胫骨平台后内髁劈裂骨折的手术治疗

目的:探讨膝关节后内侧入路手术复位内固定治疗胫骨平台后内髁劈裂骨折的临床疗效。方法:2006年1月至2009年7月,采用后侧入路手术治疗胫骨平台后内髁劈裂骨折获得随访的患者21例,男14例,女7例;年龄28～68岁,平均36.9岁。致伤原因:车祸伤14例,高处坠落伤7例。合并伤:合并前交叉韧带损伤15例,均为胫骨平台止点撕脱;合并胫骨平台后外侧塌陷骨折14例。采用膝关节后内侧入路手术复位内固定治疗,术后据Rasmussen膝关节功能评定方法评定疗效。结果:21例均获随访,时间12～30个月,平均17.3个月。无切口感染,无内固定松动及断裂,无骨不愈合,无膝关节内、外翻畸形和骨折再移位。术后后内髁骨折均达解剖复位,1例术后小腿内下方感觉麻木。术后根据Rasmussen膝关节功能评定标准:优12例,良7例,可2例。结论:膝关节后内侧手术治疗胫骨平台后内髁劈裂骨折,有利于平台后内髁骨折的复位和固定,具有暴露清楚、内固定安放方便、创伤小及临床疗效好等优点。     

钢板结合记忆合金弓齿钉治疗胫骨平台骨折

目的探讨钢板结合形状记忆合金弓齿钉内固定治疗复杂胫骨平台骨折的临床疗效。方法 2008年6月至2010年10月收治15例复杂性胫骨平台骨折患者,其中男10例,女5例;年龄25~65岁,平均43.3岁。受伤原因:车祸伤8例,高处坠落伤5例,重物砸伤2例。按Schatzker分型为V、Ⅵ型。均采用锁定钢板结合形状记忆合金弓齿钉内固定治疗。结果 15例患者均获得随访,时间13~30个月,平均21个月。全部病例均获得骨性愈合,平均愈合时间3.2个月。按照R asm ussen胫骨髁部骨折膝关节功能评分,本组优5例,良8例,可2例,优良率86.7%。结论钢板结合形状记忆合金弓齿钉治疗复杂胫骨平台骨折,复位满意,固定牢靠,是治疗复杂胫骨平台骨折可选择的治疗方法之一。     

有限切开间接复位LCP固定治疗胫骨平台骨折

目的探讨有限切开间接复位LCP内固定治疗胫骨平台骨折的临床效果。方法自2011-09—2013-05采用C型臂X线机透视下有限切开间接复位、LCP内固定治疗胫骨平台骨折21例。小切口置入LCP固定,对SchatzkerⅡ~Ⅳ型骨折均进行自体骨植骨,采用Rasmussen评分标准进行膝关节功能评定。结果 21例均获得随访,随访时间4~11个月,平均5.5个月。术后3个月时X线片显示骨折均骨性愈合,未见胫骨平台高度丢失;膝关节功能评定:优18例,良2例,可1例,优良率为95.2%。结论应用有限切开间接复位LCP内固定治疗胫骨平台骨折创伤小、固定坚强、可早期功能锻炼,术后关节功能恢复好、并发症少。     

关节镜辅助下微创经皮螺钉内固定治疗胫骨平台骨折

目的:探讨关节镜辅助下微创经皮螺钉内固定治疗胫骨平台骨折的可行性及疗效。方法:自2001年1月-2005年1月,应用膝关节镜检查及监测下经皮螺钉内固定治疗胫骨平台骨折27例,按照Schatzker分类法:Ⅰ型9例,Ⅱ型8例,Ⅲ型5例,Ⅳ型5例。所有病例均行经皮骨折有限显露复位,适当植骨,应用1~3枚松质骨拉力螺钉内固定,术后配合CPM功能锻炼。结果:本组随访6~24个月,平均15个月。骨折临床愈合时间3~4个月,平均3·5个月。无畸形愈合、感染、螺钉断裂。按Sanders膝关节功能评分法评定结果:优12例,良11例,中3例,差1例,优良率85·2%。结论:关节镜辅助经皮螺钉内固定是治疗胫骨平台骨折的有效方法之一,其对膝关节创伤小,可达解剖复位,固定可靠,患肢功能恢复好,并发症少。     

胫骨平台后髁骨折的治疗

目的:探讨胫骨平台后髁骨折的治疗方法。方法:9例胫骨平台后髁骨折患者,男6例,女3例;年龄24~58岁,平均36岁。左侧2例,右侧7例。骨折类型:后外侧髁骨折5例,后内侧髁骨折1例,双髁骨折3例,采用后内和(或)后外侧入路复位内固定治疗。结果:9例均获随访,随访时间6~32个月,平均18·4个月。患膝关节功能评定按Hohl评分标准:优7例,良2例。关节面未见明显塌陷情况。结论:膝关节的后内和(或)外侧入路较前侧入路能更充分暴露后关节间隙及胫骨平台后髁,为骨折的直视复位和植骨内固定提供了良好的操作空间。     

