或P 0. 01)。结论:双相抑郁较单相抑郁症患者可能具有更多的童年虐待经历,更为严重的功能失调性认知态度与认知情绪调节问题。     

负性生活事件与大学生抑郁情绪的关系:社会支持的中介与调节作用

目的探讨负性生活事件与大学生抑郁情绪的相关性以及社会支持在负性生活事件与抑郁情绪之间的作用,为改善大学生的抑郁情绪提供有效措施。方法于2017年1月和3月,在山东省济南市和烟台市各抽取一所高校,采用整群抽样方法选取600名在校大学生,使用流调中心抑郁量表(CES-D)、青少年生活事件量表(ASLEC)和社会支持评定量表(SSRS)对其进行评定。结果 CES-D与ASLEC评分呈正相关(r=0.271,P0.05),CES-D评分与SSRS的客观支持、主观支持和对支持的利用度评分均呈负相关(r=-0.127、-0.239、-0.215,P均0.05)。主观支持在负性生活事件与抑郁情绪之间的中介作用显著(P0.01);主观支持和客观支持在负性生活事件与抑郁情绪之间的调节作用显著(P0.05或0.01)。结论负性生活事件对大学生的抑郁情绪有正向预测作用,主观支持在负性生活事件和抑郁情绪之间起部分中介作用,主观支持、客观支持在负性生活事件与抑郁情绪之间起调节效应。     

男性暴力罪犯的冲动、攻击性人格特点及其与童年期受虐待的关系

目的 探讨暴力犯罪人员的冲动、攻击性人格特点,及其与童年期受虐待关系,为减少或预防暴力犯罪提供科学依据.方法 采用冲动性和攻击性量表、童年期创伤史问卷(Childhood Tmuma Questionnaire.CTQ)及自行编制的在押服刑罪犯一般情况登记表,对符合纳入、排除标准的400名犯人的资料进行收集、整理,然后对资料进行统计分析.结果 暴力犯组的运动冲动性、冲动总水平、躯体攻击性、言语攻击性、愤怒水平、敌意水平、自我攻击水平及攻击性总分等因子得分高于非暴力犯组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01).暴力犯中无计划冲动性、认知冲动性、冲动总水平和童年期创伤各因子均呈正相关;敌意水平、自我攻击水平、攻击总水平与童年期创伤的五个因子均呈正相关,而躯体攻击性、言语攻击性、愤怒水平与情感虐待、躯体虐待和性虐待呈正相关.结论 暴力犯有明显的冲动及攻击性,更容易失去理智,产生暴力攻击行为;童年遭受虐待可增加个体的冲动、攻击性,从而增加暴力犯罪的可能.     

冲动性和攻击性对大学生自杀未遂行为的影响

目的 了解冲动性及攻击性对大学生自杀未遂行为的影响.方法 采用<自杀态度与心理健康状况问卷(大学版-Ⅳ)>对重庆市随机抽取的11所大学的12000名大学生进行调查.比较有无自杀未遂大学生中文版Barratt冲动行为量表与Buss和Perry攻击问卷的评估结果,分析冲动性及攻击性人格对大学生发生自杀行为的影响.结果 收集有效问卷9808份,大学生自杀未遂的报告率为1.7%(169/9808).自杀未遂组的冲动行为量表中的非计划性、行动冲动性和认知冲动性及总分均高于无自杀未遂组(P<0.001).自杀未遂组Buss和Perry攻击问卷的总分及身体攻击、言语攻击、愤怒、敌意、指向自我的攻击等各因子分均高于无自杀未遂组(P<0.01).多因素条件logistic回归分析显示,与自杀未遂最密切有关的独立危险因素排列为:攻击性总分高(OR=20.81,95%CI:12.36～35.03,P<0.01),行动冲动性分高(OR=4.32,95%CI:2.33～8.01,P<0.01).冲动性总分高(OR=3.37,95%CI:1.65～8.42,P<0.01),非计划性分值高(OR=3.12,95%CI:1.75～5.56,P<0.01),自杀意念强(OR=2.54,95%CI:1.75～3.70,P<0.01),已发生过性行为(3.12,95%CI:1.75～5.56,P<0.01),女性(OR=2.15,95%CI:1.48～3.14,P<0.01),指向自我的攻击分值高(OR=1.89,95%CI:1.24～2.88,P<0.01).结论 有自杀未遂的大学生更多体现出冲动性及攻击性人格,对大学生冲动性自杀行为应采取不一样的干预方案.     

