急性病毒性肝炎住院患者血清学分型与流行病学分布研究

本文收集了西安市住院急性病毒性肝炎患者血清标本２９３份，用ＥＬＩＳＡ进行分型检测，并作流行病学调查。结果发现：甲肝占６５．１９％，乙肝占１０．９２％，丙肝占４．７８％，丁肝占３．７５％，戊肝占４．４４％，诊断不明者占１０．９２％。结果表明，在西安市住院的急性病毒性肝炎中，甲肝为主要类型；与以往结果比较，甲肝患者的发病年龄明显后移；除乙肝外，各型肝炎中男性均多于女性，尤以丁肝和戊肝为著；甲肝有明显的     

急性病毒性肝炎的病例对照研究与分型转归研究

对两所医院162例急性病毒性肝炎患者进行了血清学分型和流行病学研究,并对发病的一些危险因素按成组和配对方法进行了病例对照研究。结果甲肝为37.0%,乙肝为40.7%,非甲非乙型肝炎为19.8%。经单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析,甲肝发病主要与肝炎接触史(OR=10.56)和不洁饮食史(OR=4.25)有关;乙肝与肝炎接触史(OR=4.30)和家庭成员既往肝炎史(OR=5.66)有关;非甲非乙型肝炎与肝炎接触史(OR=3.82)、输血史(OR=16.67)和既往肝炎史(OR=6.56)有关。甲肝、乙肝和非甲非乙型肝炎的转慢率分别为0%、12.1%和16.7%。     

德州市德城区城乡1990～2003年病毒性肝炎流行特征分析

[目的]进一步探讨肝炎的流行规律及流行因素，制定有效防治对策。[方法]对德州市德城区1990～2003年肝炎有关资料进行分析。[结果]1990～2003年年发病率为19．22／10万～106．92／10万，年均35．64／10万；病死率为0.17％。1990～1997年发病率逐年下降，1998～2003年为波浪式上升。各型肝炎中。乙肝占61．01％，甲肝占26.61％；年均发病率城区为52．56／10万，农村为17．49／10万。[结论]德州市德城区肝炎发病呈下降趋势，1990～1993年以甲肝为主，1994年后以乙肝为主。     

安徽省1959—1996年病毒性肝炎流行趋势分析

根据疫情资料和流行病学调查，对安徽省１９５９—１９９６年病毒性肝炎流行情况进行了归纳和分析。７０年代以来全省病毒性肝炎发病率一直处于较高水平，１９７１年达有史以来最高水平为３９６．３／１０万。９０年代后发病率均处全国前列。１９９０—１９９６年病例总数分型统计，甲肝占５１．５％，乙肝占２９．７％，其它型肝炎占１８．８％；甲肝发病率农村高于城市，乙肝发病率城市高于农村。作者对病毒性肝炎防治提出了建议     

濮阳市1995～2004年病毒性肝炎资料分析

[目的]了解濮阳市病毒性肝炎（肝炎）的流行趋势，为防治工作提供科学依据。[方法]对濮阳市1995～2004年肝炎疫情资料进行分析。[结果]1995-2004年肝炎年均发病率为78．59／10万。甲肝发病逐年下降，近2年有上升趋势；乙肝在各型肝炎中所占比例最大，发病率呈下降趋势；甲肝发病有明显的夏秋季高峰，乙肝季节分布不明显；甲肝的年龄分布以0～20岁年龄组发病率最高，乙肝以20～45岁年龄组为主；甲肝男性年均发病率为16．84／10万，女性为7．98／10万，乙肝年均发病率为112．62／10万，女性为44．76／10万；病毒性肝炎的地区分布呈现市区高于农村。[结论]乙肝是濮阳市肝炎的防治重点，甲肝发病有增高趋势。     

济南市1991～1995年病毒性肝炎流行病学分析

为进一步探讨病毒性肝炎流行规律,制定防治对策,现将我市1991～1995年各型病毒性肝炎疫情资料分析如下:1 资料来源1.1 1991～1995年疫情资料由本站疫情室提供;人口资料来源于各区、县统计局.2 结果与分析2.1 流行强度 1991～1995年全市共发生病毒性肝炎25153例,发病率呈逐年下降趋势.5年间发生甲肝12616例、乙肝10320例、非甲非乙型肝炎669例、未分型肝炎1548例,分别占病毒性肝炎总数的50.16%,41.03%,2.66%,6.15%.各型肝炎合计与甲肝发病率呈逐年下降趋势,乙肝稳定在一定水平,非甲非乙型肝炎发病率以1993年最高、1995年最低,与未分型所占比例有关,见表1.     

