支气管镜诊断小儿反复咳喘性疾病的价值分析

目的探究支气管镜诊断小儿反复咳喘性疾病的价值。方法回顾性分析2017年6月～2019年6月本院收治的107例罹患反复咳喘性疾病患儿的临床资料,将支气管镜检查结果及其他相关临床资料结合行综合分析。结果经支气管镜诊断,支气管内膜炎69例(64.49%)、异物5例(4.67%)、气管/支气管狭窄4例(3.74%)、气管/支气管软化7例(6.54%)、喉软化6例(5.61%)、结构异常6例(5.61%)、肺含铁血黄素沉着症2例(1.87%)、淋巴瘤1例(0.93%)、声门下血管瘤1例(0.93%)、未见明显异常6例(5.61%);不同年龄段的患儿病因特点不同,<1岁的患儿病因以支气管内膜炎、气管/支气管狭窄、气管/支气管软化、喉软化、结构异常为主,1～3岁患儿病因以支气管内膜炎、异物最为常见,4～6岁患儿病因以支气管内膜炎为主,7～12岁患儿病因仍以支气管内膜炎为主。结论支气管镜利于小儿反复咳喘性疾病的临床诊断,对明确病因、临床治疗及改善预后均有较高价值,值得临床推广。     

儿童气管支气管软化症合并肺部感染的临床特征及电子纤维支气管镜的诊治意义

目的 分析儿童气管支气管软化症（TBM）合并肺部感染的临床特征，探讨电子纤维支气管镜在该类疾病中的诊断及治疗意义。方法 收集因反复肺部感染住院的236例患儿资料，其中经电子纤维支气管镜确诊TBM37例，分析儿童TBM的临床特征及电子支气管镜检查结果，比较TBM患儿与非TBM患儿的差异。结果 TBM患儿1岁内者占比高（30/37）。TBM患儿年龄小于非TBM患儿，住院时间长于非TBM患儿（P均<0.05）。TBM患儿与非TBM患儿均主要表现为咳嗽、喘息及反复呼吸道感染，男女性别比例比较差异无统计学意义（P均> 0.05）。TBM患儿镜下以轻、中度及1个部位软化为主，转归良好。结论 TBM是低龄儿童反复肺部感染、喘息的重要因素之一，TBM症状难以识别，支气管镜检查有利于及时诊治。     

支气管内膜结核177例分析

目的:控讨气管、支气管结核的临床特点及支气管镜检查在气管、支气管结核诊断中的作用。方法:回顾性分析经电子支气管镜检查,后经病理学或抗酸染色证实为气管、支气管结核177例患者的临床资料和支气管镜检查资料。结果:临床主要症状为咳嗽、咳痰(74.0%),其中顽固性干咳(29.3%)和间断咯血(25.9%),缺乏典型结核中毒表现,肺部影像学斑片状浸润影(49.7%)、团块影(5.6%),影像学无明显异常者(20.3%)。支气管镜下表现为炎性浸润型(61.6%)、溃疡型(14.1%)、增殖型(12.4%)、狭窄闭塞型(19.2%)。177例患者中经病理学诊断3例,毛刷涂片抗酸染色174例。结论:气管、支气管结核缺乏特异临床表现,误诊率较高。支气管镜检查是诊断气管、支气管结核最可靠和最准确的方法。     

纤维支气管镜在婴幼儿气道发育异常中的诊断价值

目的探讨纤维支气管镜(FB)在婴幼儿气道发育异常中的临床诊断价值。方法选取因反复肺炎、呼吸道感染、喉喘鸣、婴幼儿喘息、慢性咳嗽为明确病因而行支气管镜检查的婴幼儿148例,对其临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果纤维支气管镜下诊断为气道发育异常者43例(43/148,29.05%);其中气管支气管软化17例(17/43,39.53%),气道狭窄10例(10/43,23.26%),气道畸形9例(9/43,20.93%),会厌部囊肿、会厌软骨软化各2例(4/43,9.30%);喉璞、气管食管瘘、肺动脉吊带各1例(3/43,6.98%);5例入院诊断为气道发育异常的患儿纤维支气管镜下诊断均为气道发育异常。结论纤维支气管镜术在婴幼儿气道发育异常的诊断中具有重要作用,能有效降低婴幼儿呼吸道疾病的漏诊、误诊率。     

