幼儿CT/MRI检查前雾化吸入右美托咪定的镇静效果

目的：探讨雾化吸入右美托咪定作为幼儿行CT/MRI检查前镇静用药的可行性。方法：选取接受CT/MRI检查需镇静的90例患儿,年龄1~3岁,美国麻醉医师协会（ASA）Ⅰ~Ⅱ级,采用随机数表法分为水合氯醛口服组、右美托咪定滴鼻组和右美托咪定雾化组各30例,在接受CT/MRI检查前分别给予口服水合氯醛60 mg/kg、鼻内滴注右美托咪啶2 μg/kg、雾化吸入右美托咪啶2 μg/kg进行镇静。记录药物起效时间、检查时间、镇静时间、镇静失败率、不良反应发生率、格罗宁根窘迫评分（GDRS）以及患儿家长满意度和检查医师满意度。结果：右美托咪定滴鼻组和右美托咪定雾化组的镇静时间、镇静失败率、GDRS及苏醒躁动、恶心呕吐发生率均低于水合氯醛口服组,家长和检查医师满意度均高于水合氯醛口服组（P均<0.05）。右美托咪定雾化组的哭闹反应和呛咳反应发生率均低于右美托咪定滴鼻组和水合氯醛口服组（P均<0.05）。结论：雾化吸入和鼻内滴注右美托咪定均可以为幼儿CT/MRI检查提供良好的镇静,减轻患儿外周静脉穿刺疼痛,减少不良反应,而雾化吸入右美托咪定的给药途径更安全,易为患儿和家长接受     

右美托咪啶、丙泊酚与咪达唑仑辅助于臂丛阻滞麻醉的比较

目的 比较右美托咪啶、丙泊酚与咪达唑仑辅助于臂丛阻滞麻醉中的镇静效果及对呼吸循环的影响.方法 选择60例ASA Ⅰ ～Ⅱ级拟行上肢手术的患者,随机分为3组,每组各20例.超声引导下臂丛阻滞成功后,右美托咪定组（D组）患者给予右美托咪啶0.5μg/kg静脉泵注10 min后按0.2～0.7 μg/（kg·h）的速率维持;丙泊酚组（P组）给予丙泊酚2 mg/kg静脉注射后以2～4 mg/（kg·h）维持;咪达唑仑组（M组）静脉注射咪达唑仑0.05 mg/kg后以0.05～0.1 mg/（kg·h）维持.调整各组患者的输注速度使镇静目标维持Ramsay镇静评分为3～4分.术中监测不同时间点的心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）、血氧饱和度（SpO2）、呼吸频率（RR）、脑电双频（BIS）指数值、Ramsay镇静评分,并记录术中出现的不良反应.结果 在相同镇静评分下,D组的BIS值明显低于P、M组（P＜0.05）;3组均出现不同程度的血压下降和心率减慢,D组HR下降较P、M组明显（P＜0.05）,P组MAP下降较D、M组明显（P＜0.05）;P、M组RR减慢较D组明显,需要辅助呼吸的比例明显高于D组（P＜0.05）.结论 丙泊酚和咪达唑仑能明显抑制呼吸,而右美托咪啶对呼吸和循环的影响小,辅助于臂丛阻滞麻醉镇静效果比较好,但易诱发心动过缓.     

依那西普治疗婴儿川崎病致重症皮疹1 例

目的：探讨雾化吸入右美托咪定作为幼儿行CT/MRI检查前镇静用药的可行性。方法：选取接受CT/MRI检查需镇静的90例患儿,年龄1~3岁,美国麻醉医师协会（ASA）Ⅰ~Ⅱ级,采用随机数表法分为水合氯醛口服组、右美托咪定滴鼻组和右美托咪定雾化组各30例,在接受CT/MRI检查前分别给予口服水合氯醛60 mg/kg、鼻内滴注右美托咪啶2 μg/kg、雾化吸入右美托咪啶2 μg/kg进行镇静。记录药物起效时间、检查时间、镇静时间、镇静失败率、不良反应发生率、格罗宁根窘迫评分（GDRS）以及患儿家长满意度和检查医师满意度。结果：右美托咪定滴鼻组和右美托咪定雾化组的镇静时间、镇静失败率、GDRS及苏醒躁动、恶心呕吐发生率均低于水合氯醛口服组,家长和检查医师满意度均高于水合氯醛口服组（P均<0.05）。右美托咪定雾化组的哭闹反应和呛咳反应发生率均低于右美托咪定滴鼻组和水合氯醛口服组（P均<0.05）。结论：雾化吸入和鼻内滴注右美托咪定均可以为幼儿CT/MRI检查提供良好的镇静,减轻患儿外周静脉穿刺疼痛,减少不良反应,而雾化吸入右美托咪定的给药途径更安全,易为患儿和家长接受     

