小脑幕裂孔切开联合大骨瓣减压治疗小脑幕切迹疝

目的研究小脑幕裂孔切开联合常规大骨瓣减压手术在小脑幕切迹疝病人中的临床疗效与实际应用价值。方法120例术前已发生小脑幕切迹疝的重型颅脑损伤及脑出血病人,按照患者入院顺序依次分为3组：标准大骨瓣减压组、内减压组和小脑幕裂孔切开组,每组40例,分别按照不同的手术原则进行手术。术后48h复查头颅CT,比较各组间的死亡率及脑干周围池改善率,对比各组间术后2周、4周GCS评分及术后24周GOS评分。结果术后小脑幕裂孔切开组死亡率显著低于标准大骨瓣减压组（P〈0.05）,但与内减压组比较无统计学显著性差异（P〉0.05）。脑干周围池改善率,小脑幕裂孔切开组显著高于大骨瓣减压组及内减压组（P〈0.01）。术后2周、4周GCS评分及术后24周GOS评分小脑幕裂孔切开组显著优于大骨瓣减压组及内减压组（P〈0.01）。结论小脑幕裂孔切开联合常规大骨瓣减压术治疗小脑幕切迹疝疗效肯定,可以显著降低病人的死亡率和伤残率,改善其预后,值得临床推广。     

Early decompressive craniectomy may be effective in the treatment of refractory intracranial hypertension after traumatic brain injury

Introduction We compared the effect of early decompressive craniectomy (<24 h) vs non-operative treatment on the outcome of children with refractory intracranial hypertension after severe traumatic brain injury.Material and methods We retrospectively reviewed 12 consecutive patients treated between 1999 and 2001 for refractory intracranial hypertension after isolated severe head injury without any intracranial haematomas. In all patients, treatment included sedation, paralysis and IV mannitol under intracranial pressure monitoring. Early decompressive craniectomy was carried out in six patients (mean age: 13 years) at mean time from injury of 7 h (range: 2–18 h), whereas six patients (mean age: 11.5 years) were managed with non-operative treatment. The Marshall Grading system was used to score the severity of radiological abnormalities in CT scans. The Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) at 1-year follow-up was used as outcome measure.Results The mean Marshall grade was 3 in the craniectomy group and 2 in the non-operative group. All patients in the craniectomy group survived: four patients scored 5 and two patients scored 4 on the GOS. In the non-operative group, two patients (33%) died, one of whom received late decompressive craniectomy at 9 days, while three patients scored 5 and one patient scored 3 on the GOS.Conclusion In children who suffered severe head injury with refractory intracranial hypertension without intracranial haematoma, early decompressive craniectomy employed in the first few hours after injury before the onset of irreversible ischaemic changes may be an effective method to treat the secondary deterioration that commonly leads to death or severe neurological deficit.Presented at the 31st Annual Meeting of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery, Monaco, 17 September 2003     

小脑幕裂孔切开联合大骨瓣减压术治疗小脑幕切迹疝的临床研究

目的研究小脑幕切开联合大骨瓣减压治疗小脑幕切迹疝的疗效与应用价值。方法60例脑外伤或脑出血导致的小脑幕切迹疝病人随机分为小脑幕裂孔切开组（行大骨瓣减压术同时切开小脑幕裂孔）和非小脑幕裂孔切开组（仅行大骨瓣减压术）,每组30例。术后48h复查CT,对比组间脑干周围池改善率。对比组间应激性溃疡发生率、病死率、术后2周与4周的GCS评分,及术后26周的GOS评分。结果术后48h头颅CT显示脑干周围池改善率小脑幕裂孔切开组显著高于非小脑幕裂孔切开组。小脑幕裂孔切开组病死率、应激性溃疡发生率低于非小脑幕裂孔切开组。GCS评分术后2周时小脑幕裂孔切开组显著高于非小脑幕裂孔切开组,术后4周时小脑幕裂孔切开组显著高于非小脑幕裂孔切开组。术后26周的GOS评分小脑幕裂孔切开组高于非小脑幕裂孔切开组。结论小脑幕裂孔切开联合大骨瓣减压治疗小脑幕切迹疝优于单纯大骨瓣减压,显著降低病死率,改善预后。     

The role of decompressive craniectomy in the management of traumatic brain injury: a critical review.