微创治疗SchatzkerⅡ型胫骨平台骨折合并膝内侧副韧带损伤

目的对于临床常见的SchatzkerⅡ型胫骨平台骨折合并膝内侧副韧带损伤进行手术治疗,探讨微创治疗的有效、实用方法。方法 11例SchatzkerⅡ型胫骨平台骨折合并膝内侧副韧带损伤采用微创下开窗撬拨植骨结合微创钢板内固定技术（MIPPO）复位固定胫骨平台骨折,双固定螺钉固定膝内侧副韧带损伤,术后支具外固定配合积极康复功能训练。结果本组手术时间50~75 min,平均62 min。11例均获得平均13（5~20）个月随访,膝关节功能良好,无复位不良、感染、骨折不愈合、创伤性关节炎以及膝关节失稳等并发症,术后X线片显示骨折复位固定满意。末次随访时按Rasmussen评分法对膝关节功能进行评估：优7例,良3例,可1例。结论采用微创技术治疗膝外翻应力所致SchatzkerⅡ型胫骨平台骨折合并膝内侧副韧带损伤具有操作简便、固定牢靠、功能恢复良好、治疗效果确切的优点。     

髓内钉联合钢板内固定治疗胫骨干合并胫骨平台骨折的疗效分析

目的探讨髓内钉结合钢板内固定治疗胫骨干合并胫骨平台骨折的临床疗效。方法笔者自2010-01—2013-01采用髓内钉结合钢板内固定治疗13例胫骨干合并胫骨平台骨折。结果手术时间平均60(45~70)min,13例切口均一期愈合。所有患者获得12~24个月随访,平均15.6个月,均获骨性愈合,功能恢复良好。术后6个月膝关节功能按Lysholm评分标准评价:优8例,良4例,可1例。胫骨功能恢复按Johner-Wruhs评分标准评价:优9例,良3例,可1例。结论髓内钉结合钢板内固定治疗胫骨干合并胫骨平台骨折具有手术时间短,术中损伤小,术后恢复快,伤肢功能好等优点,疗效满意。     

胫骨平台骨折外科术式的选择

目的:分析胫骨平台骨折外科术式的选择及其适应证。方法:胫骨平台骨折患者89例,根据其骨折情况,分别采用闭合撬拨整复空心螺钉内固定和开放整复钢板内固定治疗,根据Hohl膝关节功能评分方法评估两种术式各自的疗效。结果:闭合撬拨整复组有45例得到随访,平均随访时间38个月,根据改良Hohl膝关节功能评分方法评定疗效,优20例,良19例,中3例,差3例,优良率86.7%。开放整复组38例均获随访,平均随访时间36个月,根据Hohl改良膝关节功能评分方法评定疗效,优19例,良14例,中3例,差2例,优良率86.8%。结论:撬拨整复空心螺钉内固定的方法相对适宜于Ⅰ~Ⅳ型(Schatzker分型)胫骨平台骨折,而对Ⅴ、Ⅵ型骨折的患者必须行切开复位钢板坚强内固定。     

关节镜结合MIPPO技术治疗Schatzker Ⅳ型胫骨平台骨折

目的 :探讨关节镜结合微创经皮钢板内固定(minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis,MIPPO)技术治疗SchatzkerⅣ型胫骨平台骨折的临床效果。方法:2012年1月至2016年1月采用关节镜结合MIPPO技术治疗19例SchatzkerⅣ型胫骨平台骨折,男12例,女7例;年龄19~78岁,平均46.5岁;术前均有膝关节疼痛、肿胀、屈伸受限等症状,术后对患者进行随访,采用Rasmussen进行膝关节功能评分。结果:术后无感染、创伤性关节炎、膝关节内外翻畸形等并发症。19例均获得随访,时间12~24个月,平均18.6个月;骨折愈合时间3~5个月,平均3.8个月;患者膝关节肿痛及活动受限情况明显改善,关节自主活动范围90°~136°。Rasmussen功能总分27.00±2.49;优16例,良2例,可1例。结论 :关节镜结合MIPPO技术治疗SchatzkerⅣ型胫骨平台骨折,可同时处理半月板等膝关节内部结构损伤,创伤小,并发症少,关节功能恢复快,但要严格掌握手术适应证,避免扩大损伤。     

经膝关节后侧切口后内/外联合入路治疗胫骨平台后髁粉碎骨折

[目的]探讨胫骨平台后髁粉碎骨折的手术入路及操作技巧,总结其临床疗效.[方法]回顾性分析自2009年5月～2012年1月本科收治的胫骨平台后髁粉碎骨折11例,其中男8例,女3例;年龄21 ～53岁,平均36岁;左侧3例,右侧8例;受伤原因:交通事故伤9例,高处跌落伤2例.11例均合并不同程度胫骨内外侧平台骨折.所有病例采取膝关节后侧切口、后内/外侧联合入路、支撑钢板内固定治疗.[结果] 11例患者均顺利完成手术,无手术并发症发生;随访8 ～18个月,平均13个月,骨折均获骨性愈合,骨折愈合时间2～4个月,平均3个月,无骨折再塌陷及膝内外翻畸形发生.根据Rasmussen膝关节功能评分:优6例,良3例,可2例.[结论]经膝关节后侧切口、后内/外侧联合入路、支撑钢板内固定治疗胫骨平台后髁粉碎骨折手术直观、骨折复位固定效果好,无骨折再塌陷等临床并发症发生,获得优良的膝关节功能恢复.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.