减重代谢手术前后规范化胃镜检查的分析研究

目的从消化内镜医生角度来分析减重手术前后消化道腔内的特征及远期随诊。 方法回顾性分析2020年6月1日至2021年11月30日经首都医科大学附属复兴医院减重患者132例,对比手术前后7 620张胃镜图片。 结果减重手术前的胃镜检查显示,52例(39.4%)发现存在滑动型食管裂孔疝、27例(20.4%)存在反流性食管炎、19例(14.4%)存在胃体黏膜网格样充血水肿、胃窦黏膜颗粒样改变、十二指肠肠绒毛短缩。减重手术后胃镜检查显示,溃疡病腹腔镜袖状胃切除术(LSG)后发生率约2.9%(1例)、腹腔镜Roux-en-Y胃旁路术(LRGB)后发生率约5.3%(1例);均未发生吻合口炎。 结论对减重手术1年后的胃镜检查随访未发现消化道息肉及肿瘤倾向,针对肥胖症的治疗及防控多学科协作任重道远。     

肥胖及2型糖尿病代谢手术术式比较

代谢手术治疗肥胖和T2DM已成为内外科的共识,代谢手术的概念已逐渐代替原减重手术的名称。代谢手术目前主要有腹腔镜Roux-en-Y胃旁路术(LRYGB)、腹腔镜袖状胃切除术(LSG)、腹腔镜可调节胃束带术(LAGB)及腹腔镜胆胰转流术或腹腔镜胆胰转流术+十二指肠转位术(LBPD或LBPD-DS)。从目前的文献证据来看,减重降糖效果最好的是LBPD或LBPD-DS,其次是LRYGB,最差的是LAGB。短期的随访结果表明,LSG和LRYGB减重及降糖效果相当,但随机对照研究表明,LRYGB降糖效果优于LSG。LBPD或LBPD-DS术后营养并发症发生率较高。对于T2DM手术缓解率的预测因素除术式外,还有糖尿病病程,C-P等。     

合并肥胖的胃食管反流病外科策略选择

胃食管反流病(gastroesophageal reflux disease, GERD)和肥胖均已经成为影响全球健康的严重问题.对于合并肥胖的GERD患者的外科治疗策略选择仍是临床诊疗工作的难点,特别是肥胖加剧了GERD发生,而单纯的抗反流手术对肥胖病人疗效有限,目前减重手术是治疗这类患者的较好选择. Roux-en-Y胃旁路术是这类患者的最佳选择.对于术后复发患者的修正手术仍有待规范.另外,近年来不断兴起的新型抗反流减重手术,有望成为合并肥胖的GERD患者的有效替代治疗措施.     

控制血压是防止腹腔镜胃袖状切除术出血的重要措施

由于操作相对简单,并发症发生率较低,对术后营养影响较少,腹腔镜袖状胃切除术（laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy,LSG）成为目前最常用的减重手术方式之一。术中、术后出血是LSG重要并发症,其原因包括技术操作、器械选择、血压控制等多方面。胃切割线是LSG最常见、最重要的出血部位。妥善处理好可能导致出血的各个环节,才能够最大限度避免LSG出血并发症的发生,以切实保证手术安全。一、LSG后出血原因文献报道LSG手术出血并发症发生率为4.94%[1],较早期文献报道其中3%需要再次手术[2]。     

腹腔镜袖状胃切除术后慢性瘘管形成修正手术处理2例报告

腹腔镜袖状胃切除术（laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy,LSG）是最常用的减重手术之一,由于手术相对简单,手术并发症发生率较低,术后效果良好,越来越常被采用[1,2]。从2017年国际肥胖与代谢病外科联盟（the International Federation for Surgery of Obesity and Metabolic Disease,IFSO）发布的全球减重手术数据来看,LSG已超过腹腔镜胃旁路术,成为减重最常用的手术方式[3]。但是,LSG同样存在并发症发生的可能,包括胃漏、胃食管返流及管状胃狭窄等[4]。其中,胃漏是较常发生且较难处理的并发症,发生率为1~3%（平均1.06%）[5]。暨南大学附属第一医院胃肠外科从2007年进行第一例LSG,至今已完成约700例,有2例发生了胃漏（0.3%）,最后均需行修正手术治愈。     