Brain swelling and intracranial hypertension following severe head injury are known to contribute to secondary brain damage, and have been shown to adversely affect patient outcome. The use of unilateral craniectomy following the evacuation of a mass lesion, such as acute subdural haematoma or traumatic intracerebral haematoma, is accepted practice. The following review focuses on a bi-fronto-temporal decompressive craniectomy, used as an isolated operation for the control of intracranial hypertension, secondary to diffuse brain swelling refractory to medical management. Though the operation is being increasingly used, current opinion is still divided regarding its overall effects on outcome. This review examines the experimental and clinical evidence for and against the use of decompressive craniectomy, highlights the lack of class I evidence relevant to this topic and emphasises the necessity for well-designed prospective randomised controlled trials.     

Complications of decompressive craniectomy for head injury

There is much interest in the use of decompressive craniectomy for intracranial hypertension. Whilst technically straightforward, the procedure is not without significant complications. A retrospective analysis was undertaken of 41 patients who had had a decompressive craniectomy for severe head injury in the years 2006 and 2007 at the two major hospitals in Western Australia, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital and Royal Perth Hospital. Complications attributable to the decompressive surgery were: herniation of the cortex through the bone defect, 18 patients (51%); subdural effusion, 22 patients (62%); seizures, five patients (14%) and hydrocephalus, four patients (11%). Complications attributable to the subsequent cranioplasty were: infection, four patients (11%) and bone flap resorption, six patients (17%). Syndrome of the trephined occurred in three (7%) of those patients whose bone flap had significantly resorbed. Two deaths (5.5%) occurred as a direct complication of the craniectomy or cranioplasty procedure. I attempted to define what may be regarded as a complication of the decompressive procedure rather than what may be a consequence of the primary pathological process of traumatic brain injury.     

Comparison of craniotomy and craniectomy in patients with acute subdural haematoma.

Despite the increasing acceptance of craniectomy in patients with traumatic brain injury, the value of early decompressive craniectomy in patients with acute subdural haematoma is still under debate. In this retrospective study, we reviewed 180 patients with traumatic acute subdural haematoma, 111 of whom were treated with haematoma evacuation via craniotomy and 69 of whom were treated with early decompressive craniectomy. Due to the higher incidence of signs of herniation for patients in the craniectomy group, the mortality rate in this group was higher than that in the craniotomy group (53% vs. 32.3%). However, overall there was no significant difference in outcome between the two groups. Age and clinical signs of herniation were significantly associated with an unfavourable outcome, regardless of the type of surgery. Decompressive craniectomy did not seem to have a therapeutic advantage over craniotomy in traumatic acute subdural haematoma.     

颅内破裂动脉瘤栓塞术后并发脑疝的危险因素分析

目的 探讨颅内破裂动脉瘤血管内栓塞术后发生脑疝的危险因素及预后.方法 回顾性分析2017年5月至2019年5月行血管内治疗的303例颅内破裂动脉瘤的临床资料.结果 26例术后发生脑疝,脑疝发生率为8.58％.多因素logistic回归分析显示入院WFNS分级Ⅳ～Ⅴ级、动脉瘤再次破裂、脑水肿是术后发生脑疝的独立危险因素(...     

突发反常性脑疝治疗体会(附2例报告)

目的 报告去骨瓣减压术后出现反常性脑疝2例，结合文献复习，提高对于反常性脑疝的认识。方法 收集2015年6月-2020年3月山东第一医科大学第一附属医院神经外科发生2例去骨瓣减压术后后期突发反常性脑疝患者的资料。2例均为高血压脑出血患者，1例为腰大池引流后，另1例为脑室腹腔分流术后，均出现减压皮瓣凹陷侧瞳孔散大，意识障碍加重。结果 1例经过腰穿紧急注入生理盐水40 mL，体位调整为头低脚高、头偏向颅骨缺损侧卧位，及输液扩容约4 h解除脑疝，意识状态好转；另1例分流后患者同样经体位调整，输液扩容治疗，瞳孔于处理后约10 h恢复，于恢复后第2天行颅骨修补治疗。结论 颅脑手术去骨瓣减压应早期修补，合并脑积水者修补分流一期手术为佳；过度引流及腰大池引流有反常性脑疝发生可能。出现反常性脑疝要及时正确诊断及治疗，以期取得良好的效果。     

