福建省长汀县碘缺乏病10年监测结果分析

目的了解我县近10年来采取食盐加碘及重点人群普服碘制剂为辅的综合干预措施,防治碘缺乏病的消长趋势和防治措施的落实情况。方法按人口容量比例概率抽检法(PPS)抽查8～10岁在校儿童甲状腺肿大率、尿碘中位数、碘盐合格率。结果甲状腺肿大率6次监测结果显示,儿童甲状腺肿大率逐年明显下降。尿碘水平也趋于合理。碘盐合格率逐年升高。五年级健康知识知晓率情况无明显变化。结论广泛深入持久开展碘缺乏病防治宣传教育,提高广大人民群众自我保健意识,自觉购买合格碘盐,加强盐业市场监管,打击非碘盐等综合防治措施,是达到消除碘缺乏病目标的重要措施。     

2005—2007年甘肃省庄浪县碘缺乏病监测结果分析

目的了解庄浪县碘缺乏病防治效果，进一步改进防治措施和方法，提高碘缺乏病防治水平。方法按照《全国碘缺乏病防治监测方案》（以下简称方案），2005～2007年在全县监测基础上重点对郭漫、石桥2村和1所小学开展定点监测。结果2005～2007年，监测点居民用加盖器皿存放碘盐率提高了30个百分点，合格碘盐食用率上升了15个百分点；儿童尿碘中位数上升了132．3μg/L，儿童甲状腺肿大率下降了6．2个百分点；碘缺乏病防治知识知晓率学生和家庭主妇分别上升了38个百分点和35个百分点。结论现阶段采取的综合性防治碘缺乏病措施效果显著，但应继续深入开展健康教育，规范碘盐保存方式、使用方法，提高合格碘盐食用率。     

2002年青海省碘缺乏病综合干预项目结果分析

目的了解青海省碘缺乏病综合干预项目地区合格碘盐食用率、病情、尿碘水平及健康教育情况及其特点.方法在全省9个重点地区的所有乡镇中随机抽取54个乡,1 080户居民,进行甲状腺触诊检查和碘盐半定量检测.结果全省9个项目县的居民合格碘盐食用率为83.4%.尿碘中位数为144.1μg/L,其中,＜20μg/L占3.1%,＞100μg/L占65.2%,儿童甲状腺肿大(甲肿)率为5.3%,从这次自评结果看,儿童碘营养状况还完全没有得到改善,与国家消除碘缺乏病目标相差较大.结论消除碘缺乏病的重要措施仍是全民食用合格碘盐为主的综合性防治措施,坚决杜绝非碘盐冲击市场和病区,同时利用各种媒体加强健康教育知识的宣传,才能提高防治碘缺乏病的自我保健意识,人人食用合格加碘盐,提高全民族素质.     

2005年甘肃省武威市碘缺乏病监测结果分析

目的为及时了解和掌握武威市碘缺乏病（IDD）病情和防治措施落实情况,评价武威市碘缺乏病防治效果,为完善可持续消除IDD工作机制提供科学依据。方法按照《甘肃省开展全国第五次碘缺乏病监测工作实施方案》进行人群甲状腺肿大率调查、盐碘浓度、尿碘水平测定、儿童智商（IQ）测定和碘缺乏病知识问卷调查。结果武威市8～1O岁学生甲状腺肿大率11.49%（B超法）,入户调查合格碘盐食用率86.02%,非碘盐7.12%,尿碘中位数156.00μg/L,其中〈50μg/L的比率9.17%,重点人群尿碘尿碘中位数161.30μg/L,家庭主妇组碘缺乏病知识知晓率76.08%,小学生碘缺乏病知识知晓率82.67%,测定8～10岁儿童平均智商为97.2。结论各项评估指标均已接近或达到“基本消除碘缺乏病阶段目标”。突出问题主要是合格碘盐食用率有下降反弹趋势,同时IDD健康教育普及率仍然较低。     

新疆克拉玛依市克拉玛依区碘缺乏病监测分析

目的了解2013—2014年新疆克拉玛依市克拉玛依区碘缺乏病病情,为碘缺乏病防治提供科学依据。方法采用整群抽样和随机抽样方法,抽检居民食用盐及学生尿样进行盐碘和尿碘检测,同时进行碘缺乏病健康教育调查,比较小学生和育龄妇女的碘缺乏病防治知识知晓情况。结果 2013—2014年碘盐合格率97.65%,合格碘盐食用率97.17%,碘盐覆盖率99.50%,非碘盐率0.50%;8~10岁儿童尿碘中位数2013年为384μg/L,2014年为277μg/L,2013—2014年健康教育干预前,小学生和育龄妇女的碘缺乏病防治知识知晓率分别为55.62%和92.89%,干预后知晓率分别为98.13%和99.50%,干预前(χ2=1224.63)、干预后(χ2=33.95)差异均有统计学意义(均P0.01)。结论克拉玛依市克拉玛依区碘缺乏病防治取得明显成效并维持在较高水平;儿童尿碘检测、小学生和育龄妇女的碘缺乏病健康教育知识水平明显提高,在小学生中开展健康教育活动的效果更佳,防治知识知晓率提高幅度大于育龄妇女。     