西甲硅油改善肥胖症患者腹腔镜下袖状胃切除术后胃肠道功能的研究

目的探讨西甲硅油对肥胖症患者在腹腔镜袖状胃切除术（LSG）后胃肠道功能恢复的影响。 方法选取2018年1月至2018年7月于西南交通大学附属医院（成都市第三人民医院）行LSG的50例肥胖症患者,随机分组,抽取25例行LSG的肥胖症患者作为实验组,术后常规服用西甲硅油;另取25例同样术式的肥胖症患者作为对照,术后未服西甲硅油,观察术后两组患者腹胀、呕吐、腹痛程度,肛门排气时间。 结果实验组患者术后腹胀、呕吐、腹痛症状明显轻于对照组,肛门排气时间也早于对照组（P<0.05）。 结论行LSG的肥胖症患者,术后常规服用西甲硅油可有效促进患者术后肠道功能的恢复。     

袖状胃切除术和Roux-en-Y胃旁路术治疗肥胖症疗效的Meta分析

目的探讨袖状胃切除术(SG)与Roux-en-Y胃旁路术(RYGB)对肥胖症的疗效以及手术并发症发生率和围手术期死亡率。方法以"obesity surgery""bariatric surgery""sleeve gastrectomy""Roux-en-Y gastric bypass""obesity""减重手术""代谢手术""Roux-en-Y胃旁路术""袖状胃切除术""肥胖"等为检索词分别检索Pubmed、EMBASE、Cochrane Library、CNKI、万方等中英文数据库。最终共纳入9篇病例对照研究进行Meta分析。结果共纳入病例539例,袖状胃切除术244例,Roux-en-Y胃旁路术295例,袖状胃切除术在体重变化方面差于Roux-en-Y胃旁路术,而在体质量指数、多余体重降低百分比、并发症发生率、糖化血红蛋白变化值、2型糖尿病缓解率方面两种手术术式效果相当,无围手术期死亡报道。结论袖状胃切除术与Roux-en-Y胃旁路术治疗肥胖症的效果相当、手术并发症及围手术期死亡率无明显差异,均可作为治疗肥胖症的优选术式。     

食管裂孔疝合并胃食管反流病合并胃间质细胞瘤的外科治疗

目的探讨食管裂孔疝合并胃食管反流病合并胃间质细胞瘤患者的围手术期处理及安全性。 方法统计新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院2012年10月至2015年1月收治的17例食管裂孔疝合并胃食管反流病合并胃间质细胞瘤患者的病案资料,均采用腹腔镜下微创手术,其中单纯食管裂孔疝缝合者13例,生物补片修补者3例,强生PHY补片修补者1例。抗反流术式中行Nissen式胃底折叠术者8例,Dor式胃底折叠术者6例,Toupet式胃底折叠术者3例。病理结果提示极低危险度胃间质细胞瘤8例,低度危险度者4例,中度危险度者3例,高度危险度者1例,极高危险度者1例,回顾性总结分析该类患者围手术期的处理措施。 结果本组患者无围手术期死亡,术后无严重并发症发生,术后患者反流症状均较术前明显改善,反流时间、反流次数、酸反流时间百分比、长反流次数及DeMeester评分较术前明显降低(P<0.05),术后GERD Q量表评分较术前明显减低(P<0.05);LES压力较术前明显提高(P<0.05)。术后切口感染1例,慢性疼痛1例,给予换药、理疗后好转。2例患者术后出现进食哽噎,1例患者术后出现腹泻,嘱其少量多餐、细嚼慢咽,1个月后症状消失。合并贫血患者术后血红蛋白恢复至95 g/L,术后随访中位数10个月,无复发病例。 结论食管裂孔疝合并胃食管反流病合并胃间质细胞瘤患者病情较复杂使得手术风险大,难度高,但只要作好充分的术前准备,采用恰当的手术方式,术中谨慎、细致操作,针对性的处理术后出现的各种问题,仍是安全可行的。     

