UPLC-MS/MS法测定奥美沙坦酯中7个亚硝胺类基因毒性杂质

目的 建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法（UPLC-MS/MS）测定奥美沙坦酯中7个基因毒性杂质：N-亚硝基二甲胺、N-亚硝基-4-甲基-4-氨基丁酸、N-亚硝基二乙胺、N-亚硝基乙基异丙基胺、N-亚硝基二异丙胺、N-亚硝基二丙胺、N-亚硝基二丁胺。方法 采用Agilent poroshell PFP （100 mm×2.1 mm,2.7 μm）色谱柱;流动相为0.1%甲酸水溶液（A）-甲醇（B）梯度洗脱;体积流量0.4 mL/min,柱温40℃;采用APCI离子源正离子扫描,多反应监测（MRM）模式下,对7个基因毒性杂质同时进行定量检测。结果 各杂质质量浓度在1~100 ng/mL内具有良好线性关系,r>0.995;低、中、高3个浓度的加样回收率（n=3）为83%~117%,RSD值为0.8%~4.1%,平均加样回收率为87%~106%;检测限范围为0.02~0.19 ng/mL,定量限为0.06~0.65 ng/mL。4批奥美沙坦酯样品中均未检出杂质。结论 该方法灵敏度高,专属性强,可用于测定奥美沙坦酯原料药中7个亚硝胺类杂质,为奥美沙坦酯的质量控制提供参考。     

奥美沙坦酯的工艺改进

目的 改进奥美沙坦酯的合成工艺。方法 以2-氰基-4''-甲基联苯(2)为起始原料,经溴代反应,“一锅法”完成N-烷基化和皂化-酯化反应,再经氰基四氮唑化反应,得到奥美沙坦酯(1)。结果 3步得到成品,总收率46.5%(以2-氰基-4''-甲基联苯计)。结论 改进后的工艺非常实用,适合工业化生产。     

HPLC测定D-对羟基苯甘氨酸甲酯中的手性杂质

目的 建立HPLC测定D-对羟基苯甘氨酸甲酯中潜在的手性杂质[杂质1：L-对羟基苯甘氨酸,杂质2：L-对羟基苯甘氨酸甲酯,杂质3：D-对羟基苯甘氨酸]的含量和限度。方法 采用Crownpak CR（-）手性色谱柱（150 mm×4.0 mm,5 μm）;流动相：高氯酸溶液（pH 1.7）-甲醇（90：10）;检测波长为226 nm;流速：0.7 mL·min^-1;柱温：25℃。结果 杂质1、杂质2和杂质3均在其定量限浓度~2.400 μg·mL^-1内线性良好（r分别为1.000 0,0.999 9,0.999 9）,平均回收率分别为99.97%,100.30%和103.18%,RSD分别为0.30%,0.64%和0.62%（n=9）。结论 该方法专属性强,准确、方便,可以作为D-对羟基苯甘氨酸甲酯中手性杂质1、杂质2和杂质3的液相分析方法。     

HS-GC-MS同时测定沙芬酰胺中磺酸酯类基因毒性杂质

目的 建立同时测定沙芬酰胺原料药中5种磺酸酯类基因毒性杂质（甲磺酸甲酯、甲磺酸乙酯、甲磺酸异丙酯、甲磺酸丙酯、甲磺酸丁酯）的方法。方法 采用顶空进样气相色谱-质谱联用法,在线衍生,RESTEK Rxi-624Sil毛细管柱（30 m×0.25 mm,1.4 μm）,四级杆质量检测器,离子化模式为电子轰击离子化（EI）模式,采集模式为选择离子监测。结果 5种杂质检测限为0.3~1.3 ng·mL^-1,定量限为0.9~4.3 ng·mL^-1;精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD均<5%;浓度在5~300 ng·mL^-1内,5种杂质的峰面积与其相对应的浓度有良好的线性关系,相关系数（r²）均>0.995;回收率为99.4%~100.6%,RSD为0.8%~2.6%（n=9）。结论 该法操作简便,重复性好,结果准确可靠,可用于沙芬酰胺中磺酸酯类基因毒性杂质的测定。     