149例淋病患者合并沙眼衣原体及解脲支原体感染的分析

８０年代后期江苏省病毒性肝炎发病强度急剧上升。调查表明，高强度的肝炎发病是由甲型肝炎（甲肝）流行所造成。其特征是，每年３～５月份出现甲肝发病高峰（春峰），其发病数可占全年发病数的３１．３４％～４４．９４％。其主要原因是，人群甲肝抗体水平低下，大量易感人群持续存在。多次病例配对调查显示，江苏省甲肝流行的危险因素主要有生食海产品、接触史、外餐史等。为尽快控制全省甲肝高强度流行，使发病率降下来，依据调查研究制定出防制对策，即集中力量、突出重点，遏制甲肝春季高峰（简称压春峰）。所采取的关键性的措施主要有…     

东胜市1991—2001年肝炎流行特征分析

为了解东胜市病毒性肝炎发病特点及流行趋势 ,采取有针对性的防治措施 ,现对 1 991～ 2 0 0 1年病毒性肝炎发病动态及流行特征分析如下。1　资料来源传染病资料来自历年传染病疫情年报表 ,人口数据来自东胜市统计局。2　结果2 .1　发病概况　共报告传染病 4389例 ,其中病毒性肝炎 2 75 3例 ,占 62 .72 %,居第一位。 1 991年、1 994年为肝炎发病高峰 ,主要是甲肝及未分型 ,1 998年后 ,肝炎发病率呈上升趋势 ,主要是乙肝的发病率升高。2 .2　各型肝炎发病构成　甲肝 1 2 5 7例 ,占45 .66%;乙肝 65 7例 ,占 2 3.86%;非甲非乙型 1 1例 ,占 0 .40…     

河南省急性散发性肝炎的血清分型

对５９２例急性肝炎进行血清病原学分型，甲肝占５３．９％，乙肝１９．１％，丙肝占６．６％，戊肝占９．５％，有６．９％的急肝病人不能确定型别。甲肝发病主要集中在１０岁以前，占７０％，发病平均为１１．４岁，发病无明显的性别差异；乙、丙肝炎发病都主要集中于青壮年，发病的平均年龄分别为２５．９岁和３３．４岁，乙肝病人中男性一明显多于女性，而丙肝病人男女比较几乎一样。     

普通人群中急性病毒性肝炎危险因素的病例对照研究

本文应用配对病例对照研究方法对西安市某区普通人群中急性病毒性肝炎疫情报告病例的危险因素进行了研究。1年间所报告的887例急性病毒性肝炎病例中,508例可供分型,其中甲肝323例(63.6％),乙肝66例(13.0％),非甲非乙型肝炎110例(21.6％),其余9例(1.8％)为甲、乙型肝炎病毒同时感染。对499例三型肝炎进行病例对照研究结果经单因素分析表明:甲肝发病的危险因素主要为病前1个月肝炎接触史(OR=13.2)、不洁饮食史(OR=5.5)和出差旅游史(OR=3.4);乙肝主要为病前半年内肝炎接触史(OR=10.0)、家庭成员既往肝炎史(OR=5.3)和注射史(OR=4.3);非甲非乙型肝炎主要与病前半年内肝炎接触史(OR=3—4)、既往肝炎史(OR=7.7)、不洁饮食史(OR=4.5)和外出旅游史(OR=2.7)有关。多因素(Logistic回归模型)分析结果与单因素分析基本一致。本研究提示,该地区可能存在经肠道传播的非甲非乙型肝炎。     

Epidemiology of acute hepatitis among outpatients in the urban community of Lyon, 1983

