抑郁与焦虑共病障碍临床研究

目的:调查抑郁与焦虑共病障碍的发生率,探讨其特点及预后.方法:对150例抑郁障碍患者用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、社会功能缺陷筛选量表(SDSS)和临床疗效总评量表(CGI)评定,3个月后进行随访.结果:45.3%的抑郁障碍患者共病焦虑障碍,共病以广泛焦虑障碍与惊恐障碍为最多(分别为22.0%、13.3%);入组时及3个月末,共病组HAMD、HAMA、CGI及SDSS总分均显著高于抑郁组(P＜0.05),3个月末共病组HAMA减分率显著低于抑郁组(P＜0.05),HAMD减分率两组差异无显著性.结论:抑郁与焦虑共病障碍发生率高,具有抑郁及焦虑症状重、社会功能损害重,焦虑症状不易缓解等特征.     

广泛性焦虑与抑郁症自杀的关系研究

目的：探讨广泛性焦虑症与抑郁症自杀的关系。方法：对符合入组病倒进行回顾性诊断，判断其是否合并广泛性焦虑症（GAD），检查其自杀观念及行为，完成汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）、抑郁量表（HAMD）、抑郁自评问卷（BDI）的评定。结果：①抑郁症合并广泛性焦虑症为27.63%。②自杀组GAD例数及HAMA评分低于非自杀组。③合并GAD组HAMD评分高于对照组，BDI评分两组相当。结论：①抑郁症合并广泛性焦眠症比例很高。②焦虑可以作为自杀的保护因子，抑郁严重程度、病程是自杀的预测因子。     

抑郁症和糖尿病共病患者临床对照研究

目的:探讨抑郁症和糖尿病共病患者的临床特征及疗效。方法:将40例伴有糖尿病的抑郁症患者和40例单纯抑郁症患者分成共病组和抑郁组,使用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)和社会功能缺陷筛选量表(SDSS)评定两组患者的临床表现和社会功能,使用选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂治疗12周再次评定。结果:入组及治疗12周时,共病组HAMD、HAMA及SDSS总分均显著高于抑郁组(P<0.05),入组时HAMD焦虑/躯体化、认知障碍、迟缓、绝望感等因子分显著高于抑郁组(P<0.05),治疗12周共病组的减分率显著低于抑郁组(P<0.05)。结论:抑郁症和糖尿病共病患者的抑郁及焦虑症状重、社会功能缺陷明显,治疗效果显著差于单纯抑郁症患者。     

抑郁障碍共患其他精神障碍的研究

目的　探讨抑郁障碍与其他精神障碍的共患率及其对抑郁障碍患者的影响。方法经美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版轴Ⅰ障碍用定式临床检查-临床版评定,对符合抑郁障碍诊断的366例患者评定汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)和临床疗效总评量表病情严重程度(CGI SI)。结果　(1)38 2%的抑郁症患者当前至少共患焦虑障碍、心境恶劣障碍、物质使用障碍、躯体形式障碍和饮食障碍等5种障碍中的1种。其中焦虑障碍共患率最高(26 5%, 97例),其次为心境恶劣障碍(13 4%, 49例),均高于共患其他3种障碍(P<0 01);而其他3种障碍共患率之间的差异无统计学意义。( 2 )共患焦虑障碍和心境恶劣障碍者的HAMD分别为( 29 25±6 22)分和(30 15±6 15 )分,HAMA分别为( 22 01±5 61 )分和( 20 36±5 36 )分,CGI SI分别为(5 32±0 99)分和(4 76±1 12)分,均高于无共患者[分别为( 26 02±6 06 )分, ( 16 76±5 26 )分,(4 02±1 08)分;均P<0 01]。( 3 )共患焦虑障碍和心境恶劣障碍的抑郁症患者中分别有84%和82%的患者期望治疗共患障碍。结论　抑郁障碍常共患焦虑障碍和心境恶劣障碍;其焦虑抑郁症状更严重,更期望治疗所共患的障碍。     

