第二足趾联合第一足趾腓侧皮瓣移植加甲床扩大修饰性再造拇指25例

目的 探索应用第二足趾联合第一足趾腓侧皮瓣移植加甲床扩大修饰性再造拇指的临床效果.方法 对外伤性拇指缺损进行清创后采用第二足趾联合第一足趾腓侧条形岛状皮瓣镶嵌移植加甲床扩大一期再造拇指25例.结果 再造拇指术后25例全部成活,经1年以上的随访,再造拇指血运良好,指甲与正常拇指近似,接近正常拇指外形,所有病例恢复触、痛、温觉.结论 应用显微外科技术,设计采用游离第二足趾联合第一足趾腓侧皮瓣移植加甲床扩大行急诊修饰性再造拇指,可获得较好的临床效果.     

游离足趾移植急诊拇手指再造106例

目的总结游离足趾移植急诊拇手指再造的临床经验,进一步探讨游离足趾移植急诊拇手指再造的可行性.方法 1997年1月～2005年2月收治外伤性拇手指缺损患者106例,清创后,采用（足母）趾移植急诊再造拇指8例,第二足趾移植再造拇指69例、再造中指7例、再造食指4例、再造环指3例、再造手1例,双侧第二足趾移植同时再造拇食指3例、再造食中指7例、再造中环指3例、再造手1例.结果再造拇手指106例119指成活118指,无一例感染,经3～66个月随访,所有再造拇手指血运丰富,感觉恢复良好,对指和对掌灵活.结论对于外伤性拇手指缺损,经过彻底清创,科学设计,采用游离足趾移植急诊再造,可以获得满意的再造效果.     

急诊足趾移植治疗撕脱性拇指缺损

目的 报道急诊足趾移植治疗撕脱性拇指缺损的临床效果.方法 分别采用示指尺侧指神经、示指或环指浅屈肌腱、示指固有伸肌腱移位,第二足趾游离移植急诊再造拇指.结果再造拇指4例全部成活,经8～18个月随访,所有再造拇指血运丰富,感觉恢复良好,对指对掌灵活.结论 采用神经和肌腱移位、足趾移植是急诊治疗撕脱性拇指缺损较为理想的方法,扩大了急诊足趾移植再造拇指的适应证.     

急诊第二足趾移植再造拇指27例

目的进一步探讨急诊游离第二足趾移植拇指再造的可行性。方法毁损性拇指缺如彻底清创后游离第二足趾一期再造拇指27例。结果再造拇指全部成活,无手术并发症。随访半年至四年。再造拇指外形满意,感觉好,关节功能优良。结论充分术前准备,彻底清创是再造成功的条件,熟练的解剖知识,精湛的显微外科技术和术后正确功能锻炼是再造成功的关键。     

基层医院急诊第二足趾游离移植再造拇指12例体会

基层医院急诊第二足趾游离移植再造拇指１２例体会杨富田，唐向东，王东，唐树伍１９８８年１月至１９９２年６月，我们对创伤所致毁损性拇指缺损急诊行第二足趾游离移植再造拇指１２例，全部成活。经术后随访最长４８个月，最短６个月，６例第二足趾移植再造拇指指间关节...     

急诊第二足趾末节游离移植再造拇指指尖的临床研究

目的 探讨急诊游离移植第二足趾末节再造拇指指尖缺损的临床治疗效果.方法 根据拇指指尖部缺损大小、形状.设计第二足趾末节或者指尖急诊再造拇指指尖15例15指.第二足趾胫侧趾底动脉、神经与拇主要动脉及指同有神经吻合,吻合静脉主要以指(趾)背静脉为主,亦吻合指(趾)腹静脉.结果 再造拇指指尖15例15指术后全部成活.随访3个月～3年,再造拇指指尖与正常指尖相似,指甲、指纹生长良好,两点分辨觉在4～6 mm,对捏、持物功能良好.供足部功能无影响.结论 应用第二足趾末节游离移植急诊再造拇指指尖,外形美观,功能恢复佳,手术方法简单,成功率高,可满足患者心理需求等优点.     