We conducted in 1983 an hepatitis surveillance programme in collaboration with 93% of the medical analysis laboratories in Lyons' urban area (1,100,000 inhabitants) and diagnosed 1,002 cases of acute hepatitis (incidence : 90.5 cases/10(5) inhabitants; HAV : 50.4 cases/10(5) inhabitants; HBV : 12 cases/10(5) inhabitants; non A non B : 24 cases/10(5) inhabitants; drugs : 4.2 cases/10(5) inhabitants). HBs Ag was undetectable in 12% of acute hepatitis B. Hepatitis A accounted for 91% of children's cases and 48% of cases among adults between 20 and 40 years old. Epidemics were observed among children after summer holidays related to the return of migrants from trips to their native country. For acute hepatitis B and non A non B, classical epidemiological data were observed, but the prevalence of drug addicts and homosexuals was low.     

Epidemiology of hepatitis A and B in the Shanghai area: prevalence of serum markers

Different population groups from the Shanghai area were surveyed by radioimmunoassay for serologic markers of previous infections with hepatitis A virus and hepatitis B virus. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV) in males and females, or in persons living in rural or urban areas. The prevalence of anti-HAV showed a biphasic increase with age, approaching 100% above age 50 years whereas the geometric mean titers declined. The rate of infection (attack rate) with hepatitis A among susceptibles in Shanghai declined appreciably between 1950 and 1960. The prevalence of hepatitis B markers also did not differ in the sexes, or in rural and urban populations. The patterns of prevalence of hepatitis B markers at different ages were compared to various theoretical mathematical models, and the data fitted best a model constructed from the assumption that two subpopulations of approximately equal size, one at low and the other at high risk, existed in the population groups studied. It was estimated that in Shanghai up to 12% of all individuals infected with hepatitis B became chronic hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers, although the overall prevalence of HBsAg carriers was only 6.9%. All HBsAg-positive individuals subtyped had been infected with hepatitis B virus of the subtype ad; 41.7% of HBsAg carriers also had hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), whereas in 32% of HBsAg carriers antibodies to HBe were present. Antibodies to HBsAg appeared to be lower in titer than in Western populations and to decline with age, and age-specific prevalence data indicated a relatively longer persistence of antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen.     

昆山市高中学生乙型肝炎防治认知行为调查

目的了解昆山市在校高中学生对乙型肝炎相关防治的认知和行为,为针对性地制定有效防治乙肝的策略和措施提供科学依据。方法采用分层整群随机抽样方法,选择2所学校共4个班级的高中学生进行问卷调查。结果236名高中学生接受了调查,学生对乙肝防治知识知晓率较低,其中HBV是否能通过消化道传播的答对率最低,仅71人答对,答对率为30.1%,对乙肝疫苗能有效预防乙肝答对率最高,141人答对,答对率为59.7%。女生的知晓率高于男生(P0.05),高三年级的学生知晓率高于高一(P0.05)。城市学校的学生在乙肝是否能通过血液、母婴传播及乙肝疫苗能有效预防乙肝这几个问题上知晓率明显高于乡镇学生(P0.05)。乙肝疫苗接种率为75.9%,全程接种率为79.3%。高中学生中乙肝危险行为相对较少。女生在不与他人共用剃刀及接种乙肝疫苗方面好于男生(P0.05),城市的学生在不与人共用牙刷、剃刀、浴巾方面好于乡镇学生(P0.05)。高中学生获得乙肝防治知识的主要途径是宣传栏(44,18.6%)、电视(42,17.8%)、网络(37,15.6%)及书籍(30,12.6%)。结论目前高中学生仍未能正确、全面地掌握乙肝的防治知识,因此应采用学生更易接受的方式开展有效的健康教育,从而提高学生的自我防病意识和能力。     

