复发性脑梗死的危险因素

为探讨复发性脑梗死（ＲＣＩ）患者的危险因素及预测指标,检测了４６例ＲＣＩ患者和３８例无心脑血管病证据,其他条件基本相同的患者的血糖（ＧＬＵ）、血清总胆固醇（ＴＣ）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＨＤＬ－Ｃ）、血浆纤维蛋白原（ＦＧ）及血浆比粘度（ＲＶＰ比）。结果 ＲＣＩ患者的ＧＬＵ呈显著升高（Ｐ〈０．０１）,ＨＤＬ－Ｃ显著降低（Ｐ〈０．０５）,而ＦＧ呈极显著升高（Ｐ〈０．０１）,ＲＶＰ（比）也显著增加（Ｐ〈０     

地奥脂必妥治疗高脂血症的临床观察

本文２１例高脂血症患者，服用地奥脂必妥治疗４周，结果显示：血清胆固醇（ＴＣ）、甘油三脂（ＴＧ）及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＬＤＬ－Ｃ）均显著下降（Ｐ〈０．０１）；而高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＨＤＬ－Ｃ）轻度升高（Ｐ〉０．０５）；且无明显不良反应。提示地奥脂必妥是一安全有效的调脂药物。     

海通片对高脂血症大鼠血脂的调节作用

目的 观察海通片对高脂血症大鼠血脂的调节作用。方法观察通片预防性用药（３０ｄ）和治疗性用药（１５ｄ）对外原性高脂血症大鼠血清总胆固醇（ＴＣ），甘油三酯（ＴＧ），低密度脂蛋白（ＬＤＬ）和高密度脂蛋白（ＨＤＬ）含量的影响。结果 海通片预防性用药可使大鼠ＨＤＬ升高（ｔ＝２．２４１～２．７６６，Ｐ均〈０．０５），治疗性用药可使升高的ＴＣ迅速降至正常水平（ｔ＝２．３７０～３．０８７，Ｐ〈０．０５，０．０１）     

茶色素（心脑健）治疗各种肾脏疾患临床疗效观察

观察了心脑健对２８例肾脏疾病患者的临床疗效。结果表明：（１）其降脂作用在ＣＲＦ组中以降胆固醇（ＣＨ）为主（Ｐ＜０．０５）；在ＮＳ及ＧＮ 组以降甘油三酯（ＴＧ）为主（Ｐ＜０．０５）；ＮＳ组有升高ＨＤＬ作用（Ｐ＜０．０１）；ＧＮ和ＣＲＦ组降ＬＤＬ效果明显（Ｐ＜０．０５）。（２）其血液流变学在ＮＳ、ＧＮ组Ｆｂｇ明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０１，Ｐ＜０．０５）；ＧＮ、ＣＲＦ组血小板聚焦率下降（Ｐ＜０．０５）；三组病     

洛伐他汀治疗高脂血症临床观察与分析

目的　观察洛伐他汀治疗高脂血症的临床效果。方法２０８例患者随机分为治疗组和对照组，每组１０４例，治疗组给予洛伐他汀。对照组服安慰剂。结果治疗组血清总胆固醇（ＴＣｈ）和低密度脂蛋白（ＬＤ Ｌ－Ｃ）明显降低，显著优于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；而甘油三脂（ＴＧ）和高密度脂蛋白（ＨＤＬ—Ｃ）与对照组无明显差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论洛伐他汀可降低ＴＣｈ和ＬＤＬ－Ｃ，因此可用于高胆固醇血症和／或高低密度脂蛋白血症的治疗。     

冠状动脉病变程度与血脂及其亚组分、超氧化物歧化酶关系的研究

目的：探讨血脂、脂蛋白及超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）与冠状动脉病变程度的关系。方法：选择冠状动脉造影患者３０例，分为正常组（１１例）、单支组（１０例）和多支组（９例）；测定胆固醇、甘油三酯、脂蛋白及其亚组分和ＳＯＤ含量。结果：３组患者间血清甘油三酯和胆固醇水平相近；多支组高密度脂蛋白胆固醇／低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＨＤＬＣ／ＬＤＬＣ）比值低于正常组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。单支组和多支组ＨＤＬＣ均低于正常组（Ｐ均＜０．０１），而ＬＤＬＣ均高于正常组（Ｐ＜０．０５或Ｐ＜０．０１）。正常组ＳＯＤ为（２０３．４±５７．７）ｋＵ／Ｌ，高于单支组〔（１２９．４±７１．６）ｋＵ／Ｌ，Ｐ＜０．０５〕和多支组〔（９５．９±５３．３）ｋＵ／Ｌ，Ｐ＜０．０１〕。ＳＯＤ与ＬＤＬ呈中度负相关（ｒ＝－０．４４８，Ｐ＜０．０５），ＳＯＤ与ＨＤＬ（ｒ＝０．６９６，Ｐ＜０．０１）和ＳＯＤ与ＨＤＬＣ（ｒ＝０．３９９，Ｐ＜０．０５）均呈正相关。结论：血脂、脂蛋白、脂蛋白亚组分及ＳＯＤ与冠状动脉病变程度有一定的联系，ＨＤＬ、ＨＤＬＣ、ＬＤＬ、ＬＤＬＣ和ＨＤＬＣ／ＬＤＬＣ是预测冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病发病的重要易患因子。     

