两种标准诊断妊娠期糖尿病妊娠结局的对比观察

目的对比教科书标准和国际妊娠与糖尿病研究组织（IADPSG）标准诊断妊娠期糖尿病的母婴结局。方法 2011年至2012年在煤炭总医院诊断并分娩的妊娠期糖尿病患者246例,按不同诊断标准分为两组,教科书组（73例）和IADPSG组（173例）,并给予相应的临床干预,对比两组患者的母婴结局。结果教科书标准诊断GDM的诊断率为9.61%,IADPSG标准为14.62%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。比较两组患者胎膜早破的发生率：教科书组为38.36%,IADPSG组为23.12%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。而比较两组患者胰岛素使用率、孕期体重增长、剖宫产率及巨大儿、妊娠期高血压、羊水过多、产后出血、胎儿宫内窘迫、新生儿高胆红素血症、新生儿低血糖发生率差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论 IADPSG标准诊断妊娠期糖尿病,可以提高诊断率,改善不良母婴结局。     

二次OGTT诊断妊娠期糖尿病围生结局分析

【摘 要】 目的：探讨二次口服葡萄糖耐量试验（oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT）诊断妊娠期糖尿病（gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM）的围生结局。方法：初次OGTT诊断GDM者188例,作为GDM1组。二次OGTT诊断GDM者38例,作为GDM2组;同期血糖正常产妇200例,作为对照组。比较3组产妇围生结局,如产后出血、早产、胎膜早破、巨大儿等。结果：GDM2组的产后出血、胎膜早破、大于胎龄儿发生率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;GDM2组的巨大儿发生率高于GDM1组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论：二次OGTT可以提高GDM的诊断率,从而尽早诊断、积极干预GDM,改善妊娠结局。     

妊娠期糖尿病不同诊断标准与妊娠结局

目的　通过对 85 0例糖筛查异常孕妇口服 75 g葡萄糖耐量试验 (OGTT)结果和妊娠结局的分析 ,了解妊娠期糖代谢异常不同诊断标准与妊娠结局的关系。　方法　对 2 0 0 1年 1月 1日至 2 0 0 3年12月 3 1日在我院分娩、5 0 g糖筛查异常、OGTT结果不符合我院使用的Fernando标准、未诊断妊娠期糖尿病 (GDM )和糖耐量受损 (GIGT)的 85 0例孕妇进行回顾性研究。将 85 0例孕妇分成两组 :符合董志光等人妊娠期糖尿病 (GDM )和糖耐量受损标准组 (第一组 )及不符合组 (第二组 )。　结果　妊娠期糖代谢异常发生率为 2 3 .76% (2 0 2例 ) ,以董志光诊断标准 ,其中GDM 3 7例 ,占 4.3 5 % ,IGT 165例 ,占 19.41%。新生儿平均出生体重为 (3 461.4± 475 .9)g ,高于不符合组 [(3 40 7.8± 43 8.4) g ,P <0 .0 1]。巨大儿发生率虽高一些 ,但无统计学差异。剖宫产率两组间也无差异。妊娠期合并症如妊娠高血压综合征、胎膜早破和早产的发生率 ,以及新生儿低血糖、黄疸和低出生体重儿的发生率两组间均无差异。　结论　按Fernando标准 ,糖筛查异常人群中将有 2 3 .76%的糖代谢异常者被漏诊 ,但发生妊娠高血压综合征、胎膜早破、早产、剖宫产、新生儿低血糖、黄疸和低出生体重儿的危险性并无明显增加。如按董志光等人的标准 ,将     

