50例正常人脑干三叉神经诱发电位分析

目的：探讨无伤害性刺激脑干三叉诱发电位(BTEP)的检测方法和波形特征。方法：对50名健康志愿者进行上唇电脉冲刺激,用远场记录法在头皮上记录刺激后10 ms内出现的反应波,寻找最适宜的刺激和记录参数。部分被试者同时进行脑干听觉诱发电位(BAEP)和正中神经短潜伏期体感诱发电位(SEP)检测。结果：50例正常人均记录到满意的BTEP反应波,其峰潜伏期、波间期值与文献资料近似。BTEP的脑干成分较BAEP和SSEP清晰、明确。结论：用无伤害刺激在正常人可以记录到清晰、稳定的BTEP反应波。BTEP为评价三叉神经周围结构和脑干中枢通路提供了新的、可靠的电生理学方法,是研究脑干功能的又一指标。     

帕金森病患者诱发电位研究

目的 :研究帕金森病 (PD)患者脑干听觉诱发电位 (BAEP)和视觉诱发电位 (VEP)的变化及其与临床症状的关系。方法 :检测 70例PD患者BAEP和VEP ,并设正常对照组 6 0例作对照。结果 :PD组BAEP异常 31例 (44 % ) ,正常对照组异常 11例 (18% ) ,P <0 0 1。VEPN75、P10 0、N135的潜伏期分别为 93 2± 15 1ms、12 5 2± 12 .4ms和 15 7 2± 19 5ms ,均较正常对照组 83 1± 14 8ms、10 4 2± 7 3ms和139 4± 14 4ms明显延长 ,P <0 0 1;PD患者VEP的P10 0潜伏期与UPDRS评分呈正相关 ,r =0 6 1,P <0 0 1。结论 :BAEP和VEP可客观地反映PD患者听觉和视觉通路电生理的变化。     

重症肌无力20例患者VEP、SEP、BAEP的变化及临床意义

目的:比较重症肌无力(MG)患者模式翻转视觉诱发电位(VEP)、体感诱发电位(SEP) 及脑干听觉诱发电位(BAEP)3种诱发电位的变化。方法:测定20例新诊断的MG患者和50例正常人的VEP、SEP及BAEP。结果:与正常人比较,VEP 6例(30％)异常,其中5例双侧和1例单侧P100潜伏期延长,波幅降低;SEP 4例(20％)异常,其中3例双侧和1例单侧N13-N20波间期延长,波幅降低; BAEP 9例(45％)异常,其中7例双侧和2例单侧的Ⅲ-Ⅴ和Ⅰ-Ⅴ波间期延长,Ⅲ、Ⅴ波波幅减低。结论:有部分MG患者的VEP、SEP及BAEP有明显的变化,提示他们可能存在中枢神经系统胆碱能通路不同程度受损害,并且这三种诱发电位可能对胆碱能传递受损程度的判断有临床价值。     

脑干听觉诱发电位对前庭系统性眩晕的诊断价值

目的 :探讨脑干听觉诱发电位 (BAEP)对前庭系统性眩晕的诊断价值。方法 :对 12 6例前庭系统性眩晕者进行BAEP检查 ,并以 5 0名正常健康受试者作对照。结果 :12 6例中BAEP异常 90例 ,异常率 71 4 %。其表现分为二组 :①内耳型组 37例 ,可见Ⅰ波消失或Ⅰ波和其后各波均消失 ,或Ⅰ波潜伏期 (PL)延长及其后各波相应延长 ,同时Ⅰ波至Ⅴ波峰间期 (IPL)延长 ;②脑干型组 5 3例 ,表现为Ⅰ波正常 ,Ⅲ波或Ⅴ波PL延长或波形消失 ,Ⅲ—Ⅴ、Ⅰ—ⅢIPL延长 ,Ⅴ /Ⅰ波幅比小于 0 5及双侧Ⅴ波PL侧间差 >0 4ms。结论 :BAEP对于前庭周围性眩晕和前庭中枢性眩晕的鉴别有一定的参考价值     

重症肌无力患者视、听、体感诱发电位研究

目的：研究重症肌无力(MG)患者视觉诱发电位(VEP)、脑干听觉诱发电位(BAEP)和体感诱发电位(SEP)的变化及其与中枢神经系统(CNS)损害的关系。方法：对22例临床及重复神经电刺激(RNS)确诊的MG患者行VEP、BAEP检测，其中的18例还进行了SEP检测。结果：22例MG患者中VEP异常15例(68．2％)、BAEP异常8例(36．4％)。SEP检查18例均异常，其中上肢SEP异常8例(44．4％)，下肢SEP异常10例(55．6％)。结论：MG患者的VEP、BAEP、SEP均有不同程度异常，表明MG患者可伴有CNS损害，而VEP、BAEP、SEP可作为早期发现MG患者CNS改变的有效检测手段。     

