改良Illizarov技术治疗下肢感染性骨缺损

目的研究改良Illizarov技术治疗下肢感染性骨缺损和肢体短缩的方法。方法感染性骨缺损患者23例,男20例,女3例;年龄21~49岁,平均32岁。股骨7例,胫骨16例。肢体短缩4~17cm,平均9cm。根据Illizarov治疗原则,采用微创截骨,分别采用骨段滑移术修复骨缺损和延长肢体。结果经骨段滑移,骨缺损全部愈合,延长间隙成骨良好,无一例需补充植骨。23例经1~5年随访,所有骨缺损愈合,肢体长度恢复正常,感染无复发。结论骨段滑移技术是治疗下肢大段骨缺损简单而有效的方法,软组织感染创面可在骨段滑移中逐渐缩小并闭合,骨感染可在骨段滑移中逐渐被控制并随骨连接而愈合。     

外固定架及重组合异种骨植骨治疗胫骨骨缺损与骨不连

目的：探讨外固定架和重组合异种骨(RBX)植骨治疗胫骨骨缺损、伴肢体短缩的胫骨骨不连及先天性胫骨假关节的临床疗效。方法：应用外固定架共治疗胫骨骨缺损、伴肢体短缩性骨不连及先天性胫骨假关节20例。胫骨断端清理后短缩长度2—9cm，平均4．8cm。断端应用RBX植骨12例。结果：20例病人随访8个月-7年，平均4年3个月，患肢功能恢复满意。12例应用RBX植骨治疗骨不连的平均愈合时间4．8个月。结论：本手术方法治疗胫骨骨缺损、伴肢体短缩的胫骨骨不连及先天性胫骨假关节，创伤小、操作简单，肢体功能恢复满意；RBX植骨治疗骨不连，安全，对促进骨愈合疗效可靠。     

应用Orthofix重建外固定架治疗骨缺损

目的 总结应用Orthofix重建外固定架分别利用骨运输术、一期清创 短缩肢体 截骨延长技术以及一期清创 短缩肢体 二期截骨延长技术治疗26例骨缺损的经验，探索肢体安全短缩的限度。方法 在患肢上安放Orthofix重建外固定架。对17例胫骨和2例股骨骨缺损5～22cm者行骨运输术。对5例胫骨干骨缺损小于5cm合并皮肤缺损及感染者和1例股骨干骨缺损4cm合并感染者行一期清创 短缩肢体 延长技术进行治疗。对2例胫骨缺损5cm和1例股骨干骨缺损4cm者合并感染的患者采用先一期清创 部分短缩肢体，术后继续短缩肢体，二期截骨延长恢复肢体的长度。截骨术后10～14d开始延长，每天4次，每天延长1mm。16例胫骨和2例股骨在远、近缺损端相遇后于骨缺损端行清创术和自体骨植骨术。结果 平均随访13个月。骨缺损均得以重建，患肢肢体长度完全恢复，骨折愈合，无感染复发。在5例使用一期清创 短缩 延长法的胫骨缺损和1例行一期短缩 延长法的股骨缺损患者中，3例胫骨和1例股骨短缩至4cm时出现血管危象，立即恢复1cm长度后肢体远端血运恢复。术后第3天开始继续短缩肢体，每天4mm，每天4次。1例术后出现腓总神经麻痹，术后2个月恢复。4例胫骨缺损患者诉膝部疼痛。3例胫骨缺损患者出现马蹄内翻足。2例胫骨缺损患者出现下胫腓分离。结论 应用Orthofix重建外固定架进行骨运输是治疗骨缺损的有效方法，谨慎使用短缩 延长技术。对于软组织有损伤的肢体一期短缩不应超过3cm，可以于术后第2天开始继续短缩，每天短缩4mm，每天4次，每次1mm。     

