深海真菌Aspergillus tubingensis 的次生代谢产物的研究

目的 对一株来源于深海环境的真菌Aspergillus tubingensis的次生代谢产物及生物活性进行研究。方法 通过初步体外活性筛选,从十株来源于雅浦海沟的真菌中筛选获得一株具有人肿瘤细胞毒和海虾毒性的真菌Aspergillus tubingensis,采用硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20色谱、半制备HPLC等色谱学方法对菌株发酵提取物的活性部位进行分离纯化;通过NMR、MS、IR等光谱学方法,并结合文献数据对比鉴定了化合物的结构;对分离得到的化合物进行海虾致死及细胞毒活性测试。结果 分离得到了5个单体化合物。结构确定为：malformin C(1)、malformin E(2)、diketopiperazine dimer(3)、cristatumin E(4)、tensidol B(5),其中1、2具有较好的海虾致死活性。细胞毒活性测试结果显示,化合物1、2具有强细胞毒活性,对HepG2肝癌细胞株的IC50值分别为2.42和34.02 μM.L-1。结论 雅浦海沟真菌Aspergillus tubingensis 能够代谢产生具有海虾致死和细胞毒活性的次生代谢产物。     

海绵来源真菌Aspergillus flavus 次级代谢产物研究

摘 要：目的 对海绵来源真菌Aspergillus flavus次级代谢产物进行化学结构研究。方法 利用薄层色谱、硅胶柱层析、高效液相色谱和中压制备液相色谱等分离方法对真菌Aspergillus flavus 次级代谢产物进行分离、纯化;运用核磁共振、质谱等现代波谱学方法,通过与已报道数据进行对比,对化合物的化学结构进行鉴定。结果 从海绵来源真菌Aspergillus flavus 次级代谢产物中分离鉴定9个化合物,包括2个已知二酮哌嗪生物碱 Ditryptophenaline (1)、3-[(1H-Indol-3-yi)methyl]-6-benzylpiperazine- -2,5-dione (2),7个已知化合物 9,12-octadecadienoic acid methyl ester (3)、4-Hydroxy-3-methoxypropiophenone (4)、 Arboreumine (5)、 Asperfuran (6)、 p-Hydroxybenzoic acid (7)、 polybotrin (8)和Kojic acid dimethyl ether (9)。结论 从真菌Aspeigillus flavus 中分离得到9个化合物。     

角果木内生真菌Coriolopsis sp. J5代谢产物及活性研究

摘 要：目的 研究红树植物角果木内生真菌Coriolopsis sp. J5的活性次生代谢产物。方法 采用多种柱色谱技术对次生代谢产物进行分离纯化,根据理化常数和波谱数据分析鉴定化合物的结构;分别采用MTT法和滤纸片琼脂扩散法测定化合物的体外细胞毒活性及抗菌活性。结果 从角果木内生真菌Coriolopsis sp. J5的次生代谢产物中分离鉴定了7个化合物,分别为14-acetoxy-15-hydroxyirpexan（1）、15α-hydroxytrametenolic acid（2）、3β-hydroxylanosta-8,24- dien-21-oic acid（3）、latifolicinin C（4）、对羟基苯乙酸甲酯（5）、methyl 5-（2-methoxycarbonylethy）furan-2-carboxylate（6）和5-(2-carboxy-ethyl)-furan-2-carboxylic acid（7）。化合物1对人慢性髓原白血病细胞(K-562)和人肝癌细胞（BEL-7420）生长具有抑制作用,化合物5具有抗白色念珠菌（Candida albicans）、棉花黄萎病菌（Verticillium dahliae Kleb）和棉花枯萎镰刀菌（Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum）活性,化合物6具有抗地毯草黄单胞菌（Xanthomonas axonopodis）活性。结论 化合物1~5为首次从角果木内生真菌的次级代谢产物中分离得到,化合物6和7为新天然产物,并首次报道了化合物7的核磁数据;菌株Coriolopsis sp. J5能代谢产生具有细胞毒活性和抗菌活性的化合物。     