儿童气管支气管结核九例临床特征及误诊分析

目的总结儿童气管支气管结核(TBTB)临床特征及误诊原因。方法回顾分析收治的9例TBTB误诊患儿的临床资料。结果9例因慢性呼吸道感染症状就诊,临床表现为咳嗽、发热,2例伴有喘息和呼吸困难。在外院反复治疗无明显好转,误诊为大叶性肺炎4例、支气管哮喘2例、肺不张2例、支气管异物1例。误诊时间20 d~16个月,中位时间5个月。入我科后经实验室检查、影像学检查、电子支气管镜检查及活检组织标本病理检查后确诊为TBTB。予全身抗结核治疗并结合经支气管镜介入治疗后患儿症状体征消失,影像学基本恢复正常,气管支气管内的结核病灶被清除,气管支气管管腔、管壁恢复正常,达到临床治愈。结论儿童TBTB具有症状、体征、影像学不典型的特点,容易被漏诊、误诊,且被延误诊治的时间较长。对反复咳嗽、喘息治疗无效的患儿尽早完善支气管镜检查,经确诊后行支气管镜介入治疗可得到较好的疗效。     

小儿呼吸道异物21例误诊分析

目的:提高广大医务工作者特别是儿科医师对小儿呼吸道异物的认识和诊断水平.方法:对近1年多来安徽省立儿童医院收治的169例气管、支气管异物的病例资料进行回顾性分析.结果:169例气管、支气管异物的病例中有21例被误诊,误诊率达12.4%.误诊时间最长达1年多.结论:有无异物吸入史是诊断呼吸道异物的重要出发点,对长期反复咳喘的患儿应常规行支气管冠状位CT扫描或纤维支气管镜检查.     

电子支气管镜诊治儿童气管支气管异物的临床价值

目的分析儿童气管支气管异物的临床特点、诊断及治疗作用,探讨电子支气管镜在儿童气管支气管异物诊治中的价值。方法选择该院2014年3月-2016年3月605例气管支气管异物患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果儿童气管支气管异物以1~3岁患儿居多(84.63%),与其他年龄段比较差异具有统计学意义,男女之比为2∶1。农村患儿516例,占85.29%,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。好发部位:右侧支气管(49.42%)略高于左侧(42.14%);以植物性异物居多(76.52%);症状主要为咳嗽、喘息、发热;20例硬质支气管镜未能取出的深部异物也经电子气管镜成功取出。结论电子支气管镜是诊断及治疗儿童气管支气管异物安全有效的方法,是深部支气管异物及硬质气管镜无法取出异物的有效治疗手段,值得推广。     

570例可弯曲支气管镜术患儿临床诊治分析

目的 通过分析570例行可弯曲支气管镜（FB）术儿童的临床资料,探讨FB在儿童呼吸道疾病诊断及治疗中的价值。方法 回顾性分析2016年1月－2020年12月在该院儿科行FB检查及介入治疗术的570例患儿的临床资料。结果 570例患儿中,术后综合诊断的疾病构成为：气管支气管内膜炎433例（75.96%）,气管支气管异物42例（7.37%）,喉软骨软化41例（7.19%）,塑型支气管炎18例（3.16%）,气管/支气管软化7例（1.23%）,声带麻痹6例（1.05%）,先天性气管食管瘘3例（0.53%）,声门下狭窄3例（0.53%）,气管狭窄3例（0.53%）,舌根囊肿3例（0.53%）,声门下血管瘤2例（0.35%）,原发性纤毛运动不良症2例（0.35%）,烟曲霉菌性肺炎2例（0.35%）,会厌囊肿1例（0.18%）,声门囊肿1例（0.18%）,喉蹼1例（0.18%）,X连锁慢性肉芽肿病1例（0.18%）,后鼻孔闭锁1例（0.18%）。病原体以革兰氏阳性菌为主,肺炎链球菌占比最大。结论 FB检查大大提高了儿童疑难和急危重疾病的诊断速度和准确率,减少了误诊、漏诊,结合经FB介入治疗术可微创、高效、安全地治疗上述疾病。因此,FB检查具有重要的临床价值。     

多层螺旋CT(MSCT)仿真支气管镜对儿童气管、支气管异物的诊断价值

目的　评价多层螺旋CT仿真支气管镜 (CTVB)对儿童气管、支气管异物的诊断价值。方法　对 12例临床高度怀疑气管、支气管异物的患儿行多层螺旋CT(MSCT)仿真支气管镜检查 ,自下咽部至膈面行轴位容积扫描 ,扫描后将容积数据传至GEAW 4 0工作站 ,运用Navigator功能软件获得CTVB图像 ,部分病例进行MPVR重建 ,结合CT原始图像进行诊断 ,并与纤维支气管镜检查对照。结果　 6例位于主支气管 ;2例位于气管 ,异物有花生米碎片 3例 ;玉米 2例 ;花生壳、黄豆及桃酥碎片各 1例 ;痰栓 4例。经纤维支气管镜取出异物或吸痰等治疗。结论　CTVB是一种非侵入性、无痛苦、安全、易为儿童所接受的检查方法 ,对儿童气管、支气管异物的诊断、术前筛选、定位、了解手术路径及术后复查等有很大的价值。     