66例老年冠心病患者脂蛋白分析

目的 探讨老年冠心病（ＣＨＤ）患者的脂蛋白特点。方法 取健康老年组与ＣＨＤ组做对照，分别做血清十项指标检测。包括ＴＣ，ＴＧ用酶法测定，ＨＤＬ－Ｃ．ａｐｏＡ．Ｂ．ＣⅡＣⅢ．Ｅ及Ｌｐ（ａ）用免疫比浊法测定。ＬＤＬ－Ｃ依据公式计算。结果 健康老年组与ＣＨＤ组比较，ＴＣ．ＴＧ．ＨＤＬ－Ｃ．ＬＤＬ－Ｃ．ａｐｏＡ，ａｐｏＢ，Ｐ〈０．００１；ａｐｏＣⅡ，Ｐ〈０．０１。ＴＧ．ＴＣ分别与ａｐｏＣⅡ．ａｐｏＣⅢ极相关     

高血压和冠心病患者的血液流变性研究

本文对２４５名高血压和冠心病患者进行血液流变学、纤维蛋白原和血脂测定。结果表明，患者的全血粘度（ηｂ）、血浆粘度（ηｐ）、血沉（ＥＳＲ）、Ｋ值、红细胞电泳时间（ＥＴ）、纤维蛋白原（Ｆｇ）、胆固醇（ＴＣ）和甘油三酯（ＴＧ）含量均大于或高于正常人（Ｐ〈０．０１）。高血压的ＥＳＲ，Ｋ值和ＴＧ高于冠心病，差异显著（Ｐ〈０．０１），其它指标相似。高血压的各项指标与高血压合并冠心病比较无差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）；     

灯盏花注射液对老年慢性肾功能衰竭患者血液流变性及肾功能影响的观察

目的：观察灯盏花注射液对老年慢性肾功能衰竭患者的血液流变性及肾功能的影响。方法：根据１９９２年全国肾小球疾病座谈会制订的慢性肾功能衰竭评定标准进行临床分组。肾功能不全失代偿组３４例和尿毒症组１０例，２组患者每日静滴灯盏花注射液２０ｍｌ（含黄酮９００ｍｇ），连用１４日为１个疗程。观察治疗前后血压、胆固醇（ＣＨ）、甘油三酯（ＴＧ）、血粘度、血尿素氮（ＢＵＮ）、血肌酐（ＳＣｒ）等指标的变化，进行治疗前后自身对比。结果：治疗后２组ＢＵＮ、ＳＣｒ均下降，以肾功能不全失代偿组下降显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）；收缩压（ＳＢＰ）和舒张压（ＤＢＰ）均下降，以ＳＢＰ下降极为显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）；高密度脂蛋白（ＨＤＬ）升高显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）；全血粘度、全血低切粘度、纤维蛋白原（Ｆｉ）下降均显著（Ｐ均＜０．０５）；ＣＨ、ＴＧ、血小板最大聚集率（ＰＭＡ）略有下降，但无统计学意义（Ｐ均＞０．０５）。结论：灯盏花注射液对老年慢性肾功能衰竭患者具有降低血粘度及改善肾功能的作用。     

尿酶对碘造影剂肾毒性的早期评估

前瞻性观察１６例肾功能正常患者造影前、造影后２４，４８ｈ肾功能动态变化。造影后２４ｈ血尿素氮（ＢＵＮ）、血清肌酐（ＳＣｒ）无显著变化（Ｐ＞０．０５）、尿谷氨酰转肽酶（γ－ＧＴ）、Ｎ－乙酰基－β－Ｄ氨基葡萄糖苷酶（ＮＡＧ）、乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）较造影前显著增高（Ｐ＜０．０１）。造影后４８ｈＢＵＮ，ＳＣｒ显著增高（Ｐ＜０．０ｌ），尿γ－ＧＴ，ＮＡＧ，ＬＤＨ显著恢复（Ｐ＜０．０５）；但仍明显高于造影前，差异有显著性（分别Ｐ＜０．０１，０．０１，０．０５）。提示在肾功能正常患者泛影葡胺对肾小管损害呈一过性，尿γ－ＧＴ是评估碘造影剂肾毒性亚临床期敏感指标     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.