腹腔镜袖状胃切除术与腹腔镜Roux-en-Y胃旁路术对肥胖性高血压的近期疗效对比研究

目的比较腹腔镜袖状胃切除术（LSG）和腹腔镜Roux-en-Y胃旁路术（LRYGB）治疗肥胖性高血压的疗效。 方法回顾性分析2015年11月至2017年6月吉林大学中日联谊医院减重代谢外科收治的46例肥胖合并高血压患者的临床资料。根据手术方式的不同将患者分为LSG组和LRYGB组。其中LSG组32例,男9例,女23例,平均年龄（40.09±12.22）岁。LRYGB组14例,男9例,女5例,平均年龄（42.07±13.51）岁。比较两组患者术前和术后3个月的血压、心率、体重、体质量指数（BMI）、腰围、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、空腹胰岛素、空腹C肽、尿酸、甘油三酯和总胆固醇水平。 结果46例患者均顺利完成减重手术,并完成术后随访。术后3个月,LSG组与LRYGB组患者的收缩压、舒张压、心率、体重、BMI、腰围、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、空腹胰岛素、空腹C肽、甘油三酯、尿酸水平均较术前显著下降（除胆固醇外）,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;LSG组与LRYGB组行组间比较,手术时间与心率具有统计学意义（P<0.05）,其它指标均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论LSG和LRYGB均能在短期内显著改善血压水平及代谢指标（胆固醇除外）,但两者的疗效差异（心率除外）均无统计学意义,还有待于延长随访时间、增加样本例数来进一步明确。     

腹腔镜袖状胃切除术中大网膜复位的应用及效果

目的探讨腹腔镜袖状胃切除术（LSG）中大网膜复位的应用及效果。 方法回顾性分析2015年1月至2017年12月在暨南大学附属第一医院肥胖与代谢病外科行LSG加大网膜复位术的264例肥胖症患者的临床资料,记录患者的体质量指数（BMI）、年龄、性别、合并症及术后并发症。 结果共行LSG加大网膜复位术264例,其中女性199例,男性65例,平均年龄（29.72±9.79）岁,平均BMI为（36.39±5.22）kg/m²,其中单孔手术18例,同时行胆囊切除术的病例数为17例。有2名患者出现少量呕血,保守治疗后好转。观察到1例发生胃漏,未见扭转和狭窄,无死亡病例。 结论残胃扭转是袖状胃术后胃功能性狭窄的原因之一。LSG中通过大网膜复位可稳定残胃大弯侧,防止胃扭转。     

Gastroesophageal reflux disease and morbid obesity: To sleeve or not to sleeve?

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy(LSG) has reached wide popularity during the last 15 years, due to the limited morbidity and mortality rates, and the very good weight loss results and effects on comorbid conditions. However, there are concerns regarding the effects of LSG on gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD). The interpretation of the current evidence is challenged by the fact that the LSG technique is not standardized, and most studies investigate the presence of GERD by assessing symptoms and the use of acid reducing medications only. A few studies objectively investigated gastroesophageal function and the reflux profile by esophageal manometry and 24-h p H monitoring, reporting postoperative normalization of esophageal acid exposure in up to 85% of patients with preoperative GERD, and occurrence of de novo GERD in about 5% of cases. There is increasing evidence showing the key role of the surgical technique on the incidence of postoperative GERD. Main technical issues are a relative narrowing of the mid portion of the gastric sleeve, a redundant upper part of the sleeve(both depending on the angle under which the sleeve is stapled), and the presence of a hiatal hernia. Concomitant hiatal hernia repair is recommended. To date, either medical therapy with proton pump inhibitors or conversion of LSG to laparoscopic Rouxen-Y gastric bypass are the available options for the management of GERD after LSG. Recently, new minimally invasive approaches have been proposed in patients with GERD and hypotensive LES: the LINX? Reflux Management System procedure and the Stretta? procedure. Large studies are needed to assess the safety and long-term efficacy of these new approaches. In conclusion, the recent publication of p H monitoring data and the new insights in the association between sleeve morphology and GERD control have led to a wider acceptance of LSG as bariatric procedure also in obese patients with GERD, as recently stated in the 5~(th) International Consensus Conference on sleeve gastrectomy.     