葡萄糖耐量试验三次取血诊断妊娠期糖尿病的可行性分析

目的　研究妊娠期口服葡萄糖耐量试验(oral glucose tolerance test, OGTT)三次取血诊断妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus, GDM)的可行性。　方法　对404例50 g葡萄糖负荷试验阳性的孕妇行 OGTT 检查。　结果　以美国糖尿病协会(American Diabetes Association,ADA)标准诊断 GDM者 111 例,葡萄糖耐量受损(impaired glucose tolerance test, IGT)者 72 例,OGTT正常者221例;若不计服糖后3 h血糖值,则诊断GDM者106例,IGT者71例,漏诊率分别为4.5%和1.4%。6 例漏诊孕妇与 OGTT正常的 50 g GCT阳性的 221 例孕妇相比,其妊高征、巨大儿、大于胎龄儿和Apgar评分≤3 分的发生率差异无统计学意义(16.6%和 8.1%、16.6%和 6.3%、50.1%和24.4%、0和0.9%,P均>0.05)。　结论　OGTT三次取血操作次数少、漏诊率低,临床上可作为GDM的诊断标准。     

妊娠期糖尿病诊断标准的探讨

目的　探讨妊娠期糖尿病 ( GDM)的诊断标准。　方法　对 1 578例孕妇进行血糖筛查试验 ,阳性者进行葡萄糖耐量试验 ( OGTT)。按照世界卫生组织 ( WHO)、美国糖尿病资料组 ( NDDG)和国内 (董志光等 )三种诊断标准对孕妇进行诊断并分组 ,随机选择糖筛查试验阴性孕妇 1 0 0例作为对照组 ,对四组母儿妊娠结局进行比较。　结果　血糖筛查试验阳性 2 76例 ,OGTT试验达到 WHO、NDDG、国内标准者分别为 3 3、60、68例 ,检出率分别为 2 .1 % ( 3 3 / 1 578) ,3 .8% ( 60 / 1 578) ,和 4 .3 %( 68/ 1 578)。各 GDM组间比较 ,产母重度妊高征、羊水过多、羊水过少、巨大儿的发生率和剖宫产率均无显著性差异 ( P>0 .0 5) ,而与对照组相比 ,存在显著性差异 ( P<0 .0 5)。　结论　及时诊断并积极处理 GDM对获得良好的妊娠结局是极为必要的。 WHO标准过于严格 ;NDDG标准可以应用 ,但有漏诊的可能 ,国内标准有待大样本证实。     

妊娠期葡萄糖耐量试验血糖值与新生儿出生体重的关系

妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)是妊娠期特有疾病,指妊娠期发生或首次发现的不同程度的糖耐量异常,包含了一部分妊娠前已经患有糖尿病但妊娠期首次被诊断的患者.由于GDM的发病率逐年上升,且与巨大儿、剖宫产率增加、子痫前期等一系列不良妊娠结局的发生及母儿远期不良预后密切相关[1 2],故目前周内已广泛开展GDM的筛查工作.本研究对孕妇进行50 g葡萄糖负荷试验(glucose challenge test,GCT),对筛查异常的孕妇进行口服葡萄糖耐量试验(oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT),随访其妊娠结局,探讨OGTT各时点血糖值及OGTT结果的曲线下面积(area under the curve of the results of the oral glucose tolerance test,AUC-OGTT)与新生儿出生体重之间的关系.     

妊娠期糖尿病新旧两种诊断标准对妊娠结局的影响

目的:探讨妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)两种诊断标准对妊娠结局的影响。方法:回顾分析2011年9~11月及2012年9~11月在济南市妇幼保健院分娩的878例和1080例孕妇的临床资料,两时段分别采用GDM旧诊断标准和新诊断标准。采用旧标准诊断的54例GDM孕妇作为旧标准GDM组,其余824例为旧标准正常组;采用新标准诊断的GDM孕妇168例为新标准GDM组,其余912例为新标准正常组。GDM组孕妇给予个体化营养管理,正常组孕妇纳入常规产前保健管理。比较两组GDM患者的母婴结局。结果:新标准组和旧标准组的GDM发生率分别为15.56%和6.15%,差异显著(P0.005)。旧标准GDM孕妇的体重指数(BMI)高于新标准GDM组(P0.05);而剖宫产、早产、产后出血、羊水过多、巨大儿及妊娠期高血压疾病发生率无显著差异(P0.05)。旧标准正常组的妊娠期高血压疾病发生率显著高于新标准正常组(P0.005);而剖宫产、早产、产后出血、羊水过多及巨大儿发生率无显著差异(P0.05)。结论:新诊断标准可检出更多存在血糖问题的孕妇,合理管理GDM患者可能有助于降低妊娠期高血压疾病的发生率。     