半环槽式外固定架治疗下肢短缩畸形及骨缺损

目的探讨应用半环槽式外固定架治疗下肢短缩畸形及骨缺损的手术方式和经验。方法单纯下肢短缩畸形者,分别采用股骨远端、胫骨近端或胫骨远端干骺端横行截骨,半环槽式外固定架缓慢牵伸逐渐延长;骨缺损、骨不连、假关节形成、肢体短缩者,除行干骺端截骨延长外,还必须将假关节处两骨端予以修整,使之略成“V”形互相对合嵌插,并加压固定。结果20例患者骨延长3～17cm,平均延长7.5cm,合并成角畸形者同时得到纠正,其中7例有骨缺损、骨不连、假关节形成者均得到良好愈合。结论半环槽式外固定架治疗下肢短缩畸形及骨缺损,具有方法简单、手术创伤小、不需要植骨、固定可靠、并发症少、疗效满意等优点,值得推广应用。     

短缩-延长肢体治疗胫骨骨缺损合并软组织缺损

目的探索单纯使用Orthofix重建外固定架通过短缩一延长肢体治疗胫骨骨缺损合并软组织缺损的可行性。方法2001年7月～2006年7月收治胫骨骨缺损合并软组织缺损患者39例，其中37例为胫骨感染性骨折不愈合，2例为胫骨开放性骨折（GustiloⅢB型1例，Gustilo ⅢC型1例）。在患肢上安放Orthofix重建外固定架。清创术后小腿胫前内侧软组织平均缺损12cm（6～24cm），胫骨骨缺损平均9cm（4～22cm）。对胫骨骨缺损〈5cm的患者使用一期清创．腓骨截骨．胫骨缺损端加压。对22例胫骨缺损〉5cm的患者采用清创，腓骨截骨．短缩肢体〈5cm。对炎症局限、胫骨截骨部皮肤正常而且远离伤口的患者同期行胫骨截骨术，否则于1．0～1．5个月后二期行胫骨截骨术延长恢复肢体的长度。结果所有患者平均随访14个月（10～44个月）。骨缺损均得以重建，患肢肢体长度与健侧之差小于5mm，骨折愈合，无感染复发，创面均闭合。1例术后出现腓总神经麻痹，术后2个月恢复。4例胫骨缺损患者诉膝部疼痛。5例胫骨蠓损患者出现马蹄内翻足。2例胫骨缺损出现下胫腓分离。1例再骨折。结论使用Orthofix重建外固定架进行短缩．延长肢体是治疗胫骨骨缺损合并软组织缺损的有效方法，但应谨慎使用。对于软组织缺损少的小腿一期短缩的安全限度为3cm，最终短缩6cm。对于软组织缺损较大的急性胫骨开放骨折小腿一期可以短缩9cm。     

外固定器治疗儿童胫骨慢性骨髓炎后骨缺损和肢体短缩

[目的]探讨运用外固定器行骨段转移术治疗儿童胫骨慢性骨髓炎造成的骨缺损和肢体短缩的疗效及经验,为临床合理选择治疗方法提供依据.[方法]回顾性研究1994年1月～2010年1月采用外固定器治疗的26例儿童胫骨慢性骨髓炎造成的骨缺损和肢体短缩行骨段转移术.男15例,女11例,年龄8～17岁,平均11.6岁,术前患肢平均骨缺损长度4.8 cm,肢体短缩差值平均5.3 cm.[结果]全部病人均获随访.术后随访平均116个月,平均外固定指数48.0 d/cm.延长范围5.8～15.1 cm(平均10.3 cm),骨不连接愈合时间平均6.6个月(4～ 13个月).骨愈合率100％,所有患者肢体长度差异得到纠正.[结论]骨外固定器行骨段转移术是治疗儿童伴有肢体短缩的胫骨大段骨缺损的有效方法.     

镶嵌式外固定支架治疗胫骨干骨不连与骨缺损

目的 探讨应用镶嵌式外固定支架治疗胫骨干骨不连与骨缺损的临床疗效.方法 自2006年3月至2010年10月收治40例胫骨干骨折术后骨不连及骨缺损患者,男30例,女10例;年龄19～45岁,平均28.4岁;左侧26例,右侧14例.骨不连按Weber-Czech分类:非感染性骨不连30例,感染性骨不连10例;合并骨缺损或肢体短缩18例,骨缺损或肢体短缩2～10 cm,平均6.1 cm.均采用镶嵌式外固定支架固定治疗.骨不连断端未植骨处理.同期行皮瓣修复者4例,行负压封闭引流二期皮瓣或植皮修复者5例.结果 36例患者术后获10～48个月(平均15个月)随访,4例失访.所有患者骨不连均获愈合,愈合时间为6～12个月,平均7.8个月.短缩2～3 cm者3例,短缩2 cm以下者4例.4例患者骨折愈合后骨折端在冠状面或矢状面上有成角,成角5°～10°,平均8°.相邻膝、踝关节功能恢复良好.结论 镶嵌式外固定支架治疗胫骨干骨不连及骨缺损方法简单、有效,可早期功能锻炼,感染患者可获一期愈合.     