右美托咪啶在颈丛神经阻滞甲状腺手术中的对比研究

目的：观察颈丛阻滞甲状腺手术辅以右美托咪啶或杜氟合剂的临床效果。方法择期甲状腺手术患者60例,随机分为两组：右美托咪啶组（D组）、杜氟合剂组（P组）,每组20例。神经阻滞后D组泵注右美托咪啶负荷量1μg/kg,恒速10 min,持续量0.5μg/（kg·h）, P组静脉推注杜冷丁50 mg,氟哌利多2.5 mg。记录基础值（T0）、颈丛阻滞后10 min（T1）、20 min（T2）、30 min（T3）及手术结束时（T4）的收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、心率（HR）。结果D组较P组T1~T4各指标均明显降低,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论甲状腺手术辅以右美托咪啶比辅以杜氟合剂镇静、镇痛效果好,能有效抑制颈丛阻滞导致的心血管不良反应。     

右美托咪定复合氯胺酮的麻醉效果观察

目的观察右美托咪定复合氯胺酮麻醉患者血压、心率改变及苏醒期躁动、谵妄的影响。方法选择60例锁骨内固定物取出术患者,随机分为D组(右美托咪定组)和M组(咪达唑仑组),每组30例。D组术前泵入右美托咪定1mg/kg(15min)后,以0.7μg/kg.h维持。M组术前缓慢静注咪达唑仑0.04mg/kg后,以0.05mg/kg.h维持。两组皮肤消毒前缓慢静注氯胺酮0.75mg/kg,后以10μg/kg.gmin维持,睫毛反射消失后手术。记录术前(T0)、睫毛反射消失(T1)、切皮(T2)、缝皮(T3)的收缩压、舒张压、心率及术后躁动、谵妄状况。结果D组T1、T2、T3血压、心率明显低于M组(P<0.05),D组苏醒期躁动、谵妄发生率明显少于M组(P<0.05)。结论右美托咪定复合氯胺酮麻醉,心率、血压更稳定,苏醒期躁动、谵妄发生率降低。     

右美托咪定与氢吗啡酮复合滴鼻在腺样体手术患儿术前母婴分离镇 静中的应用

目的:探讨右美托咪定与氢吗啡酮复合滴鼻在小儿腺样体手术术前母婴分离过程中的麻醉镇静效果。方法:选取我院 2021 年1 月-2022 年8 月择期行腺样体手术患儿60 例,采用随机数表法分为观察组和对照组各30 例,观察组采用1. 5 μg/ kg 右美托咪定复合30 μg/ kg 氢吗啡酮滴鼻术前镇静,对照组采用1. 5 μg/ kg 右美托咪定滴鼻术前镇静。比较两组患儿滴鼻前 (T0)、滴鼻后5 min(T1)、15 min(T2)、25 min(T3)各时间点镇静程度(RASS)评分,母婴分离时(T4)的镇静情绪评分,开放静脉 时(T5)的睡眠障碍量表(ESS)评分及各时间点脉搏氧饱和度(SpO2 )和心率(HR)的变化,全麻诱导期扣面罩接受程度评分,苏 醒期躁动评分以及术后不良反应发生情况等。结果:T1~T3 时间点RASS 评分、T5 时间点ESS 评分、苏醒期躁动评分,观察组 均低于对照组(P<0. 05);T4 时间点镇静情绪评分、诱导期扣面罩接受程度评分,观察组均高于对照组(P<0. 05);惊醒哭闹患儿 例数和需辅助麻醉患儿例数,观察组少于对照组(P<0. 05);两组患儿T0~T5 时间点HR、SpO2 水平变化均不显著(P>0. 05);两 组患儿不良反应发生率比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0. 05)。结论:右美托咪定复合氢吗啡酮术前滴鼻,安全有效,利于腺样体 手术患儿与父母安静分离,不良反应少,值得进一步推广应用。     