1990-2019年兴化市甲乙类肠道传染病流行特征分析

  目的  探讨1990-2019年兴化市甲乙类肠道传染病发病趋势和流行特征,为制定其防控策略和措施提供依据。  方法  对兴化市1990-2019年甲乙类肠道传染病资料进行描述性分析。  结果  兴化市1990-2019年共报告甲乙类肠道传染病7种30 282例,年均发病率69.66/10万。1990-1999年、2000-2009年、2010-2019年平均发病率分别为161.30/10万、21.29/10万、18.35/10万,发病率呈下降趋势(x_趋势2=56 574.719,P < 0.001)。1990-1999年甲肝、伤寒副伤寒高发,占总发病的78.58%,2000-2009年发病以肝炎(未分型)、甲肝为主,占65.87%,2010年后肝炎(未分型)、戊肝发病占69.81%。三个时期病人的性别和年龄组构成差异均有统计学意义(均有P < 0.05);农村和市区发病数分别占74.35%、25.65%,主要发病人群是农民、学生、散居儿童和工人;1990-1999年、2000-2009年发病呈明显双峰分布,高峰在每年3月和7-10月,2010-2019年季节性不明显,全年发病趋于平缓。  结论  1990-2019年兴化市甲乙类肠道传染病发病明显下降,防制效果显著;今后需加强对农村地区、农民、学生、散居儿童和中老年人的防控,结合新时期甲乙类肠道传染病的发病特点,采取综合性的干预措施     

Prevalence of specific markers of viral hepatitis A and B among an Ethiopian population

There have been few reports from Africa, and none from Ethiopia, pertaining to seroepidemiological investigation of viral hepatitis A and B. In this study, 396 serum samples, from male and female Ethiopian subjects aged between 3 and 60 years, were tested for specific markers of hepatitis A and B. Antibodies to hepatitis A virus were detected in 99% of the study population. There was an overall prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) of 9%, with a peak value of 15% in the age groups 21-30 years and ≥41 years. The pattern of age prevalence of HBsAg was similar to that found in China (province of Taiwan), Senegal and Thailand. The distribution of the subtypes of HBsAg was in line with that generally found in east Africa, northern Europe, and central America, where subtype ad predominates. HBsAg was found in 3 times more men than women (10.5% and 3.5%, respectively). Antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen were found in 67% of the population, and were evenly distributed between males and females. In general, the results indicated that hepatitis B virus is more endemic in rural, rather than urban, areas, while hepatitis A virus is endemic throughout the country.     

The prevalence of hepatitis B infection amongst urban and rural populations in Western Samoa.

A group of 240 urban and 200 rural dwellers in Western Samoa over the age of 20 years was studied for serological evidence of current or past infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV). Overall, 5.5% of subjects were found to be currently infected with HBV and a further 74.5% showed detectable levels of antibody. Antibody to the hepatitis B core antigen was found to be a better marker of past infection than antibody to the surface antigen of the virus. Both the infection rate and carrier rate were higher in males than females and subjects living in rural areas were more likely to be infected than those living in urban areas.     

Significant gaps in hepatitis B vaccination in adults in Viet Nam: Important targets toward hepatitis B elimination by 2030

BackgroundGaps in adult hepatitis B vaccination were undefined in Vietnam, a lower-middle-income country. To address these gaps, this study defined hepatitis B vaccine coverage in adults and its associated factors in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Viet Nam. We also proposed interventional strategies, prioritizing gap identification to facilitate hepatitis B elimination by 2030 and beyond.MethodDuring 2019–2020, a multi-stage cluster serosurvey with probability proportional to size was conducted to representatively invite 20,000 adults (18 years or older) throughout HCMC for hepatitis B screening (HBsAg, anti-HBs, and anti-HBc). Serologic results defined two dependent variables: vaccine-induced immunity (i.e., isolated anti-HBs) and susceptibility (i.e., HBV naive). Associations of dependent variables with surveyed demographics, socioeconomic statuses, behaviors, and medical history at risk for hepatitis B were evaluated using weighted Poisson regression.ResultsThe prevalence was 18.5% (95%CI, 17.3-20.0%) for vaccine-induced immunity and 37.7% (35.6-39.8%) for susceptibility. Even though analyses in the general population revealed a falling trend in vaccine-induced immunity prevalence from younger to older age groups, sensitivity analyses in the non-infected population (i.e., those who were both negative for HBsAg and anti-HBc) showed that younger age groups, especially those aged 30 to 50 years, had the lowest prevalence. Social inequalities existed in different ethnicities, residence areas, education levels, house ownership, and health insurance statuses. There was no significant association between vaccine-induced immunity or susceptibility and risky behaviors and medical histories.ConclusionThis study depicts a significant unmet need for hepatitis B vaccination in the general adult population in HCMC, Viet Nam. Indeed, the lack of vaccination was unevenly distributed regarding age groups, geographical areas, and socioeconomic statuses, which reveals profound social disparities. Therefore, to achieve hepatitis B elimination goals, besides the current recommendations for infants and risk-based strategies, hepatitis B vaccination should be recommended for the broader population.     

