广州、东莞和深圳的全科医疗特征功能比较研究

目的:评价和比较广州、东莞和深圳三个城市四种全科医疗模式下全科医疗特征功能,为制定政策和强化全科医疗特征功能提供依据。方法:采用二阶段抽样,首先抽取广州市3家社区卫生服务中心,东莞市2家社区卫生服务中心,深圳市3家社康中心和深圳市1家公立医院,然后采用方便抽样的方法,使用本土化后的基础保健工具PCAT-AE对社区卫生服务中心/医院的病人进行问卷调查,测量病人对基础保健服务的体验。共有1 712名病人参与调查,其中有效问卷为1 645份。结果:深圳港大医院的全科医疗特征功能总体得分(55.3)要高于广州社区(45.9)、东莞社区(49.2)和深圳社区(51.7)的得分,且P0.05。结论:全科医疗特征功能总体较低,不同全科医疗实践模式显现不同特点,要针对每个地区的具体情况不断完善全科医疗功能服务。     

全科医疗核心特征功能概念与内涵界定的研究思路

全科医疗(general practice)是基础保健(primary care)的核心,全科医疗的特征功能包括:首诊、可及性、连续性、综合性、协调性(核心特征功能)和以家庭为基础、以社区为导向、以病人为中心(衍生特征功能)。特征功能是全科医疗的本质功能,全科医生在提供基础医疗服务时,只有将这些功能整合在一起提供,全科医疗才能转化成高质量的健康照护。特征功能理论是基础保健理论的重要组成部分,特征功能概念的定义与内涵则是该理论的核心和基础,然而,目前已有的基础保健核心特征功能的定义与内涵之间存在着交叉重叠和边界不清。本文首先对基础保健核心特征功能的概念与内涵界定所遇到的问题进行梳理,然后对问题的原因进行探讨,最后给出基础保健特征功能的概念和内涵界定的三个原则,即可控性原则、互斥性原则和穷尽性原则。     

全科医疗核心特征功能、高绩效作用机制及其政策涵义

全科医疗是基础保健的核心,已经成为各国高价值卫生保健体系的基石。首诊、可及性、连续性、协调性和综合性五大特征构成了以功能为导向的全科医疗定义的要素。本文从全科医疗定义出发,厘清和归纳全科医疗五大特征功能的定义、内涵及其作用,探索五大特征功能对卫生体系高绩效的作用机制。并对我国全科医疗提出建议:将基层医疗卫生服务体系更名为基础保健体系;以五大核心特征功能为重点,发展强化基础保健体系,促进基层医疗卫生服务转型升级;重点从全科医生数量、薪酬制度、医保采购以及全科医生教育培训体系等方面完善全科医生制度;从组织层面建立有助于实施全科医疗特征功能的管理制度与服务流程。     

全科医疗核心特征功能定义与内涵界定研究——连续性

连续性是基础保健的一个十分重要而独特的特征,与首诊、可及性、综合性和协调性之间以一种互为基础、相互支撑、彼此强化的方式共同作用,形成基础保健的作用机制。本文首先系统梳理目前关于连续性定义与概念内涵的研究,把握连续性内涵要素,明晰服务连续性的显性要素与隐性要素之间的关系;在此基础上,遵循可控性、穷尽性和互斥性原则,厘清基础保健下连续性与其他四个特征功能的内涵边界,给出全科医疗/基础保健连续性这一特征功能的定义与内涵,为后续建立全科医疗特征功能可操作性定义奠定基础。     

全科医疗核心特征功能研究——基础保健的综合性

综合性是基础保健的重要特征功能,与首诊、可及性、连续性和协调性之间相互关联,共同形成基础保健高绩效的作用机制。面临人口老龄化、慢性病流行、医疗费用快速上涨的挑战,综合性服务的重要性日益凸显。明确基础保健综合性的概念内涵,是研究者、政策制定者和实践管理者亟待解决的一个根本性问题,是管理综合性服务的基础。针对我国基础保健综合性服务的概念及其内涵要素尚未清晰的现状,本文将系统梳理目前关于综合性定义与概念内涵的研究,把握综合性内涵、要素及其内涵;在此基础上,遵循可控性、穷尽性和互斥性原则,理清基础保健综合性与其他特征功能的内涵边界,给出全科医疗/基础保健综合性这一特征功能的定义与内涵,为后续建立全科医疗特征功能的可操作性定义奠定基础。     