单纯糖筛查异常临床干预对妊娠结局的影响

妊娠期糖尿病（gestational diabktes mellius，GDM）和妊娠期糖耐量单项异常（gestational impares glucose tolerance，GIGT）对胎儿、新生儿的影响已引起产科医师的广泛重视。但50g葡萄糖筛查（glucose challenge test，GCT）异常、葡萄糖耐量试验（oral glucose tolerance text，OGTT）正常的孕妇（单纯GCT异常），其妊娠结局可以与GDM和GIGT有相似之处，对胎儿及新生儿的影响尚未引起足够的重视。为减少巨大儿及母儿并发症的发生，本文通过对单纯GCT异常孕妇进行妊娠期营养和糖尿病一级预防相关知识的普及，达到了降低剖宫产率和巨大儿发生的目的，报道如下。     

妊娠期糖筛查时机的探讨

目的评价在不同孕周进行50 g葡萄糖负荷试验（glucose challenge test, GCT）对妊娠期糖尿病（gestational diabetes mellitus, GDM）和妊娠期糖耐量受损（gestational impaired glucose tolerance test, GIGT）的筛查效果. 方法对不同孕周的2000例孕妇进行50 g GCT,异常者再做正规糖耐量试验,确诊GDM或GIGT,并比较不同孕周妊娠期糖尿病或妊娠期糖耐量受损的诊断效果. 结果不同孕周进行50 g糖筛不影响GDM和GIGT最后诊断率,本研究GDM的发生率为4.75%（95/2000）,GIGT为5.51%（103/2000）.空腹进行50 g GCT阳性率和假阳性率均高于餐后1 h的50 g GCT,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）.在较早孕周初次进行GCT筛查,有助于早期发现GIGT和GDM.在GCT筛查推荐时期（孕24～28周）再进行一次50 g GCT,有助于提高GDM和GIGT的诊断率.对于GIGT血糖控制不满意者,必要时重做葡萄糖耐量试验以确诊是否发展为GDM.早期行50 g GCT组的剖宫产率和巨大儿发生率均低于孕24～28周筛查组. 结论对于GDM和GIGT的孕妇及时诊断与及时治疗,可以降低巨大儿和剖宫产率.     