缓解期单相与双相抑郁障碍患者功能失调性态度及认知应对策略比较

目的 探讨缓解期单相与双相抑郁障碍患者功能失调性态度和认知应对策略的差异,为其心理干预提供参考。 方法 选取符合《国际疾病分类（第10版）》（ICD-10）情感障碍诊断标准的缓解期双相抑郁障碍患者（n=83）和缓解期单相抑郁障碍患者（n=76）作为研究对象。采用认知情绪调节问卷中文版（CERQ-C）、贝克抑郁量表21项版（BDI-21）和功能失调性态度问卷（DAS）对两组患者进行评定。 结果 双相抑郁组DAS总评分及各因子评分均高于单相抑郁组,差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.01）。双相抑郁组CERQ-C积极重新关注、积极重新评价、自我责难、沉思因子评分和不适应性调节策略总评分均高于单相抑郁组,差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.01）。 结论 缓解期双相抑郁患者较单相抑郁患者可能具有更严重的功能失调性态度与认知应对策略问题。     

功能失调性态度与青少年抑郁症状的关系：负性自动思维和积极应对方式的作用路径

背景 青少年抑郁障碍患病率呈上升趋势。既往已有功能失调性态度、负性自动思维、积极应对方式与抑郁症状之间两两关系的研究,但功能失调性态度、负性自动思维和积极应对方式三者之间的内在联系对抑郁症状的影响尚不清楚。目的 探讨功能失调性态度对青少年抑郁症状的影响,并考查负性自动思维与积极应对方式在其中的作用路径,为对青少年抑郁障碍患者进行干预提供参考。方法 纳入2022年10月1日—2023年10月31日太原市精神病医院收治的、符合《国际疾病分类（第10版）》（ICD-10）抑郁发作诊断标准的青少年患者162例。采用抑郁自评量表（SDS）、功能失调性态度量表（DAS）、简易应对方式问卷（SCSQ）中的积极应对方式分量表以及自动思维问卷（ATQ）对患者进行评定。采用Pearson相关分析考查各量表评分的相关性,使用Process 3.4.1中的模型6检验负性自动思维和积极应对方式在功能失调性态度与青少年抑郁症状之间的作用路径。结果 共148例青少年抑郁障碍患者完成有效问卷调查,有效问卷回收率为91.36%。功能失调性态度对抑郁症状的直接效应值为0.423,效应量为63.32%。负性自动思维和积极应对方式分别是功能失调性态度与抑郁症状之间的独立作用路径,效应值分别为0.156、0.045,分别占总效应的23.35%、6.74%;同时,负性自动思维与积极应对方式是功能失调性态度与抑郁症状之间的链式作用路径,效应值为0.044,占总效应的6.59%。结论 功能失调性态度既可以直接影响青少年抑郁障碍患者的抑郁症状,也可以通过负性自动思维与积极应对方式的独立作用路径或链式作用路径影响青少年抑郁障碍患者的抑郁症状。     

大学生认知情绪调节与抑郁、焦虑的相关性研究

目的 研究大学生认知情绪调节与抑郁、焦虑的关系,为大学生心理健康教育提供支持证据.方法 应用认知情绪调节问卷、Beck抑郁自评量表、Beck焦虑量表对504名大一新生进行测评,运用Pearson相关分析,多元线性回归分析,分析大学生认知情绪调节与抑郁、焦虑的相关性.结果 61.9%的学生有抑郁症状,6.9%的学生有焦...     

Dysfunctional attitudes in former psychiatric inpatients

In order to test the hypothesis that patients who are predisposed to depression have an enduring cognitive style, dysfunctional attitudes (Dysfunctional Attitudes Schedule), neuroticism and extraversion (Maudsley Personality Inventory), and severity of depression (Levine-Pilowsky Depression Questionnaire) were measured in a survey of former patients with previous diagnoses of either depressive or nondepressive psychiatric conditions. We found that there were no significant differences in dysfunctional attitudes between these groups of patients and that their scores were similar to those reported for normal populations. There was, however, a correlation between introversion and high dysfunctional attitude scores. Possible implications regarding interactions between cognitive style, personality, and predisposition toward depression are discussed as well as a suggestion that a history of a suicide attempt may predict a poor response to cognitive psychotherapy.     