红树林来源耐酸真菌Aspergillus fumigatus OUCMDZ5210次生代谢产物的研究

目的 对源自泰国红树林底泥中的耐酸真菌Aspergillus fumigatus OUCMDZ 5210的次生代谢产物进行化学成分和生物活性的研究。方法 综合利用硅胶柱色谱、凝胶柱色谱和半制备高效液相色谱等多种方法对耐酸真菌Aspergillus fumigatus OUCMDZ5210的次生代谢产物进行分离;采用核磁共振谱（NMR）、质谱（MS）、紫外光谱（UV）等现代波谱学技术对分离得到的化合物进行结构鉴定;以人慢性髓性白血病细胞K562及人结肠癌细胞HCT116两株肿瘤细胞为研究模型,采用MTT法和CCK-8法对所分离的化合物进行细胞毒活性评价。结果 从耐酸真菌Aspergillus fumigatus OUCMDZ5210的次级代谢产物中分离得到6个吲哚二酮哌嗪类生物碱：tryprostatins B(1),fumitremorgin C(2),spirotryprostatin A(3), spirotryprostatin.B(4), 6-methoxyspirotryprostatin B (5), 8,9-dihydroxyspirotrypr-ostatin A(6)以及1个酰胺类化合物cephalimysin B(7)。结论 生物活性初步评价结果显示,化合物3和6对人结肠癌细胞HCT116以及人慢性髓性白血病细胞K562具有不同程度的抑制活性。     

曲霉属真菌Aspergillus sclerotiorum XJW-56中抗肿瘤活性次级代谢产物研究

目的对1株分离自南海沉淀物的曲霉属真菌Aspergillus sclerotiorum XJW-56的次级代谢产物进行分离、鉴定及抗肿瘤活性研究。方法采用溶剂萃取、柱色谱层析及制备HPLC等方法对真菌Aspergillus sclerotiorum XJW-56的发酵产物进行化学分离,通过NMR、MS等波谱学技术并参阅文献进行化合物结构鉴定,采用SRB和MTT法评价化合物的抗肿瘤活性。结果从发酵产物中分离得到10个asterriquinone类单体化合物(1~10),其化学结构分别鉴定为petromurin C methyl ether(1)、petromurin D methyl ether...     

海南海桑内生真菌Bionectria ochroleuca HHS111023次生代谢产物的研究

目的 研究中国特有红树植物海南海桑内生真菌Bionectria ochroleuca HHS111023的次生代谢产物及其生物活性。方法 利用多种柱色谱技术对次生代谢产物进行分离纯化;通过核磁与质谱数据分析结合理化常数及文献比对,鉴定化合物的结构;分别采用纸片琼脂扩散法和MTT法对化合物的抗菌活性和细胞毒活性进行测试。结果 从海南海桑内生真菌Bionectria ochroleuca HHS111023的次生代谢产物中分离鉴定了7个化合物：Lasiodiplodin (1)、(R)-de-O-methyllasiodiplodin (2)、(5S)-5-hydroxylasiodiplodin (3)、 (5R)-5-hydroxylasiodiplodin (4)、methyl (E)-11,12,15-trihydroxyoctadec-13-enoate (5)、对羟基苯乙醇 (6)、对羟基苯乙酸甲酯 (7)。化合物1和2分别对白色念珠菌和青枯雷尔氏菌具有抗菌活性,且分别对SGC-7901和K-562具有体外细胞毒活性。结论 化合物1 ~ 4为首次从淡色生赤壳菌Bionectria ochroleuca次生代谢产物中分离得到,化合物5为首次分离自微生物次生代谢产物;海南海桑内生真菌Bionectria ochroleuca HHS111023能产生具有抗菌和细胞毒活性的化合物。     

南海深海沉积环境来源真菌Aspergillus sp. SCSIO F063的次生代谢产物研究

目的 采用单株菌多次级代谢产物(OSMAC)策略对一株南海深海沉积环境来源真菌的次生代谢产物进行分离、鉴定及活性研究。方法 通过改变培养基组成并筛选合适的发酵条件,采用硅胶柱层析、反相ODS柱层析、半制备高效液相等色谱学方法对真菌Aspergillus sp. SCSIO F063的发酵产物进行化学分离,利用NMR, MS等波谱学技术并结合文献进行化合物的结构鉴定,并对化合物进行初步的抗氧化活性测试。结果 从菌株SCSIO F063中新增分离鉴定5个单体化合物： 6-O-methyl-averythrin(1), (2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2,4-dichlorobenzoate(2),dibutyl phthalate(3),folipastatin(4),di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate(5)。结论 改变培养基组成可以刺激该菌株产生不同类型的化合物,化合物1-5为首次从真菌SCSIO F063中分离得到。     