宁波市家庭医生签约服务对全科医疗核心特征功能的影响

[目的]从签约患者角度评价宁波市家庭医生签约服务的效果。[方法]2021年4月5-26日采用多阶段分层随机抽样法，对宁波市20个基层医疗卫生机构的600例门诊患者，开展基本情况、全科医疗核心特征功能患者体验等内容的问卷调查。[结果]574例调查对象中，签约患者全科医疗核心特征功能总体得分为(78.11±14.32)分，高于未签约患者[(59.36±17.94)分],差异有统计学意义(t=11.819,P<0.001);签约患者在首诊、可及性、医患关系连续性、综合性和协调性维度得分均高于未签约患者，差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001);经协方差分析，控制年龄和文化程度后。签约患者和未签约患者总分及各维度得分差异仍有统计学意义(P<0.001)。[结论]签约患者在首诊、可及性、医患关系连续性、综合性和协调性方面的就诊体验好于未签约患者。签约服务的实施有利于提升基层医疗服务可及性、医患关系连续性、综合性和协调性。     

全科医疗核心特征功能对糖尿病患者自我管理效能影响

目的探究全科医疗核心特征功能对签约家庭医生的糖尿病患者自我管理效能及其分维度的影响,为提升糖尿病患者自我管理效能提供针对性作用环节。方法采用便利抽样方法,于2019年8—9月在广州市沙园社区卫生服务中心对签约家庭医生的2型糖尿病患者进行面对面问卷调查,收集相关数据。采用多重线性回归方法分析全科医疗核心特征功能对糖尿病患者总体自我效能及分维度的影响。结果共收集224名2型糖尿病患者数据,其自我效能总分为(76.24±12.31)分,全科医疗核心特征功能总分为(72.95±11.40)分。多重线性回归分析结果显示,第一线照护能够提高糖尿病患者总体自我效能(β=0.081,P<0.1);第一线照护(β=0.088,P<0.1)、可及性(β=0.207,P<0.1)、连续性(β=0.133、P<0.1)、协调性(β=0.275,P<0.1)及以病人为中心(β=0.187,P<0.1)可提高患者药物治疗效能;未发现全科医疗核心特征功能与患者血糖与足检查、饮食管理及运动管理效能之间存在关系。结论全科医疗核心特征功能可在总体上提升糖尿病患者自我管理效能和药物治疗效能,但对患者血糖与足检查、饮食管理及运动管理自我效能的作用尚未发现,提升这三个方面的自我效能,还需借鉴健康教育和健康促进理论,提供促成因素和强化因素,例如资源支撑和环境支撑等。     

全科医疗核心特征功能定义与内涵界定研究——可及性

可及性是基础保健五大核心特征功能之一,与首诊功能紧密联系,与综合性互相促进,影响连续性、协调性功能的实现。本文首先回顾普适的可及性概念,并在此基础上梳理基础保健可及性的概念内涵和主要特点,进而辨析基础保健可及性与其他基础保健核心特征功能的联系与区别,最后依据可控性、穷尽性和互斥性三大原则,得出基础保健可及性定义与核心要素,为全科医疗特征功能测量评价工具的研制提供理论依据。     

重庆市全科医疗人才队伍建设水平的研究

目的 评价重庆市全科医疗人才队伍建设水平,分析重庆市全科医疗能力的空间配置格局,为重庆市全科医疗队伍建设提供决策支撑。方法 选取重庆市2017—2020年区县层面医疗机构数据,利用熵值法构建全科医疗人才队伍评价指标,并运用变异系数和洛伦兹曲线对重庆市全科医疗能力的空间配置进行分析。结果 长寿区、大足区、武隆区以及忠县等区县2017年的全科医疗人才队伍建设水平不足0.1,2020年这些区县的全科医疗人才队伍建设水平已上升至0.23～0.35。重庆市全科医疗人才队伍建设水平由2017年的0.187 5增长至2020年的0.286 1,重庆市全科医疗人才规模指数由2017年的0.154 6增长至2020年的0.255 2。基础条件支撑指数由2017年的0.254 5增长至2020年的0.349 1。2017年,各区县全科医疗人才队伍建设水平呈“中心强、外围弱”特征。主城核心区全科医疗人才队伍建设水平相对较高,其中,渝中区以0.766 2排名第一,比第二名的南岸区(0.492 0)高出55.73%,呈现断崖式下降特征。城市发展新区、渝东北和渝东南全科医疗人才队伍建设水平均相对较低,平均水平为0...     

上海市长宁区糖尿病患者生存质量及影响因素分析

目的了解上海市长宁区某社区糖尿病患者的生存质量(QOL)及其影响因素,为今后在糖尿病常规管理工作中提供参考依据。方法采用以健康调查简表(SF-36)为主体的社区糖尿病患者调查问卷对新泾社区卫生服务中心在管411名糖尿病患者进行调查,数据应用SPSS 16.0软件进行χ2、Logistic回归统计分析。结果调查对象在生存质量的躯体疼痛(79.37±18.84)和社会功能(75.70±20.47)维度得分较高;在一般健康状况(47.47±15.63)和精力(65.49±16.12)维度得分较低。影响糖尿病患者生存质量生理内容综合测量得分(PCS)的主要因素有性别(OR=1.62)和有无并发症(OR=1.88),影响糖尿病患者生存质量心理内容综合测量得分(MCS)的主要因素有性别(OR=1.67)和糖尿病西医防治知晓(OR=3.38)。结论在糖尿病患者的日常管理中,重视他们的心理健康,针对性干预糖尿病认知、并发症早发现等可改变因素,对改善糖尿病患者生存质量有重要意义。     