盐酸右美托咪定用于老年晶体植入手术的临床观察

目的：比较不同剂量的右美托咪定（DEX）用于老年晶体植入术中的安全性和有效性。方法 ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级择期行晶体植入手术的老年患者92例,随机均分为低剂量右美托咪定组（D1组）、中剂量右美托咪定组（D2组）、高剂量右美托咪定组（D3组）、咪达唑仑组（M组）。D1组,DEX 0.4μg/kg,用生理盐水稀释成20mL,静脉泵注10min,D2组,DEX 0.7μg/kg,给药方法同D1组;D3组,DEX 1.0μg/kg,给药方法同D1组;M 组手术开始前10min 输注咪达唑仑0.03mg/kg。观察记录患者麻醉前（T0）、用药后10 min（T1）、15 min（T2）、30 min（T3）、60min（T4）平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）、RR（呼吸次数）、血氧饱和度（SpO2）。同时观察三组术中、术后不良反应及医生和患者满意度。结果与麻醉前比较,D组患者MAP、HR 有显著性差异（P＜0.05）。D2、D3组术中体动发生率、术后谵妄的发生率、低于D1组（P＜0.05）和M组（P＜0.05）。D组医生和患者满意度高于M组（P＜0.05）。结论中、高剂量右美托咪定应用于晶体植入手术患者安全有效;镇静镇痛效果好;术中、术后不良反应发生率低且医师和患者满意度高。     

右美托咪定和咪达唑仑辅助肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞的比较

目的比较臂丛神经阻滞中右美托咪定和咪达唑仑的镇静效果及不良反应。方法 80例择期行上肢手术的患者随机分成右美托咪定组(D组)和咪达唑仑组(M组),在超声引导下以0.375%罗哌卡因30 mL行臂丛神经阻滞,麻醉效果满意后开始镇静,分别予右美托咪定1.0μg.kg-1及咪达唑仑0.1 mg.kg-1。观察2组麻醉前(T0)、开始镇静时(T1)、输注镇静药后15 min(T2)、切皮后30 min(T3)、手术结束时(T4)生命体征变化。记录2组镇静起效时间、效果和持续时间,并观察2组不良反应发生情况。结果 T2、T3时,2组患者血压、心率及M组脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO2)均较T1时降低(P<0.05),D组SpO2无显著变化。D组镇静起效时间短于M组(P<0.05),镇静深度D组集中于Ⅲ级,而M组多分布于Ⅱ级及Ⅵ级,D组满意率高于M组且镇静持续时间长于M组(P<0.05)。D组不良反应主要为术中心动过缓和术后头晕,而M组多见呼吸抑制和术后头晕,不良发生率D组(25%)低于M组(48%,P<0.05)。结论右美托咪定较咪达唑仑更适用于臂丛神经阻滞中镇静。     

ICU中气管插管患者使用咪达唑仑替代右美托咪定负荷量进行镇静治疗的可行性研究

目的：研究使用咪达唑仑替代右美托咪定负荷量进行镇静治疗帮助降低心动过缓、低血压发生率的可行性。方法：选择ICU中不耐受经口气管插管,需镇痛镇静治疗的患者53例,随机分为咪达唑仑+右美托咪定组（28例）和右美托咪定组（25例）,观察两组患者达到理想镇静状态（Ramsay评分4分、Riker评分4分）时间,10min后需增加负荷量方能达到理想镇静状态患者比例及心动过缓、低血压发生率。结果：咪达唑仑+右美托咪定组较右美托咪定组更快达到理想镇静状态。两组患者10min后需增加负荷量方能达到理想镇静状态比例、发生低血压比例差异无统计学意义。右美托咪定组较咪达唑仑+右美托咪定组更易发生心动过缓。结论：使用咪达唑仑代替右美托咪定负荷量有利于更快达到理想镇静状态及降低心动过缓发生率,但本方案不能降低低血压发生率。     

右美托咪啶对肺癌根治术患者血清IL-6、IL-8及IL-10的影响

目的：通过观察肺癌根治术患者单肺通气（OLV）时白细胞介素IL-6、IL-8及IL-10的变化,探讨OLV所致肺损伤的机制及右美托咪啶在防治急性肺损伤（ALI）中所起的作用。方法ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,择期肺癌根治术患者30例,采用随机数字表法,将患者随机分为右美托咪啶组（D组）和对照组（C组）,每组15例。右美托咪啶组：麻醉诱导前静脉泵入剂量为0.05μg/（kg·min）的右美托咪啶,10 min后以0.2~0.7μg/（kg·h）维持,输注速率根据心率、血压等变化及时调整;对照组：泵注生理盐水。于麻醉诱导给药前1 min（T1）、OLV 30 min（T2）、60 min（T3）、90 min（T4）、120 min（T5）和恢复双肺通气TLV 30 min（T6）时,抽取桡动脉血5 ml,3000转/min,离心10 min,取血清-80℃冻存,采用酶联免疫法测定血清IL-6、IL-8、IL-10浓度。结果与T1比较, T2~T6时IL-6、IL-8、IL-10浓度明显升高（P〈0.01）;与C组比较, D组T2~T6时IL-6、IL-8浓度降低, IL-10浓度升高,差异有显著统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论右美托咪啶能降低IL-6、IL-8浓度,升高IL-10浓度,表明右美托咪啶对单肺通气所致的肺损伤有保护作用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.