南海沉积环境来源真菌Eurotium sp.SCSIO F452的次生代谢产物研究

目的对1株南海沉积环境来源真菌的次生代谢产物进行分离、鉴定及活性研究。方法采用溶剂萃取、硅胶柱层析、凝胶柱层析等方法对真菌Eurotiumsp.SCSIO F452的发酵产物进行化学分离,通过NMR、MS等波谱学技术并参阅文献进行化合物结构鉴定,采用SRB法评价化合物的细胞毒活性。结果从菌株SCSIO F452中分离鉴定6个单体化合物,分别为:isodihydroauroglaucin(1)、flavoglaucin(2)、tetrahydroauro-glaucin(3)、2-(1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl)-1H-indole-3-carboxaldehyde(4)、neoechinulin A(5)和methyl lino-leate(6)。化合物1-5对4种肿瘤细胞系表现出不同强度的细胞毒活性。结论苯甲醛衍生物1-3是真菌SC-SIO F452的优势代谢产物,细胞毒活性较强,具有潜在的研究价值。     

两株大白鲨鳃部来源青霉生物碱及其生物活性研究r*

目的 探索大白鲨鳃部共附生真菌菌株 Penicillium sp. BP2T2 和 Penicillium sp. TBG2-2 的次生代谢产物。方法 利用柱色谱和高效液相色谱对发酵产物进行分离纯化,综合运用质谱、一维与二维核磁共振谱、比旋光测定和圆二色谱来鉴定化合物结构,采用结晶紫法评价化合物细胞毒活性,采用改良的微孔板法评价卤虫 Artemia salina 致死活性,采用纸片法评价其抗菌活性。结果 从菌株 Penicillium sp. BP2T2 发酵产物中分离鉴定到 1 个生物碱 Meleagrin （1）,从菌株 Penicillium sp. TBG2-2发酵产物中分离鉴定到3个生物碱,分别为fructigenine A （2）、（-）-cyclopenol （3） 和 viridicatol （4）。化合物 1、2 和 4 显示了对人结肠癌 HCT116 细胞株的细胞毒性,其半抑制浓度（IC50）分别为 5.1 μg/mL、40.5 μg/mL 和 59.0 μg/mL,并显示了对金黄色葡萄球菌或大肠埃希氏菌弱的抑菌活性,25 μg/片剂量下抑菌圈直径为7.5~8.0 mm。化合物 2 对卤虫的 24 h 半致死浓度为 125 μg/mL。结论 首次报道从鲨鱼鳃真菌中分离得到化合物 1~3 以及化合物 1、2 和 4 对 HCT116 细胞株的细胞毒性,鲨鱼鳃真菌作为研究较少的真菌资源在产生生物碱等次生代谢产物方面具有一定潜力。     

深海真菌Aspergillus sp. 20220129的次级代谢产物及抑菌活性研究

摘要：目的 研究西太平洋海域深海沉积物来源真菌Aspergillus sp. 20220129的次级代谢产物及抗菌活性。方法 采用 柱层析及高效液相色谱等方法对菌株Aspergillus sp. 20220129的大米发酵产物进行分离纯化。通过质谱和核磁共振等方法确定 化合物的结构。采用微量梯度稀释法对化合物开展抑菌活性评价。结果 共分离到9个化合物,分别为terretonin(1)、terretonin A(2)、methyl dichloroasterrate(3)、methyl asterrate(4)、methyl 6-acetyl-5,7,8-trihydroxy-4-methoxy-2-naphthalenecarboxylate(5)、 territrem B(6)、alantrypinone(7)、butyrolactone I(8)和versicolactone B(9)。化合物5、8和9对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)具有一定的抑菌效果,化合物5和8的最低抑菌浓度为100 μg/mL,化合物9为50 μg/mL。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.