Comparative study of outcomes following laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy in morbidly obese patients: A case control study

AIM To compare the impact of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass(LRYGB) and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy(LSG) on weight loss and obesity related comorbidities over two year follow-up via case control study design.METHODS Forty patients undergoing LRYGB, who completed their two year follow-up were matched with 40 patients undergoing LSG for age, gender, body mass index and presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM). Data of these patients was retrospectively reviewed to compare the outcome in terms of weight loss and improvement in comorbidities, i.e., T2 DM, hypertension(HTN), obstructive sleep apnea syndrome(OSAS), hypothyroidism and gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD).RESULTS Percentage excess weight loss(EWL%) was similar in LRYGB and LSG groups at one year follow-up(70.5% vs 66.5%, P = 0.36) while it was significantly greater for LRYGB group after two years as compared to LSG group(76.5% vs 67.9%, P = 0.04). The complication rate after LRYGB and LSG was similar(10% vs 7.5%,P = 0.99). The median duration of T2 DM and mean number of oral hypoglycemic agents were higher in LRYGB group than LSG group(7 years vs 5 years and 2.2 vs 1.8 respectively, P 0.05). Both LRYGB and LSG had significant but similar improvement in T2 DM, HTN, OSAS and hypothyroidism. However, GERD resolved in all patients undergoing LRYGB while it resolved in only 50% cases with LSG. Eight point three percent patients developed new-onset GERD after LSG.CONCLUSION LRYGB has better outcomes in terms of weight loss two years after surgery as compared to LSG. The impact of LRYGB and LSG on T2 DM, HTN, OSAS and hypothyroidism is similar. However, LRYGB has significant resolution of GERD as compared to LSG.     

Gastroesophageal reflux disease,obesity and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: The burning questions

Obesity is a global health epidemic with considerable economic burden.Surgical solutions have become increasingly popular following technical advances leading to sustained efficacy and reduced risk.Sleeve gastrectomy accounts for almost half of all bariatric surgeries worldwide but concerns regarding its relationship with gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD)has been a topic of debate.GERD,including erosive esophagitis,is highly prevalent in the obese population.The role of pre-operative endoscopy in bariatric surgery has been controversial.Two schools of thought exist on the matter,one that believes routine upper endoscopy before bariatric surgery is not warranted in the absence of symptoms and another that believes that symptoms are poor predictors of underlying esophageal pathology.This debate is particularly important considering the evidence for the association of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy(LSG)with de novo and/or worsening GERD compared to the less popular Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedure.In this paper,we try to address 3 burning questions regarding the inter-relationship of obesity,GERD,and LSG:(1)What is the prevalence of GERD and erosive esophagitis in obese patients considered for bariatric surgery?(2)Is it necessary to perform an upper endoscopy in obese patients considered for bariatric surgery?And(3)What are the long-term effects of sleeve gastrectomy on GERD and should LSG be done in patients with pre-existing GERD?     