老年焦虑抑郁障碍共病54例临床研究

目的 探讨老年焦虑抑郁障碍的临床特征、诊断及治疗方法.方法 选取54例符合入组标准及排除标准的患者进行临床研究,归纳临床症状并进行统计分析.用汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)和汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)进行评分,对比治疗前后的评分变化,并以HAMA和HAMD减分率判定疗效.结果 老年焦虑障碍多与抑郁共病,躯体主诉多为其主要特点.治疗后第2周末开始起效,疗效随时间延长同步上升,治疗后第2、4、8周末HAMA、HAMD量表评分与治疗前比较,有显著性差异(P ＜0.05,P＜0.01).药物及心理治疗的总有效率90.75％.结论 老年焦虑障碍多与抑郁共病,及时干预治疗效果满意.     

抑郁症和精神分裂症共患焦虑障碍的研究

目的：了解抑郁症和精神分裂症患者与焦虑障碍的共病发生率及其相关因素。方法：对精神分裂症41例和抑郁症40例，用简明精神病评定量表(BPRS)、Hamilton抑郁量表(HAMD)、Hamilton焦虑量表(HAMA)、Liebowitz社交焦虑量表(LSAS)进行评定。结果：抑郁症与焦虑障碍的共病率为50．0％，精神分裂症与焦虑障碍的共病率为29．3％。LSAS与HAMA呈正相关(r=0．465)。有关抑郁症和精神分裂症患者共患焦虑障碍经多元逐步回归分析可排除药源性焦虑。结论：对抑郁症和精神分裂症共患焦虑障碍问题应引起高度重视。     

抑郁症和冠心病共病患者的临床特征

目的:探讨伴发冠心病的抑郁症患者的临床特征.方法:对50例伴有冠心病的抑郁症患者(共病组)和50例单纯抑郁症患者(抑郁组),使用汉密尔顿抑郁量表24项(HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)和社会功能缺陷筛选量表(SDSS)评定临床表现和社会功能,使用舍曲林治疗12周后再次评定.结果:人组及治疗12周末,共病组HAM...     

精神分裂症和抑郁症伴焦虑障碍的研究

目的 了解精神分裂症和抑郁症住院病人与焦虑障碍的共病发生率及相关因素分析。方法 住院精神分裂症病人41例和抑郁病人40例,用简明精神病量表（BPRS）、Hamilton抑郁量表（HAMD）、Hamilton焦虑量表（HAMA）、Liebowitz社交焦虑量表（LSAS）进行评定。结果 精神分裂症病人焦虑障碍的共病率为29．26％,抑郁症与焦虑障碍的共病率为50L。LSAS与HAMA呈正相关（r=0.465)。有关精神分裂症和抑郁症病人共病焦虑障碍经多元逐步回归可排除药源性焦虑。结论 对精神分裂症和抑郁症共患焦虑障碍应引起临床高度重视。     

综合医院心理门诊患者躯体化症状的临床分析

目的 探讨综合性医院医学心理科门诊患者躯体化症状的临床特征以及抗抑郁药物对伴发躯体化症状的抑郁症的临床疗效.方法 以躯体化症状为主诉至南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院医学心理科门诊就诊的188例患者,分析其症状分布的特征、精神障碍的诊断构成,并对被诊断为抑郁症的患者中的39例给以帕罗西汀治疗,应用17项汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD17)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)进行评分,在治疗前后进行比较.结果 睡眠障碍、心、肺部不适、头部不适以及胃肠道不适为最常见的躯体化症状,而临床上常常会被诊断为抑郁症、焦虑障碍、躯体形式障碍以及精神分裂症等其他精神障碍.其中39例以躯体化症状就诊的被诊断为抑郁症的患者在给予帕罗西汀治疗四周以后,HAMD17、HAMA的平均分在治疗后较治疗前显著降低(P<0.01).结论 躯体化症状临床表现多种多样,可涉及全身各个系统,几乎所有的精神障碍都有可能伴发躯体化症状,帕罗西汀对以躯体化症状为主诉的抑郁症患者的疗效肯定.     