Cognitive patterns and depression: study of a Japanese university student population

According to Beck's cognitive theory, individuals who endure negative self-schemas (dysfunctional attitudes) are more likely to present automatic thoughts consisting of negative schemata of oneself and one's world while experiencing depression. In order to examine the relationships between depression, automatic thought, and dysfunctional attitude, 329 Japanese university students were given a set of questionnaires, including the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Automatic Thought Questionnaire-revised (ATQ-R), and Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS). A structural equation model revealed that depression was predicted predominantly by automatic thought, which was in turn predicted by dysfunctional attitude. The male gender had a tendency to predict dysfunctional attitude. The link between a student's depression and dysfunctional attitude was mediated by automatic thought.     

Cognitive change processes in a group cognitive behavior therapy of depression

The present study attempted to examine the causal relationships among changes in automatic thoughts, dysfunctional attitudes, and depressive symptoms in a 12-week group cognitive behavior therapy (GCBT) program for depression. In all, 35 depressed patients attending the GCBT program were monitored with the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire, Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale, and Beck Depression Inventory at the pre-treatment, 4th and 8th sessions, and post-treatment. The results were as follows: (1). GCBT reduces negative cognitions; (2). changes in automatic thoughts and dysfunctional attitudes lead to change in depressive symptoms; and (3). automatic thoughts play a mediating role between dysfunctional attitudes and depression. The findings taken as a whole support the Causal Cognition Model of depression.     

Cognitive factors and stress-induced changes in catecholamine biochemistry

The purpose of the present research was to determine whether dysfunctional attitudes, a cognitive attribute, predicted changes in catecholamine biochemistry. A cognitive task was used to induce stress in female subjects (n=21), and levels of plasma norepinephrine (NE) and homovanillic acid (HVA) were measured at three time points: at baseline (T1); immediately after stress exposure (T2); and 40 min later (T3). Dysfunctional attitudes were significantly and positively related to levels of plasma NE at T3, controlling for baseline levels. Dysfunctional attitudes were not significantly related to plasma HVA levels at any time point. Our findings provide initial support for the idea that dysfunctional attitudes, an attribute shown to play an important role in some forms of unipolar depression, predict stress-induced alterations in noradrenergic output.     

Dysfunctional attitudes and 5-HT2 receptors during depression and self-harm

OBJECTIVE: Dysfunctional attitudes are negatively biased assumptions and beliefs regarding oneself, the world, and the future. In healthy subjects, increasing serotonin (5-HT) agonism with a single dose of d-fenfluramine lowered dysfunctional attitudes. To investigate whether the converse, a low level of 5-HT agonism, could account for the higher levels of dysfunctional attitudes observed in patients with major depression or with self-injurious behavior, cortex 5-HT(2) receptor binding potential and dysfunctional attitudes were measured in patients with major depressive disorder, patients with a history of self-injurious behavior, and healthy comparison subjects (5-HT(2) receptor density increases during 5-HT depletion). METHOD: Twenty-nine healthy subjects were recruited to evaluate the effect of d-fenfluramine or of clonidine (control condition) on dysfunctional attitudes. Dysfunctional attitudes were assessed with the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale 1 hour before and 1 hour after drug administration. In a second experiment, dysfunctional attitudes and 5-HT(2) binding potential were measured in 22 patients with a major depressive episode secondary to major depressive disorder, 18 patients with a history of self-injurious behavior occurring outside of a depressive episode, and another 29 age-matched healthy subjects. Cortex 5-HT(2) binding potential was measured with [(18)F]setoperone positron emission tomography. RESULTS: In the first experiment, dysfunctional attitudes decreased after administration of d-fenfluramine. In the second experiment, in the depressed group, dysfunctional attitudes were positively associated with cortex 5-HT(2) binding potential, especially in Brodmann's area 9 (after adjustment for age). Depressed subjects with extremely dysfunctional attitudes had higher 5-HT(2) binding potential, compared to healthy subjects, particularly in Brodmann's area 9. CONCLUSIONS: Low levels of 5-HT agonism in the brain cortex may explain the severely pessimistic, dysfunctional attitudes associated with major depression.     