Short-term outcome and early effect on blood pressure of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy in morbidly obese patients

Bariatric surgery has been used to reduce weight and shown to be beneficial for hypertension control. However, little is known about the changes in blood pressure in early stage after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). We conducted a prospective study of 60 LSG patients with one year-follow-up. The blood pressure of the patients was measured preoperatively and from day 1 to 12 months postoperatively. The use of antihypertensives, body weight, ghrelin and leptin levels were also recorded. Following LSG, excess weight loss (EWL) was 72.6 ± 22.3% and 83.1 ± 19.3% 6 and 12 months after operation, respectively. At 12 months after operation, the average body mass index and body weight decreased by 14.1 kg/m² and 39 kg, respectively. Dyslipidemia was resolved in 86% (15/18) of the patients within 12 months. Diabetes was resolved in 90% (16/18) patients within 6 months and joint pain was resolved in 78% patients and 86% of the patients no longer had sleep apnea syndrome within 12 months. The blood pressure of some hypertensive patients returned to normal on the first day after operation. Significant reduction in blood pressure was observed within 10 days after operation. Both Ghrelin and Leptin levels lowered after LSG, particularly within 10 day after operation. 12 months after the operation, hypertension was resolved in 87% and lowered in 100% of the patients. Our work demonstrates that LSG reduces blood pressure before significant weight loss occurs, suggesting that there might be neural and hormonal mechanisms involved in the blood pressure reduction.     

Widespread use of gastric acid inhibitors in infants:Are they needed? Are they safe?

Gastroesophageal reflux is a common phenomenon in infants,but the differentiation between gastro-esophageal reflux and gastroesophageal reflux disease can be difficult.Symptoms are non-specific and there is increasing evidence that the majority of symptoms may not be acid-related.Despite this,gastric acid inhibitors such as proton pump inhibitors are widely and increasingly used,often without objective evidence or investigations to guide treatment.Several studies have shown that these medications are ineffective at treating symptoms associated with reflux in the absence of endoscopically proven oesophagitis.With a lack of evidence for efficacy,attention is now being turned to the potential risks of gastric acid suppression.Previously assumed safety of these medications is being challenged with evidence of potential side effects including GI and respiratory infections,bacterial overgrowth,adverse bone health,food allergy and drug interactions.     

Eradikation und chronische Säureblockade

Guidelines for Helicobacter pylori therapy were proposed at the Maastricht 2/2000 conference. Since then no further major developments have been made. An evidenced based choice of treatment is thereby nearly impossible as large randomized trials have not been performed. Minor progress could be achieved in the areas of second-line and rescue treatment options after failure of the standard therapy. At present proton pump inhibitors are the most powerful drugs for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. No additional progress has been achieved concerning therapy of reflux disease in the last years. Reasonable anxiety about the safety of long-term acid suppression with proton pump inhibitors diminished over years as no significant increase in cancer development could be detected.     

Pantoprazole: a proton pump inhibitor with oral and intravenous formulations

Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are a significant part of therapy for most acid-related diseases including gastroesophageal reflux disease, peptic ulcer disease and acute gastrointestinal bleeding. Pantoprazole is one of several available proton pump inhibitor agents and provides dose-dependent control of gastric acid secretion. Pantoprazole has indications in gastroesophageal reflux disease and peptic ulcer disease, along with indications as co-therapy in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection and in the control of the acid secretion associated with the Zollinger–Ellison syndrome, as well as in NSAID ulcer prevention. Pantoprazole is available in both oral and intravenous formulations. It is effective across all age groups, although only indicated in adults (and adolescents in Europe). It has been approved for use in over 100 countries and has been used for over 13 years. Pantoprazole has an excellent safety profile and a low potential for drug–drug interactions. While still widely prescribed, pantoprazole and the other branded proton pump inhibitors are under considerable market pressure from the less expensive but similarly effective generic and over-the-counter formulations of omeprazole.     