LC-MS/MS测定阿齐沙坦及其盐在大鼠血浆中的药动学研究

目的 建立液相色谱-串联质谱法测定大鼠血浆中阿齐沙坦及其盐的浓度并研究其药动学。方法 大鼠血浆样本以乙腈沉淀蛋白后,采用Eclipse Plus C₁₈色谱柱（50 mm×3.0 mm,1.8 μm）;流动相（乙腈：水=60：40）,流速为0.35 mL·min^-1,柱温为40℃;采用Agilent 6430三重四极杆串联质谱仪,离子化方式：电喷雾-正离子（API-ES）;监测方式：MRM;阿齐沙坦监测离子对457.3/233.1,缬沙坦监测离子对436.2/291.4,用作内标。SD大鼠灌胃给予阿齐沙坦1.0 mg·kg^-1及阿齐沙坦盐1.2 mg·kg^-1。结果 阿齐沙坦在5~30 000 ng·mL^-1内线性关系良好;回收率为85%~115%,精密度RSD在±15%内。阿齐沙坦盐大鼠体内主要动力学参数如下：AUC_{（0-24 h）}为（12.9±3.2）μg·mL^-1·h^-1,AUC_（0-∞）为（14.2±4.1）μg·mL^-1·h^-1,C_max为（3.8±0.3）μg·mL^-1,T_1/2为（13.4±0.5）h。阿齐沙坦的主要动力学参数如下：AUC_{（0-24 h）}为（8.1±2.6）μg·mL^-1·h^-1,AUC_（0-∞）为（9.7±3.1）μg·mL^-1·h^-1,C_max为（2.3±0.5）μg·mL^-1,T_1/2为（10.5±0.5）h。结论 本法经方法学验证,适用于大鼠血浆中阿齐沙坦及其盐的浓度测定,可用于阿齐沙坦及其盐大鼠体内药动学研究。     

HPLC测定奥格列汀中基因毒性杂质残留量

目的 建立奥格列汀原料药中基因毒性杂质的HPLC测定方法。方法 采用Zorbax SB-C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）,进样量：20 μl;流动相为0.1%乙酸水-乙腈（65：35）;流速为1mL·min^-1;紫外检测器,检测波长为220 nm;柱温为25℃,色谱乙腈为溶剂。结果 该方法专属性良好,测得苯磺酸异丙酯在4~60 μg·mL^-1内线性关系良好,平均回收率为98.56%（n=9,RSD=3.78%）,溶液在8 h内稳定。结论 该法操作简便,重复性好,结果准确可靠,可用于奥格列汀原料药中基因毒性杂质的测定。     

LC-MS/MS测定中成药中非法添加物N-乙基他达拉非

目的 建立LC-MS/MS定性及定量测定中成药中非法添加N-乙基他达拉非。方法 采用DAD检测器进行初步定性筛查,用质谱检测器进行定性确证,再用DAD检测器进行定量。初筛及定量选用SHISEIDO C₁₈柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,以流动相A[磷酸三乙胺溶液（取三乙胺7 mL,用水稀释至1 000 mL,用磷酸调pH至2.8）-甲醇-乙腈（60：20：20）]与流动相B[磷酸三乙胺溶液（取三乙胺7 mL,用水稀释至1 000 mL,用磷酸调pH至2.8）-甲醇-乙腈（8：46：46）]梯度洗脱,体积流量1 mL·min^-1,检测波长230 nm;确证选用Dikma Spursil C₁₈柱（150 mm×2.1 mm,3 μm）,以甲醇-乙腈-含0.1%冰乙酸的0.02 mol·L^-1乙酸铵溶液（30：25：45）等度洗脱,体积流量0.2 mL·min^-1。结果 N-乙基他达拉非质量浓度在0.003~0.3 mg·mL^-1内与峰面积有良好线性关系,平均回收率为97.8%,RSD为0.7%（n=9）;通过对30批次壮阳类中成药进行测定,其中2批检测结果为阳性,含量分别为4.8,4.1 mg·g^-1。结论 该方法快速、准确、灵敏度高,可作为分析检测壮阳类中成药中非法添加N-乙基他达拉非的有效方法。     