轻性抑郁障碍临床特征分析

目的了解轻性抑郁障碍的临床特征。方法采用自制一般情况调查表、抑郁自评量表(self-rating depression scale,SDS)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(Hamilton depresssion scale,HAMD)24项版本、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(Hamilton anxiety scale,HAMA)及社会功能缺陷量表(social disability screening schedule,SDSS)分别对符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-Ⅳ)诊断标准的35例轻性抑郁障碍(研究组)和56例重性抑郁障碍(对照组)患者进行评定,比较两组的差异。结果研究组SDSS总分、抑郁自评量表(SDS)总粗分、汉密尔顿抑郁量表24项版本(HAMD24)总分及体重、认识障碍、日夜变化、阻滞、睡眠障碍、绝望感等因子分值低于对照组(P0.01),同时抑郁情绪、有罪感、自杀、早醒、工作和兴趣减退、阻滞、体重减轻、自知力障碍、日夜变化、人格或现实解体、偏执症状、绝望感等症状出现的频率也均低于对照组(P0.01),而躯体性焦虑、全身症状、疑病等症状出现的频率及HAMA躯体性焦虑因子分值均高于对照组(P0.05或P0.01);研究组有88.57%的患者首次就诊于非精神科,明显高于对照组(P0.01)。结论轻性抑郁障碍患者躯体症状相对较多,而抑郁情绪及社会功能缺陷程度相对较轻,首次多在非精神科就诊。     

Bupropion in the treatment of outpatients with asthma and major depressive disorder

OBJECTIVE: Depressive disorders are common in asthma. Despite the high prevalence, antidepressant therapy in asthma patients with depression remains under-investigated. The objective of this pilot study was to investigate the use of bupropion for depression and anxiety in depressed asthma patients. METHOD: We conducted a 12-week open-label study of bupropion in 18 depressed asthma patients. Participants were assessed with the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D-17), Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAM-A), Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology--Self-Report (IDS-SR), Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ) and spirometry at baseline and weeks 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12. RESULTS: Significant baseline to exit improvements were observed on the HAM-D-17 (mean change = 4.72, SD = 7.78, p = 0.02) and the HAM-A (mean change = 2.12, SD = 3.97, p = 0.04). Based on the HAM-D-17 scores, 27.8% of the patients were responders and 16.7% were remitters. Significant correlations were found between changes in ACQ score and HAM-D-17 r = 0.73, p = 0.001), ACQ score and IDS-SR r = 0.58, = 0.012), and FEV1% Predicted and HAM-D-17 r = -0.66, p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Bupropion treatment was associated with significant improvements in depression and anxiety symptoms in asthma patients. Improvements in asthma correlated significantly with improvements in depression.     

Affective and anxiety comorbidity in post-traumatic stress disorder treatment trials of sertraline

Comorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders is common in patients suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The current study evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of sertraline in a subgroup of PTSD patients suffering from anxiety or depression comorbidity. Two multicenter, 12-week, double-blind, flexible-dose US studies of adult outpatients from the general population with a DSM-III-R diagnosis of PTSD evaluated the safety and efficacy of sertraline (50 to 200 mg/d) compared to placebo in the treatment of PTSD. The total severity score of the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-2) and the Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS) were used to examine the effect of comorbidity on treatment outcome. Among the combined 395 subjects enrolled in the two trials, 32.9% had a comorbid depressive diagnosis (no anxiety diagnosis), 6.3% had a comorbid anxiety disorder diagnosis (no depression), 11.4% had both a depression and anxiety disorder diagnosis, and 49.4% had no comorbidity. The correlation, at baseline, between Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) total score and the three CAPS-2 clusters was 0.37 for the re-experiencing/intrusion cluster, 0.52 for the avoidance/numbing cluster, and 0.45 for the hyperarousal cluster. Patients suffering from PTSD complicated by a current diagnosis of both depression and an anxiety disorder showed the highest baseline CAPS-2 cluster score severity. Patients treated with sertraline improved significantly (P <.05) compared to placebo on both the CAPS-2 and DTS whether or not they had a comorbid depressive or anxiety disorder. Sertraline was well tolerated. The presence of comorbidity was associated with a modest and mostly nonspecific increase in the side effect burden of approximately 10% to 20% on both study treatments. Patients suffering from dual depression and anxiety disorder comorbidity benefited from somewhat higher doses (147 mg v 125 mg; P =.08). Similarly, the presence of dual comorbidity resulted in a modest but nonsignificant increase in the mean time to response from 4.5 weeks to 5.5 weeks.We conclude that sertraline (50 to 200 mg/d) is effective and well tolerated in the treatment of PTSD for patients suffering from a current, comorbid depressive or anxiety disorders.     

Effect of levetiracetam on depression and anxiety in adult epileptic patients

BACKGROUND: Interictal depression is common in patients with epilepsy and it significantly impacts quality of life. Some studies indicate that levetiracetam (LEV) may have mood stabilizing properties. METHODS: Twenty-five adults with uncontrolled partial seizures and concomitant depressive symptoms were treated with LEV. Patients were evaluated for depression and anxiety with several psychometric measures, including: Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), Zung Self-rating Scale for Depression (Z-SDS), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS), Zung Self-rating Scale for Anxiety (Z-SAS). RESULTS: Evaluations after 5 weeks and after 3 months of LEV treatment demonstrated significant improvement in depression and anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: This uncontrolled study suggests that treatment with LEV may also improve depression and anxiety in patients with partial seizures. However, the sample of patients is limited and the possibility of a placebo effect cannot be excluded. These findings must be considered preliminary and should be replicated under placebo-controlled conditions.     

Comorbid conditions in obsessive-compulsive disorder

The objective of this study was to investigate axis I comorbidity in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). A total of 147 patients diagnosed as OCD for DSM-III-R criteria were included in the study. At least one comorbid axis I disorder was present in 68.7% of the patients. Major depression was the most common comorbid disorder (39.5%). Uncomplicated (n = 46) and comorbid (n = 101) OCD groups were compared with respect to the demographic variables and the scores obtained from the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HRSA), the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) and the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS). No significant difference in terms of age, sex, marital status, age at onset, or duration of illness was found between the groups. The scores on the HRSA, HRSD, and Y-BOCS were significantly higher in the comorbidity group. Our results demonstrate that at least one psychiatric disorder is present in approximately two thirds of OCD patients, the majority being depressive disorders and anxiety disorders. The fact that comorbid conditions raise not only anxiety and depression levels, but also the severity of obsessions and compulsions, is noteworthy.     

Anxiety and functional status in older primary care patients

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that anxiety in older primary care patients is associated with functional impairment after controlling for depression and medical comorbidity. METHOD: Primary care patients (n = 303), aged sixty or older were interviewed with a series of instruments designed to measure psychiatric symptoms including anxiety, depression, medical illness burden, and both examiner-rated and self-reported functional status. Anxiety was measured by the anxiety item of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and the anxiety items of the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form SF-36. Multiple regression techniques were used to examine the association of anxiety with functional status after controlling for age, gender, education, medical burden, and depression. RESULTS: When controlled for depression and medical morbidity, increased anxiety predicted poorer social function. Anxiety was not independently associated with more basic activities of daily living. CONCLUSIONS: Further studies with more comprehensive measures of anxiety are warranted to clarify the relationships between anxiety and functional status.     

