广州市不同功能区土壤重金属污染特征及评价

目的分析广州市不同功能区土壤重金属的含量水平。方法于2008年4月选择广州居民区、商业区、汽车站、文教区、医疗区和公园为研究对象,共采集55份土样。采用原子吸收光谱法测定Mn、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni,采用原子荧光光谱法测定As、Hg;采用相关性分析探讨土壤重金属相互关系,采用单因子污染指数、内梅罗综合污染指数评价重金属污染程度。结果广州市不同功能区8种土壤重金属平均含量均超过广东省土壤背景值,其中Hg、Cd重金属含量分别高达背景值的16.28、14.64倍;Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni和As含量以商业区最高,Mn以汽车站最高,Hg以公园最高。Cu、Zn、Pb、Hg在不同功能区的分布差异存在统计学意义(P0.05);Mn-Cu-Zn-Pb-Ni之间、Cu-Zn-Pb-Cd-Ni之间、Cu-Pb-Hg之间均存在相关性(P0.05);各功能区中土壤重金属的污染程度表现为Zn、Cd、Hg呈重度污染,Cu、Pb、As呈中度污染(除商业区Cu、Pb和汽车站Cu为重度污染外),Mn、Ni呈无污染或轻度污染(除商业区Ni为中度污染外);不同功能区的土壤重金属内梅罗综合污染指数为:公园(18.13)商业区(15.85)居民区(13.34)汽车站(10.75)医疗区(9.61)文教区(8.98),均达到重度污染。结论广州市不同功能区土壤重金属不同程度受到污染。     

某市蔬菜基地土壤重金属污染状况研究

目的了解某市蔬菜基地土壤中铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、镍(Ni)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、砷(As)、汞(Hg)含量及污染程度。方法分别在某市5个蔬菜基地采集84份土壤样品,采用原子吸收光谱法测定Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni、Cu和Zn的含量,原子荧光光谱法测定As和Hg的含量,并根据《农产品安全质量无公害蔬菜产地环境要求》和《土壤环境质量标准》,采用变化程度等级、单项污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法进行评价。结果某市蔬菜基地土壤8种重金属平均含量除Cd高于标准外,其他7种均符合国家标准。蔬菜基地土壤重金属含量变化程度Pb、Ni、Cu、As为1级,属基本无变化、清洁;Cd、Cr、Zn、Hg为2级,属轻度变化、低累积。采用内梅罗综合污染指数法进行评价,综合污染指数为0.86,为2级,属警戒限。结论某市蔬菜基地土壤重金属含量基本符合国家标准要求,总体质量较好,但镉超标情况相对较严重,应引起注意。     

公路交通对土壤重金属污染的研究

目的评价公路交通引起的土壤中重金属污染。方法选择320国道马龙路段进行耕作土采样,用原子吸收光谱法和分光光度法分析土壤中重金属Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Cr、As、Ni含量,采用清洁对照区土壤剖面重金属含量作为参比值,应用地积累指数法对重金属污染叠加进行评价。结果研究区土壤中Cu、CA、Pb、Zn、Cr、As、Ni的含量显著高于对照区（P〈0．01）。Cd为中等污染～强污染,Pb为中等污染,Cr和Cu为轻污染～中等污染。污染晕带沿公路延伸方向展开,自公路起向其两侧强度运渐减弱,扩散范围约为150m。土壤对重金属元素的吸收及污染程度;Cd〉Pb〉Cr〉Cu〉As〉Zn〉Ni。结论公路旁土壤重金属污染以Cd、Pb和Cr为主,污染叠加重金属来源主要为机动车燃料、轮胎、机械中所含微量重金属成分。     

积累指数法对公路旁土壤中重金属污染的评价

目的评价公路旁土壤中重金属污染.方法以319国道龙岩市新罗区路段为例,应用积累指数法对公路环境土壤介质中重金属(Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、As、Cr、Ni、Fe、Mn)污染叠加进行评价. 结果研究区土壤中Cd、Pb、Cr和Cu元素含量高于福建省土壤背景值,其平均含量分别是福建省土壤背景值的23.6倍、4.6倍、1.7倍和1.5倍.已形成强污染的元素为Cd,中等污染的元素为Pb,轻污染的元素为Cr.土壤对重金属元素的吸附及污染程度Cd＞Pb＞Cr＞Cu＞As＞Zn＞Ni＞Mn＞Fe.结论公路旁土壤中Cd、Pb污染严重,重金属污染物质主要来源于机动车辆燃料和轮胎中所含微量重金属成分.     

电子废弃物拆解场地土壤重金属健康风险评价

为了解电子废弃物拆解场地重金属污染情况,于2010年对台州某拆解场地土壤中Cd、Ni、Cr、Cu、Pb、As、Hg含量进行调查,利用地累积指数法、潜在生态风险指数法、USEPA提供的健康风险评价模型,评价研究区生态、健康风险.结果显示,研究区土壤中的主要污染物为Cd和Hg,其余重金属对研究区污染较小或者没有超过标准;除了Cd和Hg外,研究区土壤其他重金属处于轻度-中等污染,土壤中7种重金属根据各自地累积指数确定的污染程度依次为Cd＞Hg＞Ni＞Cr＞Cu＞Pb＞As;7种重金属的生态风险为D级,生态危害程度很强;人群的非致癌和致癌风险在可接受范围内.     