拇指外伤坏死亚急诊足趾移植再造一例

拇指外伤坏死亚急诊足趾移植再造一例夏英慧，李平统，林益清，吴健峰急诊或二期行游离足趾移植再造拇指，已在广泛开展。而在拇指坏死，感染情况下进行一期再造，尚鲜有报道，我科于１９９４年６月为１例拇指外伤坏死７天的患者进行亚急诊游离足趾移植再造获得成功，报道...     

急诊拇趾腓侧皮瓣嵌入塑形第2足趾移植拇指再造

目的 总结在急诊第2足趾移植拇指再造术中,应用拇趾腓侧皮瓣嵌入塑形的临床经验.方法 1998年1月-2003年1月,急诊应用带拇趾腓侧皮瓣嵌入塑形的第2足趾移植再造外伤性拇指缺损12例,男9例,女3例;年龄23～45岁.撕脱伤5例,压砸伤7例.缺损程度:Ⅲ度5例,Ⅳ度1例(清创后为Ⅴ度缺损),Ⅴ度6例.伤后至手术时间2～7 h,平均5.4 h.术中切取拇趾腓侧皮瓣范围1.5 cm×0.5 cm～2.0 cm×0.8 cm.拇趾腓侧供区直接缝合,第2足趾供区游离植皮覆盖.结果 术后伤口及供区切口均Ⅰ期愈合.12例再造拇指全部成活.随访2年,再造拇指关节活动度为60～90°,平均74°;两点辨别觉为6～10 mm,平均8 mm.再造拇指功能、运动、外观均满意.结论 拇趾腓侧皮瓣嵌入塑形急诊第2足趾移植再造拇指,具有操作简便、安全、经济的优点,外观良好,功能满意.     

带跖骨足趾移植串联前踝上皮瓣修复手指伴手掌部分缺损

目的 探讨采用带跖骨第二足趾移植串联前踝上皮瓣游离移植修复手指伴手掌部分缺损的临床疗效.方法 2009年12月至2011年2月,应用带跖骨第二足趾串联前踝上皮瓣游离移植修复手指伴手掌部分缺损4例,其中2～5指伴部分掌骨缺损2例,用一足带跖骨第二足趾串联前踝上皮瓣游离移植再造中指,并修复手掌、手背皮肤缺损;取另一足第二足趾及跖骨再造示指.第一掌骨基底以远掌骨及拇指缺损2例,用带跖骨第二足趾串联前踝上皮瓣游离移植再造拇指及第一掌骨,并修复手桡侧皮肤缺损. 结果 术后4例移植的前踝上皮瓣及足趾全部成活,伤口一期愈合.术后3～6个月随访,再造指外形较满意,皮瓣不臃肿、质地好.4例患者经功能锻炼后均能完成对指及屈、伸指动作,可满足日常工作需要.供足外形满意,无功能障碍,小腿植皮区全部成活,无皮肤破溃. 结论 对于手指伴部分手掌缺损,应用带跖骨第二足趾串联前踝上皮瓣游离移植,不仅可以较好的恢复手的功能,而且不切取足背皮肤,对足部外形及功能影响较小.     

第二足趾近侧趾间关节游离移植再造拇指及手指关节

目的 探讨第二足趾近侧趾间关节游离移植再造拇指及手指指间关节缺损的临床效果.方法 对拇、手指关节损伤12例12指,其中全关节缺损7例,半关节缺损5例.采用吻合血管的第二足趾近侧趾间关节游离移植修复,其中再造近侧指间关节9指、远侧指间关节3指.结果 移植关节12例12指全部成活,伤口均一期愈合.术后随访3～18个月,近侧指间关节屈曲活动度为40°～80°(平均60°),移植远侧指间关节屈曲活动度为20°～65°(平均30°).移植关节均未出现退行性变,无关节不稳及关节脱位,未出现骨不连及再骨折现象.结论 对于拇、手指关节缺损,采用第二足趾近侧趾间关节游离移植再造,可获得较好的临床效果.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.