静脉溶栓治疗急性心肌梗死患者对其室壁瘤形成的影响

目的：探讨静脉溶栓治疗急性心肌梗死（ＡＭＩ）患者对其室壁瘤形成的影响。方法：对４８例首次ＡＭＩ患者接受静脉溶栓治疗后３周～４周进行左室造影检查。结果：获得梗死相关冠状动脉（冠脉）再通组与未通组分别为２５例和２３例，冠脉再通组发生室壁瘤３例（发生率为１２．０％），冠脉未通组发生室壁瘤１０例（发生率为４３．５％），２组比较差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。再通组左心功能改善，左室射血分数（０．６１±０．１１）明显优于未通组（０．５１±０．１２），Ｐ＜０．０５。室性心律失常发生率再通组（２８．０％）低于未通组（５６．５％）。结论：ＡＭＩ静脉溶栓治疗后梗死相关冠脉再通可显著降低室壁瘤的发生率，改善患者的心功能和预后。     

多普勒超声心动图对急性心肌梗塞患者溶栓治疗的评价

目的：探讨多普勒超声心动图对不同梗塞部位急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）溶栓治疗再通评价的意义。方法：对１６０例首次ＡＭＩ患者随机分成尿激酶溶栓治疗再通组和常规治疗对照组，采用彩色多普勒超声心动图测定左房内径（ＬＡＤ）、室间隔和左室后壁运动最小幅度（ＩＶＳＡ和ＬＶＰＷＡ）、左室射血分数（ＥＦ）、二尖瓣Ｅ点至室间隔距离（ＥＰＳＳ）和二尖瓣血流频谱Ａ峰最大速度与Ｅ峰最大速度比（Ａ／Ｅ）。结果：①溶栓治疗者再通率为５８．８２％（７０／１１９）。②急性前壁心肌梗塞（ＡＡＭＩ）患者的ＬＡＤ、ＥＰＳＳ和Ａ／Ｅ在溶栓组明显低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１，Ｐ＜０．０１，Ｐ＜０．０１）；溶栓再通组ＥＦ明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。③急性下壁心肌梗塞（ＡＩＭＩ）患者ＬＶＰＷＡ溶栓再通组高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）；溶栓再通组Ａ／Ｅ明显低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。④ＡＡＭＩ＋ＡＩＭＩ患者ＥＦ在溶栓再通组明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；ＥＰＳＳ低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论：溶栓治疗可限制梗塞面积，挽救濒死心肌，改善左室功能。在梗塞部位上，前壁优于下壁，ＡＡＭＩ＋ＡＩＭＩ介于两者之间。     

静脉溶栓治疗对急性心肌梗塞远期预后的影响

目的：观察静脉溶栓治疗对急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）患者远期预后的影响。方法：采用超声心动图、２４小时动态心电图、心电图运动试验及心室晚电位检查，对９４例接受溶栓治疗的ＡＭＩ患者进行６个月～３年的随访。结果：在６个月～３年的随访中，前壁再通组左房内径（ＬＡＤ）、左室舒张末内径（ＬＶＥＤ）和左室射血分数（ＬＶＥＦ）均明显短于前壁未通组（Ｐ均＜０．０５）；而下壁再通组与未通组ＬＡＤ、ＬＶＥＤ和ＬＶＥＦ无明显差别。再通组各种心律失常的发生率明显低于未通组，再通组的运动耐量明显高于未通组（Ｐ均＜０．０５）。结论：静脉溶栓对改善前壁心肌梗塞患者远期心功能疗效显著，对下壁心肌梗塞患者心功能改善不明显；但静脉溶栓对前壁或下壁心肌梗塞患者，在减少远期心律失常的发生，增强运动耐量和提高生活质量方面均有着重要意义。     