颅内压监测下改良阶梯减压法结合去骨瓣减压治疗颅内高压的疗效分析

目的探讨颅内压（ICP）监测下改良阶梯减压法结合去骨瓣减压术治疗颅内高压的临床疗效。 方法回顾性分析贵阳市第二人民医院神经外科自2017年1月至2020年6月收治的312例各种病因导致颅内高压需行开颅去骨瓣减压术治疗患者的临床资料,根据患者术中是否采用改良阶梯减压术,将患者分为改良阶梯减压结合去骨瓣减压术组（改良组）和常规开颅去骨瓣减压术组（常规组）,所有患者均在术中实时监测ICP,对比观察2组患者的术中ICP变化、术后并发症及预后情况。 结果312例患者中,常规组154例,改良组158例,常规组术中剪开硬脑膜后ICP值急剧下降后反弹升高并趋于稳定,改良组术中ICP平缓下降后趋于稳定。2组患者的术中脑肿胀、脑膨出、迟发对侧血肿、术后GCS评分、瞳孔变化、并发症、术后6个月的GOS评分比较,差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论ICP监测下改良阶梯减压法处理高颅压患者能有效控制ICP、减免术中脑膨出、减少迟发血肿形成,是一种安全、有效、可行的去骨瓣减压方法。     

神经内镜治疗幕上自发脑出血并脑疝疗效观察

目的探讨神经内镜治疗幕上自发脑出血并单侧颞叶钩回疝的可行性。方法回顾性分析2015年6月至2019年3月福建省立医院南院神经外科收治的30例幕上自发性脑出血合并单侧颞叶钩回疝患者临床及影像学资料,其中内镜手术组16例(内镜组),传统开颅血肿清除加去骨瓣减压组14例(去骨瓣组)。比较两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、术后血肿残余量、术后再出血率、颅内感染发生率、术后癫痫发生率、术后肺部感染发生率、术后30 d内死亡率及术后6个月的格拉斯哥预后评分(Glasgow outcome scale,GOS),分析神经内镜治疗幕上自发性脑出血合并单侧脑疝的安全性及有效性。结果内镜组和去骨瓣组术前临床资料无明显差别(P﹥0.05)。内镜组手术时间与去骨瓣组有差异[(132.5±34.7)min vs.(255.3±60.1)min,(P<0.01)];内镜组术中出血量与去骨瓣组有差异[(264.3±142.0)mL vs.(678.5±316.7)mL,(P<0.01)];内镜组术后残余血肿量与去骨瓣组有差异[1.8(0.0,4.1)mL vs.7.0(3.0,24.1)mL,(P<0.01)];内镜组无术后再出血病例,术后肺部感染11例;去骨瓣组术后再出血4例,术后肺部感染14例,内镜组优于去骨瓣组(P<0.05);内镜组术后颅内感染1例,术后癫痫2例;去骨瓣组术后颅内感染1例,术后癫痫3例,两组无明显差别(P>0.05);术后30d内镜组死亡1例,去骨瓣组4例,两组无明显差别(P>0.05)。术后6个月GOS评分内镜组优于去骨瓣组[3(3,4)vs.3(1,3),(P<0.05)]。结论神经内镜治疗幕上自发脑出血并单侧颞叶钩回疝安全,有效,总体疗效优于传统的开颅血肿清除加去骨瓣减压术。     

Early decompressive craniotomy in children with severe traumatic brain injury

Introduction Decompressive craniectomy remains a controversial procedure in the treatment of raised intracranial pressure (ICP) associated with post-traumatic brain swelling. Although there are a number of studies in adults published in the literature on this topic, most commonly as a salvage procedure in the treatment of refractory raised ICP, there are few that investigate it primarily in children with head injuries.Aim Our aim was to report the experience with decompressive craniotomy in children with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) at the Red Cross Children's' hospital.Methods This study reports five patients in whom decompressive craniectomy or craniotomy with duraplasty was used as an early, aggressive treatment of raised ICP causing secondary acute neurological deterioration after head injury. The rationale was to save the patient from acute cerebral herniation and to prevent exposure to a prolonged course of intracranial hypertension.Results All patients benefited from the procedure, demonstrating control of ICP, radiological improvement and neurological recovery. Long-term follow-up was available, with outcome assessed at a minimum of 14 months after injury.Discussion The early approach to the use of decompressive craniotomy in the treatment of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) with secondary deterioration due to raised ICP is emphasised. A favourable outcome was achieved in all of the cases presented. The potential benefit of decompressive craniectomy/craniotomy in the management of children with severe TBI is discussed.     

