广西淡水鱼携带异形科吸虫囊蚴的调查研究

目的了解广西淡水鱼异形科吸虫感染情况。方法使用消化法对从桂北的阳朔县及桂南的南宁市、马山县、扶绥县和宾阳县等地采集的淡水鱼进行检查。结果共检查各种鱼类316尾,分属鲤科33种、Centropomidae科和丽鱼科各1种。鲤科鱼33种中有28种、Centropomidae科的Coreoperca whiteheadi 1种带有异形吸虫囊蚴。共检出后殖吸虫、扇棘单睾吸虫、钩棘单睾吸虫和台湾棘带吸虫等4种异形吸虫囊蚴,其感染率分别为28.2%、27.5%、44.3%和10.8%。桂北检查112尾,后殖吸虫感染率为78.6%;桂南检查204尾,钩棘单睾吸虫感染率最高,为63.2%,其次为扇棘单睾吸虫42.7%和台湾棘带吸虫16.7%,后殖吸虫为0.5%。结论广西各地淡水鱼异形吸虫感染非常普遍和严重,尤以桂南为甚。异形吸虫与华支睾吸虫感染方式相同、流行区域重叠及虫卵形态相似,临床上要注意其鉴别诊断。     

钩棘单睾吸虫形态学观察

目的　对钩棘单睾吸虫(Haplorchispumilio)进行形态学观察,为与其相似吸虫的鉴别提供依据。　方法家猫感染钩棘单睾吸虫囊蚴45d后解剖,从小肠粘膜收集成虫,压片、染色、观察。收集虫卵、囊蚴、后尾蚴,观察其形态、结构等。检查麦穗鱼不同部位肌肉,分析确定钩棘单睾吸虫囊蚴寄生部位。　结果　成虫腹吸盘已退化,只有生殖吸盘,其盘上有锯齿状小钩44～48枚。虫卵大小平均31.2×16.7μm,壳光滑,肩峰不明显。囊蚴直径平均为168.5μm,囊内幼虫布满鳞状体棘。囊蚴只寄生在鱼鳍基部与鱼体连接的肌肉内。后尾蚴,大小平均为445×95μm,全身披鳞状体棘,生殖吸盘上的小钩大部分可见。　结论　囊蚴形态特征、寄生部位和成虫有无生殖吸盘及盘上的小钩数和形状,为鉴别本虫的重要依据     

Prevalence of Haplorchis taichui among humans and fish in Luang Prabang Province,Lao PDR

This study confirmed the prevalence of the intestinal fluke Haplorchis taichui (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) among people and fish in Luang Prabang Province, Lao PDR. Fecal specimens were collected from 559 riparian people (229 males and 330 females), residing in 4 Districts (Luang Prabang, Xieng Ngeun, Pak Ou, and Nam Bak) and were examined by the Kato-Katz fecal smear technique. The overall helminth egg positive rate was 64.9%. The positive rate for small trematode eggs (STE), which may include H. taichui and other heterophyids, Opisthorchis viverrini, and lecithodendriids, was 15.2%. For recovery of adult helminths, 10 STE-positive people were treated with 40 mg/kg praziquantel and 15 mg/kg pyrantel pamoate, and then purged. Mixed infections with 3 Haplorchis species (H. taichui, H. pumilio, and H. yokogawai), a species of cestode (Taenia saginata), and several species of nematodes including Enterobius vermicularis and hookworms were found. The worm load for trematodes was exclusively high for H. taichui with an average of 7691 specimens per infected person, followed by H. yokogawai (8.3 specimens) and H. pumilio (4.1 specimens). Out of 207 freshwater fish (17 species) purchased in a market in Luang Prabang District, 138 (67%) harboured H. taichui metacercariae (metacercarial burden per fish; 520). Lower prevalence of fish and lower metacercarial density were observed for H. yokogawai (52% and 50 per fish, respectively) and H. pumilio (18% and 3 per fish, respectively). STE found in the surveyed population of Luang Prabang Province were verified to be those of intestinal fukes, particularly H. taichui.     