急性心肌梗塞静脉溶栓后再通对左室重构的影响

目的：分析急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ） 静脉溶栓再通对左室重构的影响。方法：把８２ 例ＡＭＩ静脉溶栓的病人分为再通组４８ 例,未通组３４ 例,在ＡＭＩ发病后（６±５．１） 月,用心脏彩超对不同部位室壁运动、室壁厚度、左室射血分数（ＬＶＥＦ）、左室舒张末内径（ＬＶＤＤ） 、左室收缩末内径（ＬＶＤＳ） 等观察。结果：前壁心肌梗塞两组间室壁运动幅度、梗塞区的室壁厚度有显著性差异（ Ｐ＜ ０．０１）, 而下壁心肌梗塞二组间无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）, 左室形态与功能差异显著（Ｐ＜ ０．０１）。结论：ＡＭＩ早期再灌注可改善左室重构     

硫酸镁对尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗急性心肌梗塞的影响

目的：研究硫酸镁（ＭＳ）对尿激酶（ＵＫ）静脉溶栓治疗急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）的影响。方法：１００例ＡＭＩ住院患者随机分为ＭＳ＋ＵＫ组（ＭＵ组，５２例）和ＵＫ组（４８例）。ＭＵ组在静滴ＵＫ前后加用ＭＳ。结果：２组的再灌注率无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），但ＭＵ组的再灌注心律失常（ＲＡ）发生率、４周病死率显著低于ＵＫ组（Ｐ＜０．０１，Ｐ＜０．０５）；开始治疗后并发的严重心律失常（ＳＡ）、心力衰竭（ＨＦ）及梗塞后心绞痛（ＰＩＡ）的发生率显著低于ＵＫ组（Ｐ均＜０．０５）；休克、再梗塞（ＲＩ）及梗塞延展（ＩＥ）的发生率也均低于ＵＫ组（但Ｐ均＞０．０５）。结论：在ＵＫ静脉溶栓前后加用ＭＳ，可提高ＵＫ溶栓疗效，缩小梗塞面积，减少并发症，并有益于缺血再灌注损伤的防治。     

溶栓对急性心肌梗塞患者左心功能的影响

目的： 评价溶栓治疗对急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）患者左心功能的影响。方法：经静脉溶栓治疗的９６ 例患者ＡＭＩ后１ 个月进行锝９９ 心肌扫描,计算各项心功能指标。结果：５９ 例再通者的ＥＦ％ 、ＰＥＲ和ＰＦＲ均明显优于３７ 例未通者（Ｐ均＜ ０．０１）。左室扩张者的各类指标与ＬＶＥＤｄ 呈负相关（ｒ＝ － ０．４１～－ ０．８０, Ｐ＜ ０．０１）。结论： ＡＭＩ的溶栓治疗能明显地改善心功能     

急性心肌梗死患者溶栓治疗过程中血浆前列环素和血栓素A2的变化及其意义

目的：探讨急性心肌梗死（ＡＭＩ）患者溶栓治疗过程中血浆前列环素（ＰＧＩ２）及血栓素Ａ２（ＴＸＡ２）变化与再灌注损伤的关系。方法：将发病２４小时内入院的１０４例ＡＭＩ患者随机分为溶栓组６０例与未溶栓组４４例;溶栓组连续３日测定外周血ＰＧＩ２和ＴＸＡ２的代谢产物６酮前列腺素Ｆ１α（６ｋｅｔｏＰＧＦ１α）和血栓素Ｂ２（ＴＸＢ２）的浓度;并计算６ｋｅｔｏＰＧＦ１α／ＴＸＢ２比值（Ｋ／Ｔ）。结果：溶栓血管再通组（４２例）的６ｋｅｔｏＰＧＦ１α和ＴＸＢ２水平均高于溶栓血管未通组（１８例）和未溶栓组,以ＴＸＢ２增加的幅度更大,表现为溶栓血管再通组Ｋ／Ｔ比值显著低于后２组（Ｐ＜０．０１）;而溶栓血管未通组与未溶栓组间上述指标无显著性差异（Ｐ均＞０．０５）。另外,溶栓血管再通组中有再灌注心律失常者的Ｋ／Ｔ比值（０．７７±０．０７）显著低于无再灌注心律失常者（０．８８±０．１４,Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论：ＡＭＩ时ＰＧＩ２与ＴＸＡ２平衡失调,其与再灌注心律失常的发生和冠状动脉再通的病理生理过程有关。溶栓治疗时,使用药物纠正ＰＧＩ２与ＴＸＡ２平衡失调可能有一定意义     