Successful chronic disease care for Aboriginal Australians requires cultural competence

Objective: To review the literature to determine the attributes of culturally appropriate healthcare to inform the design of chronic disease management (CDM) models for Aboriginal patients in urban general practice. Methods: A comprehensive conceptual framework, drawing on the Access to Care, Pathway to Care, Chronic Care, Level of Connectedness, and Cultural Security, Cultural Competency and Cultural Respect models, was developed to define the search strategy, inclusion criteria and appraisal methods for the literature review. Selected papers were reviewed in detail if they examined a chronic disease intervention for an Aboriginal population and reported on its evaluation, impacts or outcomes. Results: In the 173 papers examined, only 11 programs met the inclusion criteria. All were programs conducted in rural and remote Aboriginal community‐controlled health services. Successful chronic disease care and interventions require adequate Aboriginal community engagement, utilising local knowledge, strong leadership, shared responsibilities, sustainable resources and integrated data and systems. These success factors fitted within the conceptual framework developed. Conclusions: Research and development of culturally appropriate CDM models concurrently in both urban and rural settings will enable more rigorous evaluation, leading to stronger evidence for best practice. A partnership of mainstream and Aboriginal‐controlled health services is essential to successfully ‘close the gap’. Implications: Findings will inform and guide the development, implementation and evaluation of culturally appropriate CDM in mainstream general practice and primary care.     

Improving Care of Upper Respiratory Infections Among Latino Early Head Start Parents

Misconceptions about upper respiratory infections (URI) and their treatment are widely held, especially among Latino parents, and are associated with increased health care visits. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends community based interventions to educate families about URI. We designed a community-based, culturally competent health literacy intervention regarding URI, which was pilot tested with Latino Early Head Start (EHS) parents. In depth interviews were conducted to understand parents’ perceptions. A paired-sample Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to assess change in pre-post knowledge/attitudes scores. Changes in care practices are described. Parents were very positive about this education, were open to non-antibiotic URI care, and reported that materials were helpful. Following the intervention, the mean composite knowledge/attitude score increased from 4.1 (total: 10) to 6.6 (P < .05). Families also reported improved care practices. EHS sites are promising locations for health literacy interventions regarding URI.     

社区妇女围绝经期综合征流行病学调查

目的:探讨社区妇女围绝经期综合征流行病学特点及其相关因素,以便更好地开展社区妇女围绝经期的全科医疗服务,进行社区诊断。方法:采用分层整群随机抽样的方法对深圳市福田区3个社区围绝经期妇女进行回顾性流行病学调查。结果:社区妇女自然绝经平均年龄49.9岁;围绝经期综合征发生率为44.1%。社区妇女围绝经期综合征与年龄、文化程度、丈夫关系、孕产次数、亲友支持、经济收入、围绝经期知识、慢性病等有相关性。结论:社区妇女围绝经期综合征具有发病率高和群体性的流行特点。患围绝经期综合征的妇女,严重影响了正常的工作和生活,并给社会和家庭造成一定的负担。因此,以妇幼保健进社区为切入点,开展社区妇女围绝经期的全科医疗服务,是防治社区妇女围绝经期综合征的重要措施。     

社区健康管理下的糖尿病患者生命质量评价

目的 了解社区健康管理下糖尿病患者的生命质量及其影响因素.方法 采用糖尿病患者生命质量测定量表[QLICD-DM(V2.0)]对患者的生命质量进行评价并分析其影响因素.结果 QLICD-DM(V2.0)各模块得分从高到低依次为特异模块、社会功能、心理功能、生理功能.生理功能的影响因素有性别、治疗方法、治疗效果和家庭经济...     

公立医院医生正向执业环境现状与分析

目的:了解我国医生对正向执业环境的评价,从卫生服务供方角度提出对医改的建议。方法:采用自行设计的医务人员正向执业环境调查表,对全国7个省/直辖市的77家公立医院的3 564医生进行问卷调查。正向执业环境包括组织管理和医患关系两个维度。结果:医生的正向执业环境评分仅18.02±4.86分(满分40分),组织管理维度的评分高于医患关系;组织管理维度中,评分最低的是组织对个人建议的重视(2.24±1.04);医患关系维度中,评分最低的是规避医疗风险(1.59±0.81);不同地区医生的正向执业环境评分存在差异,西部地区医生的评分最低(P0.001);中医的正向执业环境评分高于西医(P=0.002)。结论:目前医生的执业环境不容乐观,医院外部紧张的医患关系比医院内部低效的组织管理更严重;促进正向执业环境,医院应采用参与式决策管理模式、建立向医院基层倾斜的宽带绩效薪酬制度;政府应以促进医患信任为基本价值取向,建立合理的医院补偿激励机制。     