虫卵ITS-2序列分析鉴别华支睾吸虫和扇棘单睾吸虫的研究

目的建立以分子生物学技术为基础的华支睾吸虫与扇棘单睾吸虫的ITS-2序列分析鉴别方法。方法在华支睾吸虫流行区采集华支睾吸虫和扇棘单睾吸虫成虫,从成虫虫体分离并收集虫卵。以蛔虫、鞭虫、钩虫、蛲虫做对照虫种,按不同虫种和虫卵数分成5个实验组,各组分别提取DNA,并扩增ITS-2序列,对扩增产物进行测序并作同源性分析以确保为目标片段,根据PCR扩增产物电泳获得的条带判定虫种。结果以华支睾吸虫和扇棘单睾吸虫虫卵DNA为模板的PCR产物电泳图谱分别在400bp、500bp左右各显示一条明显条带;在以两种虫卵DNA混合液为模板的PCR产物中,电泳图谱在400bp左右和500bp左右各显示明显条带。将测序得到的两种核苷酸序列进行Blast比对后,显示与GenBank中相应的华支睾吸虫和扇棘单睾吸虫序列高度同源。混入四种肠道线虫虫卵DNA的PCR产物中,除目的条带外,无其他条带。结论该方法可以对华支睾吸虫及扇棘单睾吸虫虫卵进行鉴别,且结果不受常见四种肠道线虫虫卵干扰,敏感性和特异性较高,可作为两虫种的鉴别检测方法。     

螺类宿主感染钩棘单睾吸虫尾蚴的调查与感染实验

本文对钩棘单睾吸虫的第一中间螺蛳宿主自然感染情况进行调查，显示了一年中该虫尾蚴感染率随季节呈动态变化，10月份瘤拟黑螺感染率高达5.42％。各地瘤拟黑螺与纹沼螺平均感染率分别为2.45％（38／1548）与0.73％（20／2726），表明前者为本吸虫更为适宜的第一中间宿主。感染实验结果表明，该虫尾蚴侵染鱼类宿主后须经25d囊蚴发育完全成熟，而囊蚴感染终未宿主仅4d即可发育为成虫并产卵，其发育迅速为吸虫类所罕见。     

Discrimination of Opisthorchis viverrini from Haplorchis taichui using COI sequence marker

This study aimed to discriminate infections of two common fish-borne trematodes in Thailand, Opisthorchis viverrini from Haplorchis taichui, based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Designed primers (COI-OV-Hap F&R primers) amplified partial COI fragments of O. viverrini and H. taichui with high sensitivity in different developmental stages (adult, metacercaria, and egg). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplicons were generated with low genomic DNA concentration ( approximately 10(-4)ng) of O. viverrini and H. taichui at 50 and 56 degrees C annealing temperatures, respectively. At 50 degrees C, COI fragments of Clonorchis sinensis and H. taichui were also obtained, but this was less sensitive than O. viverrini. At 56 degrees C, only H. taichui could be amplified and discriminated from H. pumilio, H. yogokawai, O. viverrini, and C. sinensis. Between 50 and 56 degrees C, the PCR amplicons of H. pumilio and H. yogokawai were amplified with low specificity and low sensitivity. The genetic characters among O. viverrini, C. sinensis, and H. taichui were distinguished by PCR-RFLP method. The PCR-RFLP profiles might be useful for diagnosing mixed O. viverrini and H. taichui infections in endemic areas, and for detecting metacercariae of O. viverrini, C. sinensis and H. taichui in epidemiological surveys of infections in fish hosts.     