HPLC测定赛利司他有关物质及降解产物

目的 建立HPLC测定赛利司他有关物质的方法。方法 采用Agilent Phenyl色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,以5 mmol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾（用10%磷酸调pH值至4.0）-乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL·min^-1,检测波长为226 nm。结果 各杂质与主峰之间的分离度良好。开环杂质（杂质A）、2-十七烷基氧-6-甲基-4氢-3,1-苯并噁嗪-4-酮（杂质B）、2-十八烷基氧-6-甲基-4氢-3,1-苯并噁嗪-4-酮（杂质C）浓度分别在0.049 5~1.981 μg·mL^-1,0.059 9~0.399 1 μg·mL^-1,0.059 6~0.397 5 μg·mL^-1内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,r均为0.999 9;杂质A、B、C加样回收率的平均值分别为104.2%,107.0%和107.8%,RSD分别为2.09%,1.77%和2.18%。结论 本方法简便、准确可靠,适用于赛利司他中有关物质的控制。     

LC-MS测定醋酸甲羟孕酮中对甲苯磺酸甲酯及对甲苯磺酸乙酯的含量

目的 建立醋酸甲羟孕酮中的基因毒性杂质对甲苯磺酸甲酯及对甲苯磺酸乙酯的LC-MS检测方法。方法 采用XDB-C₁₈（50 mm×4.6 mm,1.8 μm）色谱柱;10 mmol·L^-1醋酸铵（氨水pH 7.0）-乙腈为流动相;质谱：正离子模式,检测离子m/z 187.1,201.1。结果 对甲苯磺酸甲酯和对甲苯磺酸乙酯在0.05~5.08 μg·mL^-1内线性关系良好。对甲苯磺酸甲酯定量限为0.1 ng,检测限均为0.05 ng;对甲苯磺酸乙酯定量限为0.03 ng,检测限为0.02 ng;对甲基苯磺酸甲酯平均回收率101.6%,RSD为3.46%;对甲基苯磺酸乙酯平均回收率98.7%,RSD为2.22%。结论 本方法适用于样品醋酸甲羟孕酮中对甲基苯磺酸甲酯和对甲基苯磺酸乙酯的检测。     

UPLC-MS/MS测定减肥食品中8种非法添加化学成分

目的 建立一种简便有效检测减肥食品中非法添加化学成分的UPLC-MS/MS检测方法。方法 采用UPLC-MS/MS法,以Eclipse Plus C₁₈（2.1 mm×50 mm,1.8 μm）色谱柱分离,串联四级杆质谱仪检测,多反应监测模式进行定性定量分析,以流动相A（0.02 mol·L^-1乙酸铵水溶液）-B（甲醇）进行梯度洗脱;柱温：40℃;流速：0.3 mL·min^-1,进样量2 μL。样品以甲醇为溶剂超声提取,快速定性定量检测非法添加在减肥食品中的麻黄碱、咖啡因、呋塞米、芬氟拉明、酚酞、N-单去甲基西布曲明、N,N-双去甲基西布曲明、西布曲明8种化学成分。结果 8种减肥类化学成分质谱检测的线性范围宽,相关性R² ≥ 0.995;方法检测限为0.042~0.175 μg·mL^-1,定量限为0.126~0.525 μg·mL^-1,方法精密度RSD（n=6）为1.7%~4.7%;3个浓度水平的平均回收率为90.3%~105.1%。结论 本方法专属性强、操作简单、方便快捷,可作为食品中非法添加减肥类化学成分的有效检测方法。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.