持续腰大池置管引流术在早期颅骨修补术中的应用

目的探讨伴脑膨出的颅骨缺损患者早期颅骨修补术的手术方法。方法对25例去骨瓣减压术后伴脑组织膨出患者先行持续腰大池置管引流术,待脑组织复位后再行早期颅骨修补术。结果25例患者均早期顺利完成颅骨缺损修补术,且术后无1例出现颅高压症状。结论持续腰大池置管引流术能使伴脑组织膨出的颅骨缺损患者顺利完成早期颅骨修补术。     

The current role of decompressive craniectomy for severe traumatic brain injury

There is little doubt that decompressive craniectomy can reduce mortality however, the results of a recent study has provided more evidence to inform the debate regarding clinical and ethical concerns that it merely converts death into survival with severe disability or in a vegetative state. The recently published RESCUEicp trial compared last-tier secondary decompressive craniectomy with continued medical management for refractory intracranial hypertension after severe traumatic brain injury. Patients were randomly assigned to decompressive craniectomy with medical therapy or to receive continued medical therapy with the option of adding barbiturates. The results of the study support the findings of the stroke studies in that the reduction in mortality was almost directly translatable into survival with either severe disability or in a vegetative state. The question remains as to whether there is a subset of patients who obtain benefit from surgical decompression and it is in this regard that the use of observational cohort studies and sophisticated outcome prediction models may be of use. Comparing the percentage prediction with the observed long outcome provides an objective assessment of the most likely outcome can be obtained for patients thought to require surgical intervention. Whilst there will always be limitations when using this type of data they may help prompt appropriate patient-centred discussions regarding realistic outcome expectations. A broader debate is also needed regarding use of a medical intervention that may leave a person in a condition that they may feel to be unacceptable and also places a considerable burden on society.     

Analysis of Complications Following Decompressive Craniectomy for Traumatic Brain Injury

Objective

Adequate management of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) is critical in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), and decompressive craniectomy is widely used to treat refractory increased ICP. The authors reviewed and analyzed complications following decompressive craniectomy for the management of TBI.

Methods

A total of 89 consecutive patients who underwent decompressive craniectomy for TBI between February 2004 and February 2009 were reviewed retrospectively. Incidence rates of complications secondary to decompressive craniectomy were determined, and analyses were performed to identify clinical factors associated with the development of complications and the poor outcome.

Results

Complications secondary to decompressive craniectomy occurred in 48 of the 89 (53.9%) patients. Furthermore, these complications occurred in a sequential fashion at specific times after surgical intervention; cerebral contusion expansion (2.2 ± 1.2 days), newly appearing subdural or epidural hematoma contralateral to the craniectomy defect (1.5 ± 0.9 days), epilepsy (2.7 ± 1.5 days), cerebrospinal fluid leakage through the scalp incision (7.0 ± 4.2 days), and external cerebral herniation (5.5 ± 3.3 days). Subdural effusion (10.8 ± 5.2 days) and postoperative infection (9.8 ± 3.1 days) developed between one and four weeks postoperatively. Trephined and post-traumatic hydrocephalus syndromes developed after one month postoperatively (at 79.5 ± 23.6 and 49.2 ± 14.1 days, respectively).

Conclusion

A poor GCS score (≤ 8) and an age of ≥ 65 were found to be related to the occurrence of one of the above-mentioned complications. These results should help neurosurgeons anticipate these complications, to adopt management strategies that reduce the risks of complications, and to improve clinical outcomes.     

Paradoxical transtentorial herniation caused by lumbar puncture after decompressive craniectomy

Although decompressive craniectomy is an effective treatment for various situations of increased intracranial pressure, it may be accompanied by several complications. Paradoxical herniation is known as a rare complication of lumbar puncture in patients with decompressive craniectomy. A 38-year-old man underwent decompressive craniectomy for severe brain swelling. He remained neurologically stable for five weeks, but then showed mental deterioration right after a lumbar puncture which was performed to rule out meningitis. A brain computed tomographic scan revealed a marked midline shift. The patient responded to the Trendelenburg position and intravenous fluids, and he achieved full neurologic recovery after successive cranioplasty. The authors discuss the possible mechanism of this rare case with a review of the literature.     