Lifetime posttraumatic stress disorder in Turkish alcohol-dependent inpatients: relationship with depression, anxiety and erectile dysfunction

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of lifetime posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Turkish male alcohol-dependent inpatients, and to investigate the relationship of lifetime PTSD diagnosis with anxiety, depression, hopelessness, erectile dysfunction and psychosocial problems related with alcohol dependency. Eighty-two male inpatients who met DSM-IV criteria for alcohol dependence and 48 subjects without substance use disorder as a control group were included in the study. Subjects were applied the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST), the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) and the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF). Rate of lifetime PTSD diagnosis was found to be 26.8% among alcohol-dependent inpatients. The mean age of patients with lifetime PTSD was lower than in patients without this diagnosis, while there were no significant differences between these two groups in terms of age of first alcohol use, lifetime major depression, current depression, presence and severity of erectile dysfunction. Mean scores of HAM-D, HAM-A, BHS and MAST in the group with lifetime PTSD were significantly higher than the group without this diagnosis. There was a positive relationship between lifetime PTSD diagnosis and depression, anxiety, hopelessness and severity of psychosocial problems related to alcohol dependency, while there was no relationship between lifetime PTSD comorbidity and erectile dysfunction in alcohol-dependent patients.     

Assessment of State and Trait Anxiety in Subjects with Anxiety and Depressive Disorders

The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) is one of the most widely used scales for the evaluation of anxiety in medical and, to a lesser extent, psychiatric patients. Although there is a relatively large amount of STAI data about anxiety for individuals with a variety of psychiatric disorders, the results of many anxiety studies include only state or trait and many studies have been influenced by comorbidity and by variations in diagnostic criteria used. We studied state and trait anxiety and compared the revised form of the STAI (Form Y) with the original (Form X) to evaluate the anticipated improvement in the measure. In addition, we compared the STAI results with those of another self-report measure (the Symptom Checklist–90 anxiety and depression scales) and also with interviewer-rated measures of anxiety (Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety) and depression (Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression). Results indicate that the STAI does not clearly differentiate anxiety disorders from depressive disorders and support the use of multiple tests and of both self-report and interviewer ratings in the evaluation of anxiety and depression in psychiatric patients.     

Depressive and anxiety disorders in women with HIV infection

OBJECTIVE: This study examined whether there were differences in the rate of depressive and anxiety disorders between HIV-infected women (N=93) and a comparison group of uninfected women (N=62). Secondary objectives were to examine correlates of depression in HIV-infected women-including HIV disease stage and protease inhibitor use-and the associations between symptoms of depression or anxiety and other potential predictor variables. METHOD: Subjects underwent extensive semiannual clinical, psychiatric, neuropsychological, and immunological evaluations. Depressive and anxiety disorder diagnoses were assessed by using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. Symptoms of depression and anxiety were evaluated with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (the 17-item version and a modified 11-item version) and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, respectively. RESULTS: The rate of current major depressive disorder was four times higher in HIV-seropositive women (19.4%) than in HIV-seronegative women (4.8%). Mean depressive symptom scores on the 17-item Hamilton depression scale also were significantly higher, overall, in the HIV-infected women (mean=8.7, SD=8.0) relative to comparison subjects (mean=3.3, SD=5.8). There was no significant between-group difference in the rate of anxiety disorders. However, HIV-seropositive women had significantly higher anxiety symptom scores (mean=8.8, SD=8.9) than did HIV-seronegative women (mean=3.6, SD=5.5). Both groups had similar substance abuse/dependence histories, but adjusting for this factor had little impact on the relationship of HIV status to current major depressive disorder. CONCLUSIONS: HIV-seropositive women without current substance abuse exhibited a significantly higher rate of major depressive disorder and more symptoms of depression and anxiety than did a group of HIV-seronegative women with similar demographic characteristics. These controlled, clinical findings extend recent epidemiologic findings and underscore the importance of adequate assessment and treatment of depression and anxiety in HIV-infected women.