Cognitive processes and their relationship to endogenous and reactive components of depression

In this study we investigated cognitive style in depressed inpatients, psychiatric control subjects with and without secondary depression, and nonpsychiatric control subjects with particular emphasis on cognitive patterns and their relationship to endogenous and reactive components of depression. Depressed and psychiatric control subjects were inpatients on acute care psychiatric units at three general hospitals. The nonpsychiatric control subjects were hospital employees. The inpatient sample was selected on the basis of DSM-III diagnosis and Beck Depression Inventory scores. Endogenous and reactive components of depression were assessed by the Endogenous-Reactive Checklist and the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia. Attitudes and attributions were measured by the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale and the Attribution Questionnaire. Depressed patients endorsed significantly more dysfunctional attitudes than did nondepressed psychiatric control subjects and nonpsychiatric control subjects. Depressed and psychiatric control subjects also made more global attributions for certain kinds of undesirable events than did nonpsychiatric control subjects; stability and internality of attributions did not differ among groups. Further, more endogenous depression was associated with more dysfunctional attitudes, whereas the more reactive the depression, the more internal, global, and stable the attributions. Our findings suggest that dysfunctional attitudes are characteristic of at least some depressive mood states, particularly those high in endogenous symptoms, whereas it remains unclear whether certain attributions are characteristic of general psychopathology or, in the case of internal attributions, are so specific to reactive depressions that group differences are minimized.     

Vulnerability factors to depression

The objective of this study is to reveal in their complexity the biological and cognitive vulnerability factors, as well as the environmental and socialisation predisposing factors playing a role in the development of depression in non-clinical sample of subjects (college students). Biological vulnerability was examined through temperament and character features, cognitive vulnerability was examined through dysfunctional attitudes, attributional style and coping strategies, and environmental, socialization predisposing factors were observed through certain family socialisation effects (type of family atmosphere, educational objectives, educational and rearing attitudes and style) and parental rearing behaviour. 681 college students were involved in this study (465 females, 216 males). Students were assigned to the study group if they fell in the fourth quartile of the sample based on the results obtained by the Beck's Depression Inventory: 170 persons (128 females, 42 males). Students who fell in the first quartile of the sample on the basis of their results obtained by the mentioned Inventory formed the control group: 204 persons (118 females, 86 males). The results of our study have demonstrated that in a sub-clinical sample the lack of parental care was observed to be a socialization predisposing factor in the development of depression, while certain dysfunctional attitudes and pessimistic interpretation styles were detected to be cognitive vulnerability factors, and harm avoidance proved to be a biological vulnerability factor. We also managed to reveal the effects of certain background factors, which produce their influence indirectly through mediating factors.     

Evaluation of the integrated cognitive model of depression and its specificity in a migrant population

This study empirically tested the specificity of the integrated cognitive model (ICM) of depression, which postulates that negative life events interact with dysfunctional attitudes to increase the frequency and severity of automatic thoughts, subsequently affecting depressive symptoms. We also examined the three competing models: the linear mediation model, the alternative etiologies model, and the symptom model. We anticipated that we might examine these models more appropriately using data from a population at an increased risk of developing depressive symptoms. As such, two-wave panel data were obtained from a group of 107 Korean migrants who had been in Australia less than 1 year. Structural equation modeling revealed that the ICM provided an adequate and much better fit than the three competing models. The ICM was also found to support the cognitive specificity theory of depression and anxiety. These findings suggest that dysfunctional attitudes can be a common cognitive moderator of depression and anxiety, whereas automatic thoughts and anxious self-statements can be specific cognitive mediators of anxiety and depression, respectively.     

Relationship of Internet addiction with cognitive style,personality, and depression in university students

Background

The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship of dysfunctional attitudes, self-esteem, personality, and depression with Internet addiction in university students.

Methods

A total of 720 university students participated in the study in Bülent Ecevit University English Preparatory School which offers intensive English courses. Students were evaluated with a sociodemographic data form, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale form A (DAS-A), Internet Addiction Scale (IAS), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised/Abbreviated Form (EPQR-A).

Results

The results indicated that 52 (7.2%) of the students had Internet addiction. There were 37 (71.2%) men, 15 (28.8%) women in the addicted group. While the addicted groups' BDI, DAS-A perfectionistic attitude, need for approval, RSES, EPQR-A neuroticism, and psychoticism scores were significantly higher, EPQR-A lie scores were significantly lower than those of the non addicted group. According to the multiple binary logistic regression analysis, being male, duration of Internet usage, depression, and perfectionistic attitude have been found as predictors for Internet addiction. It has been found that perfectionistic attitude is a predictor for Internet addiction even when depression, sex, duration of Internet were controlled.

Conclusions

To the knowledge of the researchers, this study is the first study to show the dysfunctional attitudes in Internet addiction. It can be important to evaluate dysfunctional attitudes, personality, self-esteem and depression in people with Internet addiction. These variables should be targeted for effective treatment of people with Internet addiction in cognitive behavioral therapy.