Progress in coverage with hepatitis B vaccine among US children, 1994-1997.

OBJECTIVES: This study was done to assess progress in hepatitis B vaccination of children from 1994 through 1997. METHODS: We used data from the National Immunization Survey (NIS), a random-digit-dialed telephone survey that includes a mail survey to verify vaccination providers' records. The NIS is conducted in 78 geographic areas (50 states and 28 selected urban areas) in the United States. RESULTS: A total of 32,433 household interviews were completed in the 1997 NIS. An estimated 83.7% of children aged 19 to 35 months received 3 or more doses of hepatitis B vaccine. Coverage with 3 doses was greater (86.7%) among children in states that had day care entry requirements for hepatitis B vaccination than among children in states without such requirements (83.0%) and was greater among children from families with incomes at or above the poverty level (85.0%) than among children below the poverty level (80.6%). Hepatitis B vaccination of children increased from 1994 through 1996, from 41% to 84%, but coverage reached a constant level of 84% to 85% in 1996/97. CONCLUSION: Although substantial progress has been made in fully vaccinating children against hepatitis B, greater efforts are needed to ensure that all infants receive 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine.     

云南省1～3岁儿童乙型肝炎疫苗接种率及乙型肝炎病毒感染基线调查

目的 了解云南省乙肝疫苗纳入儿童计划免疫管理前1～3岁儿童乙肝疫苗接种率和乙型肝炎病毒感染状况,为乙肝疫苗纳入儿童计划免疫管理提供本底资料.方法 采用分层多阶段随机抽样和标准组群抽样法,抽取全省4个不同经济收入层,120个调查点的 2 596名1～3岁儿童进行调查.结果 1～3岁儿童乙肝疫苗接种率70.34%,全程接种率68.45%,首针及时接种率22.53%,全程及时接种率22.34%.不同层次地区乙肝疫苗各接种率差异非常显著,城市最高,贫困农村最低;HBsAg携带率2.25%;抗-HBs免疫抗体阳性率57.26%. HBV总感染率13.08%.各感染率在不同层次地区间、有无免疫史间差异非常显著.结论 ①乙肝疫苗接种率城市高于农村地区,而乙肝病毒感染则是农村地区高于城市,云南省乙型肝炎防治工作的重点和难点是农村地区,尤其是收入较低的贫困地区;②经过10 a的乙肝疫苗有价接种,云南省1～3岁儿童半数以上儿童产生了免疫抗体,形成一定的免疫屏障;③接种过乙肝疫苗儿童的感染率明显低于未接种过乙肝疫苗的儿童,接种乙肝疫苗对降低乙型肝炎感染非常有效.     

马鞍山市16年乙型肝炎防治效果评价

目的了解马鞍山市乙型肝炎（下称乙肝）流行状况,评价防治效果,为制定或调整乙肝疫苗接种策略提供依据。方法按照两阶段抽样法,抽取8个行政村1～59岁常住人口2040人,采静脉血3—5ml,ELISA法检测HBV—M。结果HBsAg阳性70人,阳性率3．43％;HBV—M总感染率18．40％,HBsAg阳性率较1991年（13．41％）显著降低（χ^2=116．95,P=0．000）。1992年推广乙肝疫苗接种以来,其保护率达73．08％。2007年与1991年健康人群乙肝血清学各项指标分地区、城乡、性别、年龄比较,除HBsAb20岁以上年龄组外,差异均有统计学意义;职业分布发生变化,1991年学生HBsAg阳性构成比占59．32％,农民占12．43％;2007年学生HBsAg阳性构成比下降到11．27％,农民构成比上升到50．70％。结论该市乙肝防治效果非常显著,继续开展新生儿乙肝免费接种,推广成人接种,并将预防乙肝资源向农村地区倾斜.