帕金森病患者VEP、BAEP及SEP的测定

目的：研究帕金森病（PD）患者视觉诱发电位（VEP）、脑干听觉诱发电位（BAEP）及体感诱发电位（SEP）的变化并推测其发生机制。方法：选择2008年1月至2013年1月在昆明医学院第一附属医院神经内科门诊及住院的80例PD患者作为PD组,50例健康对照者作为对照组。应用神经电生理检查仪分别对PD患者和健康者进行VEP、BAEP和SEP检测,并进行比较。结果：PD组VEP的P100潜伏期（115．1±10．6）ms较健康对照组（103．2±9．0）ms明显延长（P〈0．01）,P100波幅（6．25±3．02）弘V较健康对照组（7．70±2．62）pV增高（P〈0．05）;PD组BAEP的I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ波的潜伏期和Ⅲ-V及I—V峰间期较对照组明显延长（P〈0．05）;SEP各波潜伏期及波幅两组比较差异无显著意义。结论：PD患者的VEP和BAEP均有不同程度的改变,提示PD患者可能伴有脑干听觉传导通路与视觉俜导诵略的桶害．     

动态脑电图、诱发电位判断脑血管病昏迷患者的预后

目的：评价动态脑电图（EEG）、体感诱发电位（SEP）、脑干听觉诱发电位（BAEP）三种神经电生理检查在脑血管病昏迷患者预后判断中的作用。方法：对急性脑卒中致昏迷65例患者进行EEG、SEP、BAEP检查。EEG按Young标准分为Ⅰ—Ⅴ级;BAEP分析Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ波各波潜伏期、峰间期及双侧波幅差,结果按Cant标准分为Ⅰ-Ⅲ级;SEP分析N20波,结果也分为Ⅰ-Ⅲ级。预后分为清醒、持续植物状态和死亡三种情况。结果：65例患者,EEG、BAEP、SEP均为Ⅰ级的15例患者中,死亡3例,持续植物状态2例,清醒10例;EEG、BAEP、SEP均为Ⅱ级的13例患者中,死亡5例,持续植物状态2例,清醒6例;属EEGⅢ级及其以上、BAEP及SEPⅢ级的37例患者中,死亡24例,持续植物状态9例,清醒仅4例。结论：EEG、BAEP和SEP的分级高低（异常程度）与昏迷患者的预后有密切关系,分级越高病死率越高。EEG、BAEP和SEP相结合,可以提高判断脑血管病昏迷患者预后的准确性。     

40例听神经瘤病人的脑干听觉诱发电位分析

目的 :探讨听神经瘤患者的脑干听觉诱发电位 (BAEP)变化规律及应用价值。方法 :对听神经瘤患者作常规BAEP检查。结果 :40例听神经瘤肿瘤侧BAEP异常率 10 0 %,非肿瘤侧BAEP异常率 90 %,以Ⅲ Ⅴ间期延长尤显著 (占 90 %) ,Ⅲ Ⅴ /Ⅰ Ⅲ比值异常占 72 %。结论 :听力减退患者进行BAEP测试 ,对听神经瘤的诊断和鉴别诊断具有重要意义。     

52位正常人听觉P50诱发电位结果分析

目的 :探讨正常人听觉P5 0诱发电位特征。方法 :采用条件 (C) 试验 (T)刺激模式记录5 2位正常人的听觉P5 0诱发电位 ,分别对不同性别、不同年龄组之间P5 0的差异进行组间比较分析。结果 :①P5 0波峰潜伏期为 5 7 9± 7 6ms ,C P5 0与T P5 0潜伏期差为 3 1± 2 5ms。②T P5 0波幅较C P5 0波幅显著降低 ,试验 /条件 (T/C)率为 5 8 9± 12 7%。③女性组P5 0波幅较男性组显著升高 (P <0 0 5 ) ,潜伏期和T/C率均无差异 ;年龄组比较P5 0诸成分均无显著性差异。结论 :听觉P5 0诱发电位是一种具有抑制特征的电位活动。T/C率不受性别、年龄的影响 ,其变化可以反映大脑正常感觉门控的机能状态     

脑干听觉诱发电位检测对亚临床肝性脑病的诊断价值

对无临床肝性脑病的 30例非酒精性肝硬化患者进行脑干听觉诱发电位 (BAEP)检测。结果显示 :肝硬化组 6 0 ?EP异常 ,BAEP的Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ波潜伏期及Ⅰ—Ⅴ、Ⅲ—Ⅴ波峰间期均比正常对照组明显延迟 ,提示肝硬化在发生临床肝性脑病前 ,脑干功能已有明显损害 ,存在亚临床肝性脑病     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.