单边外固定架骨段滑移术治疗部分骨缺损

  目的 探索使用单边外固定架骨段滑移术治疗部分骨缺损的可行性。方法 回顾性分析2008年12月至2009年7月治疗的3例部分骨缺损患者的病例,男2例,女1例;年龄分别为50、50、24岁。左胫骨近段内侧骨缺损2例,其中1例骨缺损长5 cm,宽占该区直径1/3~2/3,合并宽5 cm、长3 cm皮肤缺损;另1例骨缺损,长6 cm,宽3 cm;1例右股骨远段外侧骨缺损,长13 cm,宽占全部周径的1/3~2/3,骨面为贴骨瘢痕,长15 cm,宽7 cm。彻底清创后,安装Orthofix公司肢体重建系统;自胫骨缺损远侧缘起向远侧,沿胫骨前方取一10 cm长纵行切口,采用多孔技术行截骨术。术后第14天开始牵拉骨质,速度为1 mm/d, 4次/d。结果 3例患者随访时间分别为14、28、24个月。2例胫骨缺损患者分别在截骨术后8个月和6个月影像学检查示新生骨形成良好,被滑移骨段与宿主骨愈合,故去除外固定架,患侧髋、膝和踝关节活动范围同健侧。股骨缺损患者截骨术后因调错牵开器方向,骨段滑移术不成功;2个月后再次实施截骨及骨段滑移术,术后10个月新生骨形成良好,拆除外固定架;术后17个月患者可独自站立和持手杖行走,膝关节僵直于中立位,无感染及复发。结论 使用单边外固定架行骨段滑移术可治疗部分骨缺损;该方法具有肢体畸形发生率低,外固定架带架时间短及避免供区损伤等优点。     

骨段滑移术治疗胫骨缺损合并软组织缺损

目的总结骨段滑移术治疗胫骨长节段骨缺损合并小腿软组织缺损的疗效、适应证及术后康复在促进功能恢复中的作用。方法在2005年1月到2011年1月6年间治疗胫骨长节段性骨缺损合并小腿软组织缺损共13例,男性10例,女性3例;年龄16～35岁,平均24岁。胫骨缺损部位在胫骨中下段11例,在胫骨中上段2例。缺损长度7～15cm,平均9cm。软组织缺损位于小腿的前内侧,范围3cm×2cm～18cm×10cm。采用Orthofix重建外固定架,一期截骨,7d后开始延长,每日1mm,到胫骨远近缺损骨端紧密对合,维持固定直至骨愈合。小腿软组织缺损感染重、渗出多者使用负压封闭引流技术。术后进行康复治疗。结果从开始治疗到去除外固定架,治疗用时11～23个月,平均18个月。13例胫骨骨缺损获得重建,患肢肢体长度与健侧相差小于2cm,截骨延长新生骨部分愈合良好。11例骨缺损接触端自行愈合,有2例骨折断端软组织内陷阻止骨端接触,1例采用软组织松解,1例行软组织松解加自体植骨术。创面均得到覆盖。闭合的创面部分凹陷为贴骨瘢痕,遇阴雨天不适。骨段滑移过程中在牵开3cm左右时患者感到小腿疼痛,对症治疗后大多可继续进行延长,有4例停止延长3～5d后继续延长直至完成。外固定架未出现固定钉明显松动现象,中间2枚固定钉在滑移的中后期有不同程度的对皮肤切割现象,将皮肤钉孔拉成椭圆形,此钉孔在骨段滑移停止后3周左右恢复正常。所有患者膝关节活动正常,踝关节背伸活动可达15°～30°。结论骨段滑移术是治疗胫骨长节段骨缺损合并软组织缺损的一种较好的方法,最适合的病例是胫骨中上段或中下段长节段骨缺损合并软组织缺损,胫骨近端和远端有置入固定钉的足够长度,腓骨完整性较好的患者。结合康复治疗可使伤残肢体功能最大限度地恢复。     