206例儿童纤维支气管镜检查治疗的临床分析

目的 评价纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)对儿童呼吸道疾病的诊断及治疗作用方法时206例行纤支镜检查患儿的临床资料进行分析,将胸片提示肺部炎症患儿同意行纤维支气管镜检查者随机选择50例为实验组,不同意行纤维支气管镜检查者随机选择50例为对照组.结果 镜检患儿72.8%为气管、支气管炎症,肺泡灌洗液培养阳性率为22.9%,主要病原菌为肺炎链球茵,85.7%的支气管异物患儿首次镜检即探取成功,经纤支镜治疗可缩短疗程、增加肺不张复张率,与对照组比较差异均有显著性(P<0.05).并发症发生率为28.6%,但均为一过性,程度较轻.结论 纤维支气管镜检查是儿童呼吸道疾病诊治的一条重要而安全的途径.     

Mediastinal and subglottic hemangioma in an infant: a case report and literature review

We performed a retrospective analysis of the clinical manifestations, laboratory and imaging examinations, treatment, and prognosis of a male infant who was diagnosed with mediastinal and subglottic hemangioma in our hospital. The clinical features of this patient were coughing, wheezing, and dyspnea. Enhanced computed tomography of the neck and chest showed a diffuse abnormality in the right-upper mediastinum. He was diagnosed with a hemangioma after a physical examination combined with bronchoscopy. The clinical symptoms were relieved by oral propranolol. We also investigated the clinical characteristics, treatment, and prognosis of mediastinal and subglottic hemangioma in infants in the previous literature, and searched for case reports of this disease in China and in other countries. We only identified three previous cases of mediastinal and subglottic hemangioma in infants, indicating that this condition is rare. In the proliferative stage, surrounding organs and tissues are compressed, which can be life-threatening. Most of these children develop wheezing, shortness of breath, dyspnea, cyanosis, and other symptoms within 2 months. Enhanced computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging combined with soft bronchoscopy can confirm the diagnosis of this disease, and oral propranolol achieves a favorable effect.     

Bronchoscopy findings in children and young adults with tracheostomy due to congenital anomalies and neurological impairment

The aim of this study was to examine bronchoscopy findings for children and young adults with long-term tracheostomies due to congenital anomalies and neurological impairment and identify characteristics associated with abnormal bronchoscopic findings. We conducted a retrospective study of 128 bronchoscopy cases (81 children) at a pediatric rehabilitation center. Thirty-eight cases (30%) had normal findings and 14 children (17% of all children) were decannulated following bronchoscopy. Ninety cases (70% of cases) had abnormal findings (e.g. granulomas, airway inflammation, fixed obstruction). An acute indication for bronchoscopy was the strongest predictor of an abnormal finding, while age (younger) and diagnosis (multiple congenital anomalies (MCA)) also were associated with abnormalities. For a subsample of children undergoing bronchoscopy for routine surveillance (n= 90), underlying diagnosis (MCA) was the strongest predictor of an abnormal finding, while younger age contributed slightly. These findings add to the limited literature describing bronchoscopic findings in children and youth with tracheostomies due to congenital anomalies or neurological impairment. These findings may be useful for rehabilitation clinicians in determining care needs for children with long-term tracheostomy.     

Syncope in an adult with uncontrolled asthma

Cough syncope occurs primarily in middle-aged male smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It has also been described in children with asthma. I report the case of a 34-year-old nonsmoker who had syncope due to coughing, and who also related a 1-year history of cough with wheezing. Chest examination revealed diffuse wheezing and a prolonged expiratory phase, and pulmonary function testing with a methacholine challenge confirmed hyperreactive airways. Notably, while undergoing spirometric testing he had a recurrent syncopal episode. His syncope resolved with medical therapy for asthma.     

珠海地区353例儿童喘息性疾病病毒病原学分析

目的探讨儿童喘息性疾病的病毒病原学特征,提高临床诊治水平。方法收集本院儿科2018年6月至2019年5月353例喘息患儿的咽拭子,应用多重PCR技术对病毒进行检测,并分析临床资料。结果病毒检测阳性124例(35.13%),呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)77例(21.81%)、副流感病毒(PIV)14例(3.97%)、博卡病毒(HBoV)11例(3.11%)、人偏肺病毒(HMPV)10例(2.83%)、鼻病毒(HRV)9例(2.55%)、腺病毒(ADV)4例(1.13%)、流感病毒A型(INF-A)1例(0.28%),流感病毒B型(INF-B)0例(0%)。混合病毒感染3例(0.85%),28天~3岁喘息患儿共340例,占96.32%。结论喘息病例检出率高的病毒病原体为呼吸道合胞病毒,混合病毒感染少见,28天~3岁幼儿为喘息性疾病高发年龄。     

