佛山市某社区精神病现况调查和生活质量测量

目的了解社会人群精神疾病的患病情况,指导开展精神病的社区防治和康复工作.方法采用普查的方法,调查佛山市城区祖庙街社区l5岁以上人群精神疾病的流行状况,并对患者和社区对照组进行生活质量平行测量.结果该社区共有15岁以上精神疾病患者335例,时点患病率和终生患病率分别为I1.62‰和12.11%o;精神分裂症、精神发育迟滞和老年性痴呆是社区人群中3种最主要的精神疾病;离婚、丧偶、文化程度低者患病率较高;精神病患者的生活质量显著低于正常对照组,P<0.01.结论必须重视社区中的精神疾病的防治.精神疾病的社区调查,有利于确定精神疾病的社区防治和康复工作重点.     

2003年聊城市东昌府区城区部分中小学生沙眼患病调查

[目的 ]了解聊城市东昌府区城区中小学生沙眼患病情况。 [方法 ] 2 0 0 3年 10～ 11月对 5所中小学的学生进行沙眼患病情况调查。 [结果 ]调查 95 41人 ,沙眼患病率为 2 1 5 7%。 5所学校学生分别为 2 5 47%、14 0 6%、2 0 68%、2 1 41%、2 3 5 0 % ,各学校间患病率差异有统计学意义 (P <0 0 1) ;男生为 2 2 45 % ,女生为 2 0 62 % ,差异有统计学意义(P <0 0 5 ) ;5～ 14岁学生患病率分别为 14 18%、2 6 2 8%、2 2 5 3 %、2 2 0 3 %、2 4 0 1%、18 0 9%、16 5 9%、2 1 61%、2 2 16%、2 0 85 % ,各年龄组间的差异有统计学意义 (P <0 0 5 ) ;患者中 ,I期占 94 3 2 % ,Ⅱ期占 4 3 2 % ,Ⅲ期占 1 3 6%。 [结论 ]东昌府区城区中小学学生沙眼患病率较高 ,应加强防治。     

广西壮族自治区农村地区精神疾病流行病学调查

[目的]了解广西壮族自治区≥15岁农村居民各类精神疾病的患病水平和分布特征。[方法]2007年7～12月采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法随机抽取10县13910人≥15岁的农村居民为调查对象进行入户调查。以中国疾病预防控制中心精神卫生中心提供的中文版本的复合性国际诊断问卷(CIDI3.0)为筛查工具,以国际疾病及相关健康问题分类第10版(ICD-10)为诊断标准。[结果]完成调查11191人,调查完成率为80.45%。广西农村地区精神疾病总时点患病率和总终生患病率分别为23.77‰和26.81‰。按终生患病率高低排列,广西农村地区前3位特定精神疾病是精神分裂症(9.20‰)、酒依赖(6.17‰)和抑郁(5.27‰)。总终生患病率女性(21.30‰)低于男性(31.85‰),差异有统计学意义(RR=0.68,95%CI=0.53～0.84,P=0.001);壮族(33.45‰)高于汉族(21.84‰),差异有统计学意义(RR=1.56,95%CI=1.21～2.01,P=0.001)。抑郁患病率在55～64岁年龄组和离婚人群患病率较高;25～34岁组和未婚是精神分裂症患病高发人群;酒精依赖症患病率在35～54岁组、65～74岁组和小学及以下人群较高。[结论]精神分裂症、酒依赖和抑郁是广西农村地区主要精神疾病,应针对其患病高发人群开展防控干预工作。     

2002年高密市城市社区居民慢性非传染性疾病患病情况调查

[目的 ]了解高密市城市社区居民的慢性病患病情况 ,为今后制定相应的社区干预措施提供依据。 [方法 ] 2 0 0 2年 3～ 12月 ,在高密市 4处城市社区整群抽取 2 768名居民进行入户调查。 [结果 ]慢性病患病率为 14 0 17‰ ,患病率较高的是高血压、骨关节病、胃及十二指肠病、心脑血管病、糖尿病。 40岁以上人群高血压患病率为 2 5 6 73‰。 [结论 ]应针对不同人群慢性病患病特点 ,采取相应的干预措施 ,预防和控制慢性病。     

绍兴市1991年与2001年精神疾病患病率调查

目的　了解 1 991年与 2 0 0 1年绍兴市人群中精神疾病的患病率及社区精神卫生服务状况。方法　采用线索调查与逐户调查相结合 ,对市区、农村共 339651人口进行调查 ,并与 1 991年的相关资料进行对照。结果　 1 991年与 2 0 0 1年精神疾病终生患病率分别为 1 0 .1 7‰和 1 3 .85‰ ,时点患病率分别为 9.51‰和 1 2 .77‰ ,≥ 1 5岁人口的时点患病率为 1 1 .70‰和 1 4 .60‰ ,神经症、酒依赖、药物依赖的患病率上升明显 (χ2 分别为 1 2 5 .72、1 0 1 .0 7、8.97,P <0 .0 1 )。各类疾病中神经症、精神分裂症、精神发育迟滞居前三位。城市精神疾病患者的劳动能力、经济状况、就医条件、监护情况均好于农村。结论　绍兴市 1 0年间精神疾病患病率呈上升趋势 ,与经济、社会、文化发展相关的精神疾病患病率升高明显。城、乡精神卫生社区服务发展不平衡 ,农村精神疾病防治工作应予加强     