半环式外固定架骨延长治疗儿童下肢短缩畸形

目的：介绍应用半环式外固定架渐进性骨牵伸／加压技术治疗儿童下肢短缩的经验。方法：单纯下肢短缩采用股骨远端或胫骨近端横行截骨,半环式外固定架牵伸延长,胫骨骨缺损、骨不连性肢体短缩除截骨延长外,还将假关节端修整丰杨互嵌合的“Ｖ”形并加压。结果：１６例患儿骨延长４～８ｃｍ,平均４．７ｃｍ,均达预期长度。结论：半环式外固定架骨延长治疗儿童下肢短缩畸形疗效满意。合并骨缺损、骨不连的肢体短缩是应用半式或外回定     

外固定架结合骨段滑移治疗胫骨骨折

目的探讨利用外固定架结合骨段滑移治疗胫骨骨折的方法。方法应用外固定架结合骨段滑移的方法治疗11例胫骨骨折合并骨缺损和软组织缺损的患者。胫骨缺损长度4～12 cm;软组织缺损面积4 cm×5cm～8 cm×16 cm。使用单边重建外固定架,经过扩创、清除死骨、骨膜下截骨、骨段滑移、骨接触端植骨等步骤完成骨段滑移。结果 11例均获随访,时间18～48个月。胫骨骨折均获得愈合。骨段滑移5～12(8±1.9)cm。4例出现钉道浅表感染。2例膝关节屈伸活动度较健侧减少15°,1例踝关节屈伸减少10°,但是不影响生活。2例进行了浅表创面游离植皮。无经历第二次深部扩创、无进行皮瓣转移。结论外固定架结合骨段滑移是治疗胫骨骨折、骨缺损的有效办法,具有创伤小、疗效确切的优点。     

Ilizarov treatment of tibial nonunions with bone loss

Twenty-five patients aged 19-62 years were treated for tibial nonunions (22 atrophic, three hypertrophic) with bone loss (1-23 cm, mean 6.2 cm) by the Ilizarov technique and fixator. Thirteen had chronic osteomyelitis, 19 had a limb-length discrepancy (2-11 cm), 12 had a bony defect (1-16 cm), and 13 had a deformity. Six had a bone defect with no shortening, 13 had shortening with no defect, and six had both a bone defect and shortening. Nonunion, bone defects, limb shortening, and deformity can all be addressed simultaneously with the Ilizarov apparatus. Bone defects were closed from within without bone grafts by the Ilizarov bone transport technique of sliding a bone fragment internally, producing distraction osteogenesis behind it until the defect is bridged (internal lengthening). Length was reestablished by distraction of a percutaneous corticotomy or through compression and subsequent distraction of the pseudarthrosis site (external lengthening). Distraction osteogenesis resulting from both processes obviated the need for a bone graft in every case. Deformity was corrected by means of hinges on the apparatus. Infection was treated by radical resection of the necrotic bone and internal lengthening to regenerate the excised bone. Union was achieved in all cases. The mean time to union was 13.6 months, but it was only 10.6 months if the time taken for unsuccessful compression-distraction of the nonunion is eliminated from the calculation. The bone results were excellent in 18 cases, good in five, and fair in two based on union in all cases, persistent infection in three, deformity in four, and limb shortening in one. The functional results were excellent in 16 cases, good in seven, fair in one, and poor in one based on return to work and daily activities in all cases, limp in four cases, equinus deformity in five cases, dystrophy in four cases, pain in four cases, and voluntary amputation for neurogenic pain in one case.     