青少年高血压的研究进展

随着人们生活和行为方式的改变,高血压发病明显呈年轻化趋势。在青少年时期识别高血压病高危人群有助于早期进行有效干预和治疗,降低未来高血压的发生率及其严重性。现试从青少年高血压的诊断、发病因素、特点、治疗策略等方面的研究进展作一综述。     

Morbidity in cardiovascular diseases in immigrants in Sweden

INTRODUCTION: Although immigration to Sweden has increased in the last few decades, the incidence rates of cardiovascular disease and coronary heart disease in immigrants are unknown. The aim of the present study is to estimate whether place of birth affects the incidence rates of cardiovascular disease and coronary heart disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was designed as a follow-up study on morbidity in cardiovascular disease and coronary heart disease between 1 January 1997 and 31 December 1998, including three and a half million persons with age range 35-64 years, of whom 550 000 were born abroad, from the database MigMed consisting of the whole Swedish population. Incidence rates and relative risks were estimated by indirect standardization and a proportional hazard model. RESULTS: The age-adjusted risk of coronary heart disease was higher in most foreign-born groups than in Swedes. For example, in nine of 12 male groups, the relative risks varied between 1.1 and 2.2, and in seven of 12 female groups, the relative risks varied between 1.4 and 2.5. When also adjusting for level of education and employment status, the risks were still high, but on a lower level. CONCLUSIONS: Foreign-born people possess an over-risk of cardiovascular or coronary heart disease(CVD/CHD) compared with Swedish-born persons, also when level of education and employment status are taken into account.     

C·肉毒杀鼠素(冻干剂)应用研究

目的为研究C·肉毒杀鼠索对杀灭达乌尔黄鼠(简称黄鼠)的大面积应用情况和对家畜、家禽的毒害作用,进行了C·肉毒杀鼠素的应用研究.方法大面积投毒采用ES-2药饵撒播机[1],间隔约80m进行条投.羊、鸡采用直接灌胃.结果大面积应用的灭鼠率为83.72%.对羊、鸡最高剂量分别为500万MLD、150万MLD,均未出现中毒现象.结论 C·肉毒杀鼠素是较为理想的草原大面积杀灭黄鼠的理想、首选药物.     

高龄老年高血压的临床研究进展

随着社会老龄化进程的加快,80岁以上高龄老人的绝对数量以及占总人口的比例均在增加,如何提高高龄老年高血压的防治水平备受关注。现试从高龄老年高血压的临床特点、治疗策略等方面的临床研究进展作一综述。     

中国老年性耳聋的研究与干预进展

老年性耳聋已成为影响我国老年人生活质量的最主要的慢性病之一。助听器是目前帮助听力损失的老年人克服交流障碍的主要手段。在我国,数字助听器已逐渐取代模拟助听器并且体现出了更好的效果。但是老年听力损失患者中使用助听器的比例仍然很小。人工耳蜗植入也已被应用在老年患者中。我国针对老年人的听力康复服务还有较长的路要走。     

糖尿病大鼠心室肌细胞钾通道的改变

目的研究糖尿病大鼠心室肌细胞钾通道的改变及增加葡萄糖代谢对其的作用。方法取体重150～200g的雄性SpragueDawley大鼠,腹腔注射链脲菌素(STZ)建立糖尿病模型,采用酶解法获得单个心室肌细胞,应用膜片钳全细胞记录技术记录钾电流。结果糖尿病大鼠心室肌细胞瞬间外向性钾流(Ito)密度较对照组显著降低[ 60mV时,分别为(15.90±1.19)pA/pF(n=25)和(28.55±0.97)pA/pF(n=12),P<0.001];分别用100nmol/L胰岛素及1.5mmol/L二氯乙酸在体外预处理心室肌细胞4～5h和3～4h使Ito密度恢复至对照组水平[ 60mV时,分别为(29.40±0.38)pA/pF(n=20)和(27.35±0.97)pA/pF(n=12)]。结论糖尿病大鼠心室肌细胞钾通道功能发生改变,增加葡萄糖代谢可逆转这一改变,提示葡萄糖代谢与Ito功能间存在一定关系。     

Sex Differences in Ethanol-induced Dopamine Release in Nucleus Accumbens and in Ethanol Consumption in Rats