急性心肌梗死溶栓治疗对纤溶系统的影响

为研究急性心肌梗死（ＡＭＩ）溶栓治疗对纤溶系统的影响，对３７例ＡＭＩ患者入院即刻、溶栓治疗（或非溶栓组一般治疗）后１、６、２４ｈ，第２、３、５、１５ｄ测周围静脉血中Ｄ－二聚体（ＤＤ）水平、纤溶酶原激活物活性（ＰＡＡ）、纤溶酶原激活抑制物活性（ＰＡＩＡ）、纤溶酶原活性（ＰＬＧＡ），进行动态观察，并分析其与梗死相关冠脉（ＩＲＡ）再通的关系。结果表明，ＡＭＩ组与正常组相比，血浆ＤＤ水平显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＰＡＡ无变化，ＰＡＩＡ显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＰＬＧＡ亦显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）；溶栓治疗后，上述指标较溶栓前差异非常显著（Ｐ＜０．００１）；溶栓治疗后ＩＲＡ未通组与再通组相比，溶栓后６、２４ｈＰＡＩＡ前者较后者显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＰＡＡ、ＰＬＧＡ及ＤＤ水平无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。提示ＰＡＩ在ＡＭＩ血栓形成中具有重要的病理意义，部分血栓之所以出现溶解抵抗可能与溶栓后血浆中ＰＡＩ大幅度回跳有关，而ＩＲＡ再通组与未通组血浆ＤＤ水平无显著差异，表明ＤＤ不能作为监测ＩＲＡ是否再通的指标。     

栓体舒、尿激酶溶栓治疗急性心肌梗死80例疗效观察

目的：观察栓体舒（重组组织型纤溶酶原激活因子，ｒｔＰＡ）和尿激酶（ＵＫ）对急性心肌梗死（ＡＭＩ）患者的溶栓疗效。方法：将ＡＭＩ患者８０例随机分为Ａ组（３８例，应用ｒｔＰＡ溶栓）和Ｂ组（４２例，应用ＵＫ溶栓）。结果：２组冠状动脉（冠脉）血管总再通率为６０．０％。Ａ组与Ｂ组冠脉血管再通率分别为７３．６％和４７．６％，２组有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。病死率分别为５．３％和１１．９％，２组无显著性差异，Ｐ＞０．０５。继发内脏出血发生率分别为０和１４．３％，Ａ组明显低于Ｂ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。溶栓再通患者病死率（０）明显低于未溶通者（２１．９％），Ｐ＜０．０１。溶栓开始的时间越早越好，发病６小时以内溶栓的患者血管再通率为７８．３％，明显高于６小时～２４小时溶栓者（３５．３％），Ｐ＜０．０１。结论：ｒｔＰＡ用于ＡＭＩ紧急溶栓的临床疗效明显优于ＵＫ，且副作用少。     

急性心肌梗死溶栓血管再通早晚与梗死面积的关系

目的：观察经静脉溶栓治疗急性心肌梗死（ＡＭＩ）患者，梗死相关血管（ＩＲＡ）再通早晚与其心肌梗死面积之关系。方法：选取经溶栓后ＩＲＡ再灌流患者７１例，发病２～３周行＾９９ｍＴｃ－ＭＩＢＩ心肌断层显像测定ＡＭＩ梗死范围指数，二维超声测定左室射血分数（ＬＶＥＦ）。结果１）５７例距发病≤６ｈＩＲＡ再通患者的梗死范围指数低于１４例〉６ｈ组（０．３２６±０．０７５比０．３７３±０．０７１，Ｐ〈０．０５）２）梗     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."