1995-2004年浙江省碘缺乏病监测10年结果分析

目的了解和掌握浙江省自1995年底实行全民食盐加碘10年来碘缺乏病病情和碘盐干预措施落实状况。方法按照《全国碘缺乏病监测方案》的要求,采用8～10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率、居民用户碘盐合格率和人群尿碘水平等指标对浙江省10年监测结果进行综合评价。结果 8-10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率由1995年的 13．92％下降至2004年的3．08％;碘盐合格率由1995年的25．00％上升至2000年的96.27％,再下降至2004年的89．67％;尿碘中位数由1995年的127．64μg／L上升至2004年的290．73μg／L。结论浙江省碘缺乏病防治工作通过采取以食盐加碘为主导的综合性防治措施正逐步取得显著效果,但非碘盐冲击市场的现象依然存在。     

许昌市碘缺乏病防治效果评价

目的了解许昌市是否达到碘缺乏病消除目标,为今后制定防治措施提供科学依据。方法采用人口比例概率抽样法（PPS）分阶段抽样,进行居民户碘盐及儿童尿碘水平检测,并对5年级学生进行健康教育问卷调查。结果碘盐中位数30．6mg／kg,碘盐覆盖率为99．19％,合格碘盐食用率为97．80％;尿碘中位数为248．μg／L;小学生健康教育问卷及格率为89．85％。结论许昌市各主要指标已达到消除碘缺乏病技术标准,但个别地区健康教育工作仍需进一步加强。     

2005年新疆南部地区碘缺乏病调查报告

目的 了解新疆南部地区碘缺乏病流行现状,为制定可持续的防治对策提供科学依据.方法 采用全国碘缺乏病防治监测方案.结果 触诊法检查8～10岁儿童720名,甲状腺Ⅰ度肿大者142人,甲肿率为19.7%;居民盐碘中位数为31.8 mg/kg,居民碘盐食用率为63.2%,居民合格碘盐食用率为56.0%;儿童尿碘中位数为85.9 μg/L,低于25 μg/L的占31.9%,低于100 μg/L的占56.0%;家庭主妇和五年级学生的碘缺乏病防治知识及格率分别为67.0%和58.0%.结论 新疆南部地区各项指标距国家碘缺乏病消除标准还有很大的差距,进一步加强碘缺乏病健康教育,提高防治知识的知晓率,提高农牧民家庭碘盐食用率应成为南疆地区碘缺乏病防治工作的重点.     

2006～2010甘肃省环县碘缺乏病监测结果分析

目的为准确掌握甘肃省环县居民食用碘盐普及情况和人群的碘营养水平,了解居民食盐加碘持续消除碘缺乏病的现状,评价碘缺乏病防治效果。方法按照《庆阳市碘缺乏病监测方案（2006～2010）》的要求进行监测。结果 8～10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率由7.8%下降到3.6%;居民户碘盐合格率均值为92.7%;儿童尿碘中位数由199.03μg/L上升为314.8μg/L,孕妇及哺乳期妇女尿碘中位数由164.85μg/L上升到272.3μg/L;学生及家庭主妇健康教育问卷调查表明,知识知晓率呈上升趋势。结论环县的碘缺乏病防治在各级政府的大力支持和关心下取得了一定成绩,但儿童和特需人群健康教育知识总平均分很低,应继续深入持久地开展健康教育活动。     

2001-2005年山西省忻州市碘缺乏病监测结果分析

目的 了解山西省忻州市实现消除碘缺乏病（IDD）阶段目标后，IDD病情的消长趋势，干预措施落实情况和防治效果。方法根据《全国碘缺乏病监测方案》中的监测指标，采用重点人群碘营养状况的一次性调查方法，2001—2005年在全市14个县（市、区）进行抽样监测，包括儿童甲状腺肿大率（简称甲肿率）、尿碘水平、居民盐碘、IDD健康教育知识及儿童智商水平。结果5年儿童甲肿率在5．38％～7．97％；儿童尿碘中位数在225．48～334．54斗g,／L；居民合格碘盐食用率均〉90％；IDD健康教育知识问卷调查，5年级学生平均得分60．2分，及格率55.3％，家庭主妇平均得分83．2分，及格率92．7％；儿童智商为中等水平。结论忻州市8～10岁儿童甲肿率、尿碘水平和居民合格碘盐食用率3项指标继续保持在消除IDD阶段目标水平；IDD健康教育宣传不到位．知识普及率呈下滑趋势：儿童智商水平经全民食盐加碘后得以提高。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.