Nissen fundoplication in infants and children: a long-term clinical study

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Infants and children who underwent open Nissen fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux disease were retrospectively evaluated to assess the success and complications of this operation. METHODOLOGY: Twenty-six neurologically normal children (16 boys and 10 girls between 6 months and 11 years old) underwent Nissen fundoplication for intractable or complicated gastroesophageal reflux between October 1982 and February 2002. Before surgery and at follow-up visits, all children were subjected to thorough history, barium meal study and gastroscopy with multiple esophageal biopsies. The median follow-up period was 28 months (range: 11 months-19 years). RESULTS: Persistent vomiting or regurgitation since birth was the main symptom (24 patients, 92.3%), chest symptoms occurred in 5 patients (19.2%), malnutrition and retarded growth were found in 4 patients (15.4%), hematemesis and/or melena occurred in 2 patients (7.7%) and dysphagia due to esophageal stricture occurred in 4 patients (15.4%). There was no mortality. The mean hospital stay was 4.1 days. Twenty-two patients (84.6%) had no recurrent reflux. Reflux symptoms recurred in 4 cases (15.4%). One of these cases had no evidence of recurrent pathological reflux, 2 cases with preoperative stricture developed wrap disruption, recurrent reflux and re-stricture. Both refused a second operation. The fourth case developed melena and reflux esophagitis due to wrap herniation through the hiatus and was successfully managed by a second operation. CONCLUSIONS: Nissen fundoplication is an effective operation to correct gastroesophageal reflux in infants and children when the drug therapy fails. The operation should be done before occurrence of complications to decrease the recurrence of reflux.     

Endoscopic therapy of gastroesophageal reflux disease: outcomes of the randomized-controlled trials done to date

Endoscopic therapies to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease have been developed as another option for patients with reflux symptoms who do not want to continue medications indefinitely or are unwilling to undergo surgical intervention. The endoscopic treatments can be divided into those that pleat or plicate the upper stomach, deliver thermal energy into the lower esophageal sphincter, or inject or implant biopolymers into the gastroesophageal junction. Although capable to improve reflux symptoms for the majority of treated patients for a short while, durability has been variable among the various treatments, and there have been safety issues with some of the therapies. Although symptom improvement has been universally shown in short-term follow-up, there has been variable outcome for reduced need of antisecretory medications and pH studies show normalization of the distal esophageal acid exposure for only the minority of treated patients. Patients with significant reflux esophagitis or Barrett esophagus are not typically candidates for this antireflux intervention. Except for the NDO Plicator, in sham-controlled studies, there have been no significant differences between treated and sham-treated individuals for ability to discontinue medications or normalize pH. One issue in interpreting the results of these preliminary studies is the influence of the learning curve of a new technology. Another is that the devices and techniques have not been optimized. Currently, only the Davol/Bard EndoCinch and the NDO Plicator are available for commercial use. There are several newer devices under study or in development, and further testing and experience will demonstrate their capabilities in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease.     

Endoscopic and laparoscopic treatment of gastroesophageal reflux

Gastroesophageal reflux is extremely common in Western countries. For selected patients, there is an established role for the surgical treatment of reflux, and possibly an emerging role for endoscopic antireflux procedures. Randomized trials have compared medical versus surgical management, laparoscopic versus open surgery and partial versus total fundoplications. However, the evidence base for endoscopic procedures is limited to some small sham-controlled studies, and cohort studies with short-term follow-up. Laparoscopic fundoplication has been shown to be an effective antireflux operation. It facilitates quicker convalescence and is associated with fewer complications, but has a similar longer term outcome compared with open antireflux surgery. In most randomized trials, antireflux surgery achieves at least as good control of reflux as medical therapy, and these studies support a wider application of surgery for the treatment of moderate-to-severe reflux. Laparoscopic partial fundoplication is an effective surgical procedure with fewer side effects, and it may achieve high rates of patient satisfaction at late follow-up. Many of the early endoscopic antireflux procedures have failed to achieve effective reflux control, and they have been withdrawn from the market. Newer procedures have the potential to fashion a surgical fundoplication. However, at present there is insufficient evidence to establish the safety and efficacy of endoscopic procedures for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux, and no endoscopic procedure has achieved equivalent reflux control to that achieved by surgical fundoplication.