流溪河某水源地底泥中重金属和砷污染的生态风险评价

目的对流溪河和某支流的2个水源地底泥中Cd、Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn、Ni共8种元素的污染状况进行调查。方法检测2个水源地底泥中Cd、Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn和Ni的含量,用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法进行生态风险评价。结果流溪河和该支流底泥中分别存在强和很强程度的Cd污染,Hg、As和Zn为中度或强污染。Cd的单因子生态风险指数最高,生态风险为强以上,Hg其次。As、Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn和Ni的生态风险均为轻度。支流底泥中重金属和砷污染的综合生态风险高于流溪河。流溪河底泥中重金属和砷的单因子生态风险指数低于广东省内其他4条河段,Cd的风险指数在各河段中均为最高值。结论流溪河及其某支流底泥中均存在不同程度的重金属和砷污染生态风险,且支流较高。Cd和Hg是最主要的污染因子。     

石家庄市公园尘土中重金属污染水平及健康风险评价

目的了解石家庄市公园尘土中7种重金属的含量,分析重金属污染水平并对其产生的健康风险进行评价。方法利用ICP-MS法测定2018年3—4月采集的公园尘土内7种重金属的含量,通过单因子指数法分析其污染程度,并应用美国环境保护署(EPA)人体暴露风险评价方法对重金属进行健康风险评价。结果石家庄市公园尘土中Cr、Mn、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb 7种重金属的平均含量分别为30.44、292.34、47.62、279.96、11.69、0.98、57.90 mg/kg,其中Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb高于河北省土壤元素背景值,呈现不同程度的富集。重金属日平均暴露剂量排序为手-口摄入皮肤接触呼吸吸入。重金属非致癌风险指数(HQ)PbAsCrCdCuNiZn,均1;致癌重金属Cr、As、Cd、Pb的致癌风险指数(CR)均1×10-6。结论石家庄市公园尘土中的Cd和Zn处于重度污染水平,Pb和Cu处于中度污染水平。健康风险评价表明,手-口直接摄入是公园尘土暴露风险的主要途径,公园尘土中各重金属均不存在非致癌风险,Cr、As、Cd、Pb致癌风险均低于阈值,不具有致癌风险。     

萍乡市郊区表层土壤环境质量分析与评价

为了解萍乡市郊区土壤环境质量和污染状况,于2016年5月,采用单因子污染指数法、综合污染指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对该地区采样区企业周边、基本农田、蔬菜基地、畜禽养殖场周边及闲置地块土壤中Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn和Ni的含量进行环境质量评价。结果表明,除Hg(超标率为6.67%)外,Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn和Ni均达到GB15618-1995《土壤环境质量标准》的二级标准,土壤的综合污染指数和潜在生态危害指数都较低。5类采样单元中,闲置地块和畜禽养殖场周边土壤中各重金属元素的单因子污染指数相对最高,蔬菜基地和农田土壤次之,企业周边土壤相对最低。整体而言,萍乡城郊土壤环境质量处于清洁和安全范围内,生态风险较低。     

永康市自产蔬菜中8种元素的污染调查及结果分析

目的了解永康市自产蔬菜中Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Hg的含量及污染程度,同时比较不同种类蔬菜间的污染情况。方法分别在大园童、栗园、城南、黄塘、新店5个蔬菜基地采集248份蔬菜样品,采用原子吸收光谱法测定蔬菜样品中Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn的含量,氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定As、Hg的含量,并用国家食品卫生限量值50%和90%来评价蔬菜中不同元素潜在的污染状况。结果 Ni、Pb、Cd、Hg、Cr存在超标现象,污染程度依次为:NiPbCdHgCr;按蔬菜种类分析,3类蔬菜中不同元素的污染程度依次为:叶菜类根茎类瓜果类。结论永康市自产蔬菜存在不同程度的污染风险,其中以Ni的积累最为广泛,相关部门应引起足够重视。     

某市自产蔬菜重金属污染调查研究

目的了解某市自产蔬菜中重金属铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、镍(Ni)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、砷(As)、汞(Hg)含量及污染程度,为蔬菜种植提供依据。方法在该市甲、乙、丙、丁和戊5个蔬菜基地,分别于春、夏、秋、冬季采集248份蔬菜样品,采用原子吸收光谱法测定Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn含量,采用原子荧光光谱法测定As、Hg含量,并根据国家食品卫生标准限值进行污染评价。结果该市自产蔬菜根茎类、叶菜类和瓜果类Ni超标率分别为48.48%、9.29%和5.33%,Cd超标率分别为12.12%、0.71%和8.00%,Pb超标率为0.00%、16.43%和5.33%,其他重金属污染的超标率均在5.00%以下或无超标。全年各季节蔬菜中重金属污染程度按其检测值大小依次为秋、夏、春、冬。仅有叶菜类蔬菜中As含量与土壤中As含量呈明显正相关。结论该市自产蔬菜重金属污染以Ni、Pb和Cd的积累较为严重,应引起重视。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.