妊娠早期空腹血浆葡萄糖水平与妊娠期糖尿病诊断的相关性

目的 探讨妊娠早期空腹血浆葡萄糖(fasting plasma glucose,FPG)水平与妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)诊断的关系,分析国际糖尿病与妊娠研究组(InternationalAssociation of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups,IADPSG)新GDM诊断标准中妊娠早期FPG作为GDM诊断标准的适用性. 方法 收集2011年4月1日至12月31日在北京大学第一医院行产前检查的非孕前糖尿病孕妇2761例临床资料,比较GDM与非GDM 2组孕妇妊娠早期FPG水平;同时依据妊娠早期FPG水平分为FPG＜5.1 mmol/L组(2431例)和FPG≥5.1 mmol/L组(330例),比较GDM发生率.采用t或x 2检验比较各组妊娠结局,FPG对GDM发生风险的预测行Logistic回归分析及受试者工作特性曲线分析. 结果 (1) 2761例孕妇中,诊断GDM 515例,发生率18.7％.GDM组妊娠早期FPG水平显著高于非GDM组[(4.84±0.46) mmol/L与(4.57±0.35) mmol/L,t=11.924,P=0.000],妊娠早期FPG每升高1 mmol/L,发生GDM风险增加7.984倍(OR=8.984,95％CI:6.605～12.220).(2)FPG＜5.1 mmol/L组与≥5.1 mmol/L组在妊娠中晚期被诊断GDM的比例分别是15.2％ (370/2431)和43.9％(145/330),差异有统计学意义(x2=123.976,P=0.000).FPG≥6.1 mmol/L者共5例,均于妊娠中期诊断GDM.(3)妊娠早期FPG与GDM诊断的受试者工作特性曲线分析:最大曲线下面积0.718,95％CI:0.690～0.747;以4.795 mmol/L和4.785 mmol/L为界值时,诊断GDM的敏感性和特异性分别是0.600、0.612和0.735、0.726.(4)2761例孕妇中已分娩1208例,其中GDM 227例,非GDM981例,2组剖宫产率分别为54.2％(123/227)和39.2％(385/981),差异有统计学意义(x2=16.884,P=0.000),巨大儿、新生儿高胆红素血症、低出生体重儿、早产、胎儿生长受限、子痫前期的发生率差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05);FPG＜5.1 mmol/L组和≥5.1 mmol/L组中GDM分别为173例和54例,早产发生率分别是5.8％(10/173)和14.8％(8/54),≥5.1 mmol/L组显著升高(x2 =4.601,P＜0.05),剖宫产、胰岛素应用、巨大儿、子痫前期的发生率差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05). 结论 妊娠早期以FPG≥5.1 mmol/L作为GDM诊断标准会出现过度诊断,不建议推广,但有评估发生GDM风险的价值,值得临床重视.     

Comparison of glucose polymer and glucose for screening and tolerance tests in pregnancy

Forty-eight of 100 pregnant women received a 100-g (nonfasting) glucose screening test at about 28 weeks' gestation, followed by a 100-g glucose tolerance test. Another 52 received a 100-g (nonfasting) glucose polymer screening test followed by a 100-g glucose polymer tolerance test. Mean plasma glucose one hour after the glucose screening test was significantly lower than after the glucose polymer screening test. A further 178 women received a glucose polymer screening test and a glucose polymer tolerance test (230 in total). These women and the infants they delivered were studied to derive diagnostic criteria for the 100-g glucose polymer tolerance test by correlating maternal carbohydrate tolerance with indexes of neonatal metabolic performance, and to determine an adequate method of screening for carbohydrate intolerance of pregnancy (gestational diabetes). Diagnostic criteria similar to those of O'Sullivan and Mahan were also developed for the glucose polymer tolerance test. These values are up to 5% lower than those recommended by the National Diabetes Data Group (1979) for the 100-g glucose tolerance test.     

Screening of gestational diabetes mellitus: a new consensus?

The choice of thresholds to diagnose gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a topic of ongoing controversy. In 2008, the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes (HAPO) study showed continuous graded relationships between increasing maternal plasma glucose and increasing frequency of adverse perinatal outcomes. Macrosomia (birth weight>90th percentile for gestational age), primary cesarean delivery, clinical neonatal hypoglycemia and hyperinsulinemia (cord serum C peptide>90th percentile) were all related to each of the 3 glucose values (fasting plasma glucose and at 1 and 2 hours after the 75 g oral glucose test). The associations were continuous with no obvious thresholds at which risks increased. The International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Group (IADPSG) recently issued recommendations that the diagnosis of GDM be made when any of the following thresholds are met or exceeded: fasting plasma glucose: 0,92 g/L; 1 hour: 1,80 g/L; or 2 hours: 1,53 g/L after the 75 g oral glucose test. These criteria were chosen to identify pregnancy with increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes. By the new criteria, the total incidence of gestational diabetes in the HAPO population was 17, 8%. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) in early pregnancy appears as an important predictive factor. Higher first trimester FPG (lower than those diagnostic of diabetes) are associated with increased risks of later diagnosis of gestational diabetes and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Whether this new consensus will be adopted by public health bodies and professionals remains to be seen.     