Diagnostic difficulties of foreign body aspiration in children

A case of a 4-year-old child who aspirated a 22-caliber bullet is presented to illustrate the variability of signs and symptoms of foreign body aspiration. Despite the large size of the bullet, cough, dyspnea, and wheezing were absent on presentation. Chest roentgenogram confirmed the diagnosis of a radiopaque bronchial foreign body. A retrospective review of 42 additional children with foreign body aspiration showed 8 (19%) were unwitnessed, 24 (57%) were asymptomatic at presentation, 8 (19%) had normal physical examinations, and 10 (24%) had normal inspiratory/expiratory chest roentgenograms. This demonstrates the importance of considering bronchoscopy for any child who presents with a history of possible foreign body aspiration, but is asymptomatic and has normal roentgenographic findings.     

新生儿RSV下呼吸道感染的临床特征

目的探讨新生儿呼吸道合胞病毒下呼吸道感染的临床特征。方法对2013年2月至2014年2月期间NICU收治的新生儿肺炎及毛细支气管炎患儿,用直接免疫荧光法检测痰液呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV);对证实为RSV感染的临床资料进行回顾性总结分析。全部病儿除具有呼吸道症状外,肺部听诊可闻中小水泡音和/或胸片有斑片状阴影。结果检测证实为RSV感染者共30例,男性为多,22例(73.3%)。发病日龄为9~28 d,全部为晚期新生儿。出生时孕周35~42周(39.33±1.45周),2例为早产儿。患儿均有咳嗽症状,19例肺部听诊有中小水泡音,出现发热或喘鸣音者各有5例(16.7%);发生呼吸衰竭3例(10.0%)。血常规及CRP检测大部分正常。痰培养细菌阳性14例(43.3%)。胸片表现为斑片状阴影20例(66.7%),其中有大片影2例(6.7%);肺纹理粗重、模糊10例。经综合治疗全部病人均痊愈或好转出院。肺部啰音消失的平均病程为11.10±2.20 d;平均住院时间8.53±2.35 d。结论新生儿RSV下呼吸道感染的临床表现不典型,以咳嗽、鼻塞、气促及肺部中小水泡音多见,喘鸣音少见。抗生素应用的益处尚需评估。     

Risk factors for delayed radiographic resolution in children with refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia

ObjectiveTo determine the risk factors for delayed radiographic resolution in children with refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (RMPP) and explore the most suitable time for interventional bronchoscopy.MethodsThis retrospective study involved 142 children with RMPP who were admitted to our hospital from 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2017. They were divided into a common resolution group and a delayed resolution group based on their chest radiograph series.ResultsAmong the 142 patients, 67 showed common resolution on chest radiographs and 75 showed delayed resolution. Independent risk factors for delayed resolution were a clinical course of ≥11.5 days before the performance of interventional bronchoscopy, mucus plug formation, corticosteroid resistance, and atelectasis. When bronchoscopy was performed before the disease had been present for <11.5 days, the length of hospitalization, total fever duration, and duration of time until disappearance of coughing were shorter than those in children who underwent bronchoscopy after the disease had been present for ≥11.5 days.ConclusionsCorticosteroid resistance, the time to interventional bronchoscopy, atelectasis, and mucus plug formation were associated with delayed resolution on chest radiographs. Performance of interventional bronchoscopy before the clinical course has reached 11.5 days may help alleviate clinical symptoms and improve radiographic resolution.     

脑电双频指数监测在危重症患儿电子支气管镜术中的应用

目的探讨脑电双频指数(BIS)监测应用于儿童重症监护病房(PICU)患儿行电子支气管镜术的临床价值。方法选取河南省儿童医院PICU收治的患有呼吸系统疾病的患儿107例,均符合行电子支气管镜术指征,随机分为对照组(51例)和观察组(56例)。两组患儿在行电子支气管镜术的过程中,均给予心电监护、舒芬太尼联合丙泊酚镇痛镇静。对照组以临床经验判断麻醉深浅程度指导用药;观察组持续行BIS监测,根据BIS监测数值判断麻醉深浅程度并指导用药。记录两组患儿术前、术中及操作结束后的心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、血氧饱和度(SpO_2),比较两组患儿术后苏醒时间及呛咳呕吐等不良反应发生率的情况。结果观察组在T_1、T_2时间点SpO_2明显高于对照组(P 0.05),术后苏醒时间短于对照组,不良反应发生率低于对照组(P 0.05);观察组因低氧血症导致的操作中断、引起二次进镜操作的发生率明显低于对照组(P 0.05),在丙泊酚药物用量上,观察组也少于对照组(P 0.05)。结论在危重症患儿行电子支气管镜术中,BIS监测能够有效监测患儿的麻醉深浅程度,降低不良反应发生率,保障患儿能够安全顺利地完成电子支气管镜术。