In vivo microdialysis was used to examine changes in nucleus accumbens and striatal dopamine, dihydrophenylacetic acid (DO-PAC), and homovanillic acid (HVA) following acute administration of ethanol (0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 g/kg) in male and female Long-Evans rats. Following dialysis, rats were trained to bar-press for oral ethanol reinforcement. In nucleus accumbens, females showed significant increases in extracellular dopamine following 0.25 or 0.5 g/ kg ethanol, but did not show significant increases over baseline at the higher doses. Males showed slight increases in dopamine at the lower doses and decreased dopamine at 2.0 g/kg. In striatum, both sexes showed increased dopamine at the lower doses and decreased dopamine at 2.0 g/kg. There were slight increases in nucleus accumbens DOPAC and HVA at some doses in both sexes, but no changes in striatal metabolite levels. In addition to showing increased responsiveness to ethanol-induced mesolimbic dopamine stimulation, females consumed more ethanol than males during behavioral testing. The pattern of both greater ethanol-induced nucleus accumbens dopamine release and greater ethanol consumption in females supports the hypothesis that ethanol reward is mediated, at least in part, by the mesolimbic dopamine system.     

Epstein-Barr virus in malignancies in renal transplant recipients in Japan

A role for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in the development of malignancies including lymphomas, and carcinoma of the stomach, nasopharynx, thymus and salivary gland is suggested. It is indicated that EBV evokes polyclonal-B-cell-proliferative diseases in immunocompromised hosts, such as transplant patients, which results in monoclonal malignant lymphomas. The suppression of immune functions in these patients is thought to lead to incomplete elimination of the cells expressing EBV latent infection genes. To examine the etiological role of EBV in the development of malignancies following renal transplant in Japan, 42 malignancies in 1744 cases of renal transplant were studied for the presence and type of EBV. The polymerase chain reaction revealed that 5 malignancies were positive for EBV, all type A: 2 of 2 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), 2 of 8 cases of gastric adenocarcinoma of the common type, and 1 of 2 cases of gastric plasmacytoma. In situ hybridization revealed positive signals in the nucleus of tumor cells in 2 cases of NHL and 1 of plasmacytoma. Positive signals were found in the small lymphoid cells but not in the tumor cells in 2 cases of gastric carcinoma. On the basis of these findings, a role for EBV in the development of malignancies in renal transplant patients is unlikely except for lymphoid neoplasias.Abbreviations PCB polymerase chain reaction - EBV Epstein-Barr virus - NHL non-Hodgkin's lymphoma     

Dead in Bed Syndrome in Young Diabetic Patients in Norway

The incidence of unexplained deaths (‘dead in bed syndrome’) in Norwegian diabetic patients under the age of 40 was investigated during the period 1981–1990. During this 10-year period there were 240 deaths of all causes in the age group 0–39 years. Sixteen of these cases fulfilled the following criteria of the ‘dead in bed syndrome’: (1) patient found dead in an undisturbed bed; (2) patient observed to be in good health condition the day before; (3) no clinical evidence of late complications (except background retinopathy in two cases). Of the 16 cases ascertained, 10 were males and 6 females. The age range was 7–35 years, and the duration of diabetes varied between a few months and 26 years. Autopsy, performed in 13 cases, did not reveal any cause of death. Nine patients had been using insulin regimens with multiple daily doses. Twelve patients were reported as having had frequent episodes of hypoglycaemia, with nocturnal episodes in 10 cases. There was apparently an increasing incidence of unexplained deaths during the study period, with 12 of 16 cases occurring in the years 1988 to 1990.     

Pulmonary sporotrichosis in Oklahoma in susceptibilities in vitro

Six cases of pulmonary sporotichosis were observed in 2 institutions in Oklahoma City, Okla. Three of the patients were treated with iodides with or without surgery. Although one patient required a second course of iodides, the patients have remained well after at least 34 months of follow-up. Three patients treated with amphotericin B, single course as well as multiple courses, and other antifungal agents (hydroxystilbamidine and miconazole) have all relapsed. These cases and a reviewed of more than 40 cases of pulmonary sporotrichosis susceptibilities of Sporothrix schenckii that we observed in vitro suggest that amphotericin B is not an effective agent for the treatment of pulmonary sporotrichosis. It is our opinion that the treatment of choice for pulmonary sporotrichosis is a supersaturated solution of potassium iodide. If the patient is allergic to the medication or fails to respond, then a combination of amphotericin B plus flucytosine may be tried.