Recurrence of Gestational Diabetes

Summary: We conducted a retrospective review of 540 women with gestational diabetes managed by our Service between 1990 and 1996. The aim was to determine the recurrence rate of gestational diabetes and the factors associated with recurrence. Of 117 women who had a subsequent pregnancy, 82 (70%) had a recurrence of gestational diabetes according to criteria where the fasting glucose value ≥ 5.5 and/or 1 hour ≥10.0 and/or 2-hour ≥8.0 mmol/L after a 75 g oral glucose load. The recurrence rate was 62.4% (58), using the criteria of the Australian Diabetes in Pregnancy Society (ADIPS). Older age in both the index and subsequent pregnancy and insulin requirement during the index pregnancy were the strongest predictors for recurrence of gestational diabetes. Non-English speaking country of birth, higher diagnostic glucose tolerance test (GTT) levels, greater prepregnancy BMI and weight gain between pregnancies were also associated with recurrence.     

妊娠晚期超声检查异常再次行葡萄糖耐量试验结果分析

目的分析妊娠晚期因超声检查异常行75g葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)的结果及影响妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)诊断的因素。方法选择2010年9月至2011年1月间北京大学人民医院产科门诊,妊娠中期常规GDM筛查和诊断试验阴性,晚期因超声提示羊水过多和(或)胎儿大再次行75gOGTT的孕妇116例为研究对象,分为GDM组和非GDM组,对可能影响GDM诊断的因素进行统计学分析。结果诊断GDM19例(16.4%)。单因素分析提示年龄>30岁及常规筛查或诊断试验孕周<24周的孕妇GDM诊断阳性率高于年龄≤30岁和常规筛查或诊断试验孕周≥24周的孕妇(P<0.05)。多因素分析提示相对于年龄≤30岁的孕妇,>30岁的孕妇患GDM的OR>30(P<0.05);相对于超声检查时体质指数(BMI)较孕前增幅<4的孕妇,增幅>6的孕妇患GDM的OR=0.08(P<0.05),但增幅>6的孕妇超声检查孕周晚于增幅<4的孕妇(P<0.01)。结论对于妊娠中期常规筛查或诊断试验阴性的孕妇来说,妊娠晚期超声检查提示羊水过多和(或)胎儿大时,年龄>30岁的孕妇患GDM的可能性增加,超声检查时BMI较孕前增幅>6的孕妇可能性减少,但须考虑孕周的影响。     

The after breakfast 50-g, 1-hour glucose challenge test in urban Mexican pregnant women: its sensitivity and specificity evaluated by three diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND: To study the sensitivity and specificity of the 50-g, 1-hour gestational glucose challenge test performed 1 to 2 hours after a non-standardized home breakfast in urban Mexican women by using three different gestational diabetes mellitus diagnostic criteria. METHODS: Four hundred and forty-five consecutive women of 24-28 weeks gestation were studied. The glucose challenge test was performed in the fed state and a week later a fasting 100-g, 3-hours oral glucose tolerance test was carried out in all of them. Duplicate serum glucose concentrations were determined by a glucose-oxidase method. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated using three different diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus. RESULTS: The glucose challenge test performed as indicated, with a cutoff of 7.8 mmol/L, had 88-89% sensitivity and 85-87% specificity when using as diagnostic criteria those proposed by the National Diabetes Data Group and by Carpenter & Coustan; by using Sacks et al. criteria, the values were 82% and 88%, respectively. Considering only pregnant women > or = 25 years of age, the sensitivity increased to 92% with the National Diabetes Data Group criteria. Pregnant women < 25 years of age had significantly lower blood glucose values than those with age > or = 25 years during the glucose tolerance test. CONCLUSIONS: For the general group the sensitivity of the glucose challenge test performed 1 to 2 hours after breakfast was similar, based on the National Diabetes Data Group and the Carpenter & Coustan's diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus. However, when pregnant women > or = 25 years of age were considered, the use of the former criteria yielded a slightly better sensitivity.     