社区围绝经期妇女生存质量调查结果分析

目的:探讨社区围绝经期妇女的生存质量,以开展妇女围绝经期的全科医疗服务。方法:在开展社区妇女围绝经期综合征流行病学调查的同时,采用WHO QOL-BREF量表对社区妇女的生存质量进行调查。结果:改良的Kupperm an评分总分>6分、围绝经期综合征症状诊断确立的社区妇女与≤6分的社区妇女生存质量有显著差异(P<0.01)。结论:围绝经期综合征是影响社区围绝经期妇女生存质量的主要因素。因此,以妇幼保健进社区为切入点,开展社区妇女围绝经期的全科医疗服务,是提高社区妇女生存质量的重要措施。     

The use of conjoint analysis to elicit community preferences in public health research: a case study of hospital services in South Australia

AIMS: To demonstrate the use of conjoint analysis (CA) in public health research through a survey of the South Australian community about aspects of their public hospital services. METHODS: A series of focus groups determined the most important attributes in choice of hospital services. These were built into a CA survey, using the discrete choice approach. The survey was posted to a representative sample of 700 South Australians. Theoretical validity, internal consistency and non-response bias were all investigated. RESULTS: Some 231 individuals returned the questionnaire. The attribute, 'improvement in complication rates' was positively associated with choice of hospital. Three attributes were found to be negatively associated with such choice: 'waiting times for casualty', 'waiting times for elective surgery' and, anomalously, 'parking and transport facilities'. 'Travel time' and the cost attribute, 'Medicare levy' were not statistically significant. Trade-offs between the significant attributes were estimated, as were satisfaction or utility scores for different ways of providing hospital services. Results concerning internal consistency and internal validity were encouraging, but some potential for non-response bias was detected. CONCLUSION: A high premium is placed on the quality of hospital care and members of the community are prepared to choose between hospitals largely on the basis of outcomes and length of waiting times for elective surgery and in casualty. IMPLICATIONS: CA can yield potentially policy-relevant information about community preferences for health services.     

The introduction of integrated out-of-hours arrangements in England: a discrete choice experiment of public preferences for alternative models of care

OBJECTIVE: To establish which generic attributes of general practice out-of-hours health services are important to the public. METHODS: A discrete choice experiment postal survey conducted in three English general practitioner (GP) co-operatives. A total of 871 individuals aged 20-70 years registered with a GP. Outcomes were preferences for, and trade-offs between: time to making initial contact, time waiting for advice/treatment, informed of expected waiting time, type of contact, professional providing advice, chance contact relieves anxiety, and utility estimates for valuing current models of care. RESULTS: Response rate was 37%. Respondents valued out-of-hours contact for services for reducing anxiety but this was not the only attribute of importance. They had preferences for the way in which services were organized and valued information about expected waiting time, supporting findings from elsewhere. Participants were most willing to make trade-offs between waiting time and professional person. Of the predicted utility for three models of care utility was higher for fully integrated call management. CONCLUSIONS: Greater utility might be achieved if existing services are re-configured more in line with the government's fully integrated call management model. Because the attributes were described in generic terms, the findings can be applied more generally to the plethora of models that exist (and many that might exist in the future). The approach used is important for achieving greater public involvement in how health services develop. Few experiments have elicited public preferences for health services in the UK to date. This study showed valid preferences were expressed but there were problems obtaining representative views from the public.     

Primary Health Care Evaluation: the view of clients and professionals about the Family Health Strategy

Objective:

to evaluate the attributes of primary health care as for access; longitudinality; comprehensiveness; coordination; family counseling and community counseling in the Family Health Strategy, triangulating and comparing the views of stakeholders involved in the care process.

Method:

evaluative research with a quantitative approach and cross-sectional design. Data collected using the Primary Care Assessment Tool for interviews with 527 adult clients, 34 health professionals, and 330 parents of children up to two years old, related to 33 family health teams, in eleven municipalities. Analysis conducted in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences software, with a confidence interval of 95% and error of 0.1.

Results:

the three groups assessed the first contact access - accessibility with low scores. Professionals evaluated with a high score the other attributes. Clients assigned low score evaluations for the attributes: community counseling; family counseling; comprehensiveness - services rendered; comprehensiveness - available services.

Conclusions:

the quality of performance self-reported by the professionals of the Family Health Strategy is not perceived or valued by clients, and the actions and services may have been developed inappropriately or insufficiently to be apprehended by the experience of clients.