泰兴市35岁以上居民原发性高血压患病情况及其危险因素研究

[目的 ]了解泰兴市居民原发性高血压患病情况及其危险因素。 [方法 ] 2 0 0 0年以村 (居委会 )为单位 ,抽样调查 3 5岁以上居民 2 0 5 48人 ,调查原发性高血压的患病情况及其危险因素。 [结果 ]调查对象中 ,高血压患病率为3 7 5 % ;高血压患者的高血压知晓率、治疗率和控制率分别为 19 6%、12 7%、8 8% ;多因素非条件Logistic回归分析结果 ,高血压发病的主要危险因素为年龄、BMI、吸烟、高血压家族史、口味偏咸、睡眠时间少 ,蔬菜、油脂摄入量为保护性因素。 [结论 ]泰兴市高血压患病人数众多 ,亟需开展社区高血压的综合防治 ,普及防治知识 ,做好查、治、管工作     

邹城市城区部分成年居民高血压患病及其危险因素调查

[目的 ]了解城区居民高血压患病情况及其危险因素 ,为开展高血压防治提供依据。 [方法 ] 2 0 0 3年在邹城市城区整群抽取单位、居民组 2 0岁以上人群 ,测量血压、身高、体重 ,了解高血压有关危险因素。 [结果 ]调查 3 2 5 8人 ,高血压患病率为 17 2 5 %。与高血压患病有关的危险因素有吸烟、饮酒、口味偏咸、超重与肥胖、缺少体育锻炼 (RR =1 3 4、2 2 6、1 17、3 68、2 5 9) ;父亲患高血压、脑卒中与母亲患脑卒中的子女高血压患病率较高 (RR =1 5 0、2 45、1 89) ;住在闹市区的患病率高于住在郊区的 ,住楼房的高于住平房的 (RR =2 0 6、1 65 )。 [结论 ]邹城市城区居民高血压患病率较高 ,应针对有关危险因素开展高血压防治工作。     

金乡县部分中学教师糖尿病患病情况调查

[目的 ]了解中学教师糖尿病 (DM )患病情况。 [方法 ] 2 0 0 2年对金乡县 5 68名在职中学教师进行健康查体 ,采用葡萄糖氧化酶法测定空腹血糖。 [结果 ]DM患病率为 8 2 7% ,其中 2型占 97 87% ;新诊DM患者 2 2例 ,均为 2型。糖耐量低减 (IGT)患病率为 18 84%。DM、IGT患病率随年龄的增长而增高。IGT患病率男性高于女性。有阳性家族史者DM患病率为 48 0 0 % ,IGT患病率为 5 6 0 0 %。 [结论 ]被调查的中学生教师DM患病率高于一般人群     

温州市区小学生口腔卫生知识、习惯及龋患情况调查分析

[目的 ]了解温州市区小学生口腔卫生保健知识、卫生习惯及龋齿患病情况 ,为开展龋病防治提供依据。[方法 ]采用整群抽样方法 ,根据《2 0 0 0年全国学生体质健康状况调查研究工作手册》要求和WHO推荐的口腔健康检查方法 ,对温州市区部分小学 4～ 6年级学生进行问卷调查和口腔检查。[结果 ]学生龋齿患病率为 2 4 5 % (男 2 2 8% ,女 2 6 5 % ) ,龋均为 0 5 3 ;学生口腔卫生保健知识偏低 ,龋患率与口腔卫生习惯、行为密切相关 ,有良好口腔卫生习惯者龋齿患病率降低 (P<0 0 2 5 )。[结论 ]必须加强学生口腔预防保健知识的宣传和教育工作 ,培养学生良好口腔卫生习惯 ,降低龋齿发病率。     

柳州地区1956～2000年麻风病流行病学分析

目的 :分析柳州地区 195 6～ 2 0 0 0年麻风病流行特征 ,为今后制定防治策略提供科学依据。方法 :收集全地区各县 (市 )历年麻风病人防治动态统计表 ,及登记在册的麻风病患者的个案资料并进行统计学分析。结果 :195 6～ 2 0 0 0年累计发现麻风病人 996人 ,年均发病率为 0 .74 / 10万 ;发病率最高是 195 6～ 196 0年段 ,发病人数 184例 ,阶段发病率为 2 .11/10万 ;年均患病率为 0 .0 4 5‰ ,患病最高的是 1970年 ,患病人数为 2 82例 ,患病率为 0 .13‰ ,经过 4 5年的麻风病防治工作 ,麻风病患病率明显下降 ,1992年以来麻风病年均患病率 <0 .0 0 3‰ ,近五年平均年发病率 <0 .5 / 10万 ,以上两项指标已达到基本消灭麻风病标准。结论 :柳州地区麻风病防治效果显著 ,流行趋势呈稳步下降 ,已由中流行区转入低流行区。但近几年来 ,全地区每年始终有 2～ 3例新病人和复发病人出现 ,一旦放松控制 ,仍可能会构成公共卫生问题。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine in relation to surface temperatures

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine was assessed in relation to thermal conditions prevailing on the surface. For each day of a 1-year prospective case series of heat exhaustion, surface 24-h mean wet and dry bulb temperatures were recorded. From this data, 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperatures were derived using certain assumptions. The three surface temperature variables were significantly higher on those days on which heat exhaustion occurred, compared to those days on which it did not occur (P < 0.001). The relative risk of heat exhaustion on days when the 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperature was in the range 26.0-28.0 degrees C was 4.82 (95% confidence interval 2.12-10.96). Surface temperature data could be used at this mine to warn miners about the risk of heat exhaustion.