Evaluation of the diagnostic criteria of gestational diabetes mellitus in Japan: a study of women with mild glucose intolerance during late pregnancy

To evaluate the validity of the diagnostic criteria of gestational diabetes (GDM) recommended by the Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology (JSOG), we investigated women with mild glucose intolerance during pregnancy, using the borderline criteria of the Japan Diabetes Society (JDS), cut-off values of which are lower than those of the JSOG criteria. Five hundred seventy one pregnant women were screened for GDM after 20 weeks' gestation using a 50g glucose challenge test. Only ten women (1.8% of total), who fulfilled the JSOG criteria, were found (GDM group). At the same time, eighteen women (3.2% of total), who did not fulfill the JSOG criteria but who met two or more abnormal values of the JDS borderline criteria, were also found (A2 group). There was no significant difference between the two groups in either mean maternal age or the percentage of women over 30 years of age. delta IRI/delta BS in a 75g glucose tolerance test in the A2 group was 0.58 (median), which was similar to that in the GDM group (0.42). This result, however, was significantly lower than that in both the normal control group (1.00, p less than 0.01) and the group of women with only one abnormal value among the JDS criteria (A1 group, 0.88, less than 0.01). Before therapy, there was no significant difference in the diurnal plasma glucose level between the GDM group, who could be treated with diet therapy, and the A2 group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effects of new criteria for type 2 diabetes on the rate of postpartum glucose intolerance in women with gestational diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine the impact of the 1997 American Diabetes Association diagnostic criteria for type 2 diabetes mellitus on the rate of postpartum glucose intolerance in women with gestational diabetes. STUDY DESIGN: Women identified as having gestational diabetes were instructed to undergo a 75-g, 2-hour glucose tolerance test 4 to 6 weeks after delivery. The results were retrospectively categorized with both the 1979 National Diabetes Data Group criteria and those recommended by the American Diabetes Association in 1997. RESULTS: Though the rate of overt diabetes mellitus did not increase when the 1997 American Diabetes Association criteria were used (7.8% vs 5.6%, P = not significant), the rate of impaired glucose metabolism was higher (20.1% vs 5%, P <.001). Most women (28/30, 93%) with a nondiagnostic glucose tolerance test result by the older criteria had abnormal results by the newer criteria. Fifty women had abnormalities of glucose metabolism under 1997 American Diabetes Association criteria; 34% of these women had fasting plasma glucose values in the normal range. Of the 25 women with impaired glucose tolerance, 16 (64%) had only an abnormal 2-hour value, with normal fasting glucose values. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of postpartum abnormalities in glucose metabolism more than doubles when the 1997 American Diabetes Association criteria are applied; more women are identified with lesser degrees of impairment. However, relying on fasting glucose levels alone, without glucose tolerance testing, may miss one third of women with such abnormalities.     

Screening for gestational diabetes in the United Kingdom: a national survey.

To determine the attitudes of British obstetricians to screening for gestational diabetes a postal questionnaire survey was undertaken. A questionnaire was sent to a single obstetrician in each of 255 obstetric hospitals identified in the United Kingdom. Of the 189 (75%) units that replied, only 42.3% had a protocol for screening for gestational diabetes. Routine antenatal screening was performed by urinalysis and blood glucose tests in 89.4% and 32.8% of units respectively. Clinical risk factors were used as an indication for routine blood glucose testing in 91.5% units. Following a positive screening test 54.5% of units performed a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (GTT) and of these 64% relied on the World Health Organisation diagnostic criteria to interpret the result. There currently appears to be widespread variation in the practice of screening for gestational diabetes in the United Kingdom.