Management of intracranial hypertension

Effective management of intracranial hypertension involves meticulous avoidance of factors that precipitate or aggravate increased intracranial pressure. When intracranial pressure becomes elevated, it is important to rule out new mass lesions that should be surgically evacuated. Medical management of increased intracranial pressure should include sedation, drainage of cerebrospinal fluid, and osmotherapy with either mannitol or hypertonic saline. For intracranial hypertension refractory to initial medical management, barbiturate coma, hypothermia, or decompressive craniectomy should be considered. Steroids are not indicated and may be harmful in the treatment of intracranial hypertension resulting from traumatic brain injury.     

Successful conservative treatment of traumatic subacute subdural haematomas in neonates with haemophilia A

PURPOSE: The aim of this report is to enlighten the role of an early diagnosis and treatment of haemophilia A during the management of an intracranial haemorrhage as well as to discuss the efficiency of a subdural transcoronal puncture compared to a craniectomy as surgical treatment of the haematoma. BACKGROUND: Haemophilia A constitutes a well-known risk factor for intracranial bleeding. However, it has been rarely described as a cause of subdural haematoma in neonates. Management of subdural haematomas in haemophilic patients is still debated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We report two cases of infants with subacute subdural haematoma. The first of them had a familial history of haemophilia A. In the second subject, the diagnosis was obtained during the etiological workup of an intracranial haematoma. Both infants were successfully treated with transcoronal puncture of the subacute component of the haematoma and factor VIII infusion. CONCLUSIONS: Transcranial punctures associated to infusion of factor VIII should be considered an alternative surgical option in the management of subdural haematomas in neonates with haemophilia A.     

颅内未破裂动脉瘤支架辅助栓塞术后继发非动脉瘤性颅内出血的临床特征

目的 探讨颅内未破裂动脉瘤支架辅助栓塞术后继发非动脉瘤性颅内出血的临床特征。方法 回顾性分析2019年8月至2022年8月支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞治疗的67例颅内未破裂动脉瘤的临床资料。结果 术后发生非动脉瘤性颅内出血7例;其中6例出血位于动脉瘤同侧、1例对侧;3例行去骨瓣减压+颅内血肿清除术,3例保守治疗,1例行神经导航下血肿清除术;出院时改良Rankin量表评分0～2分3例,3～5分3例,死亡1例。与未发生出血病人相比,出血病人术前收缩压和术前血栓弹力图检测ADP抑制率明显增高（P<0.05）。结论 非动脉瘤性颅内出血是颅内未破裂动脉瘤支架辅助栓塞术后少见并发症,术后控制好血压、术前ADP抑制率较高病人谨慎使用抗血小板治疗有助于减少其发生率。     

Decompressive craniectomy: A new complication

There is an increasing amount of published literature supporting the use of decompressive craniectomy in the management of raised intracranial pressure and it appears that this procedure will become established as a method by which intracranial hypertension can be treated. While technically fairly straightforward, a decompressive craniectomy is not without complications. A further complication is presented here, which has not been previously reported. A 56-year-old male fell backwards from a bar stool and struck his occiput. He had a decompressive craniectomy and was making an excellent recovery when he fell and injured the unprotected craniectomy site. He suffered further cerebral injury and subsequently died. Following a detailed review of the case a number of recommendations were made and a specific post-decompressive craniectomy operational policy for the assessment and management of these patients was implemented. While we accept that these particular guidelines are specific to a particular institution, this case highlights the need to view these patients as a particularly high risk and recommend that institutions review or establish a specific policy regarding their management.     

Craniectomy in herpetic encephalitis

The morbidity and mortality of herpes simplex encephalitis have decreased since the 1980s with the use of antivirals, but have remained stable in the last couple of years. One cause of morbidity is the development of focal hemorrhagic necrosis and edema in the temporal lobe, giving rise to space-occupying lesions, with a subsequent elevation of intracranial pressure. In some cases, the necrosis and edema can be refractory to medical treatment, with fatal outcome. Under these circumstances, some authors proposed decompressive craniectomy to treat severe intracranial hypertension and prevent serious neurologic deficits. We report the clinical outcomes of 2 adolescents affected with herpes simplex encephalitis who developed, during the course of their illness, severe intracranial hypertension refractory to medical treatment. Decompressive surgery was undertaken, with good outcomes in both patients.