Treatment of tibial defect and bone nonunion with limb shortening with external fixator and reconstituted bone xenograft

Objective: To explore the effect of external fixator and reconstituted bone xenograft (RBX) in the treatment of tibial bone defect, tibial bone nonunion and congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia with limb shortening. Methods : Twenty patients ( 13 males and 7 females)with tibial bone defect, tibial bone nonunion or congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia with limb shortening were treated with external fixation, Two kinds of external fixators were used: a half ring sulcated external fixator used in 13 patients and a combined external fixator in 7 patients.Foot-drop was corrected at the same time with external fixation in 4 patients. The shortened length of the tibia was in the range of 2-9 cm, with an average of 4.8 cm. For bone grafting, RBX was used in 12 patients, autogenous ilium was used in 3 patients and autogenous fibula was implanted as a bone plug into the medullary canal in 1 case,and no bone graft was used in 4 patients. Results: All the 20 patients were followed-up for 8 months to 7 years, averaging 51 months. Satisfactory function of the affected extremities was obtained. All the shortened extremities were lengthened to the expected length. For all the lengthening area and the fracture sites,bone union was obtained at the last. The average healing time of 12 patients treated with RBX was 4.8 months. Conclusions: Both the half ring sulcated external fixator and the combined external fixator have the advantages of small trauma, simple operation, elastic fixation without stress shielding and non-limitation from local soft tissue conditions, and there is satisfactory functional recovery of affected extremities in the treatment of tibial bone defects, tibial bone nonunion and congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia combined with limb shortening.RBX has good biocompatibility and does not cause immunological rejections. It can also be safely used in treatment of bone nonunion and has reliable effect to promote bone healing.     

骨外固定技术治疗复杂骨不连与骨缺损

目的：改进合并广泛软组织瘢痕,感染,骨缺损及肢体短缩骨不连的治疗。方法：总结1982－1999年采用骨外固定技术治疗112例骨不连的体会。所有骨不连均采用半环槽式外固定器行骨断端加压固定,对合并骨缺损及肢体短缩的部分病例,根据局部是否感染,感染静止与否,及肢体短缩的幅度,同期或二期行干骺端截骨延长术,在骨不连加压固定的同时或骨不连愈合后,重建肢体长度。结果：112例骨不连最终均达到骨性愈合。34例感染性骨不连伤口感染得到控制。非感染性骨不连骨愈合时间3－7个月,平均5．2个月;感染性骨不连骨愈合时间5－11个月,平均5．5个月。伴有肢体短缩的骨缺损,骨不连11例同期,8例二期重建了肢体长度,达到了肢体长度均衡。结论：采用骨外固定技术和治疗此类骨不连,由于在远离病灶的部位穿针固定,加上避开瘢痕组织显露骨不连断端,对骨不连断端的血循环及成骨潜力干扰小;不切除硬化骨质,亦不凿通髓腔及骨断端适当的修整,可在增加骨折固定稳定性的同时进一步避免肢体短缩;加压外尤其采用细钢针交叉穿放的弹性固定有利于骨折愈事;同期或二期行干骺端截骨延长有效的重建了肢体长度,达到了肢体长度均衡。     

Reconstruction with distraction osteogenesis for juxta-articular nonunions with bone loss

BACKGROUND: Nonunions of a juxta-articular lesion with bone loss, which represent a challenging therapeutic problem, were treated using external fixation and distraction osteogenesis. METHODS: Seven juxta-articular nonunions (five septic and two aseptic) were treated. The location of the nonunion was the distal femur in four patients, the proximal tibia in one patient, and the distal tibia in two patients. All of them were located within 5 cm from the affected joints. Preoperative limb shortening was present in six cases, averaging 2.9 cm (range, 1-7 cm). The reconstructive procedure consisted of refreshment of the nonunion site, deformity correction, stabilization by external fixation, and lengthening to eliminate leg length discrepancy or to fill the defect. Shortening-distraction was applied to six patients and bone transport to one patient for reconstruction. Intramedullary nailing to reduce the duration of external fixation was simultaneously performed in two cases. All the patients had at least 1 year of follow-up evaluation. RESULTS: Osseous union without angular deformity or leg length discrepancy greater than 1 cm was achieved in all patients. The mean amount of lengthening was 5.8 cm (range, 2.2-10.0 cm). The mean external fixation period was 219 days (range, 98-317 days), and the mean external fixation index was 34.4 days/cm (range, 24.5-47.6 days/cm). All patients reported excellent pain reduction. There were no recurrences of infection in five patients with prior history of osteomyelitis. The functional results were categorized as excellent in two, good in three, and fair in two. CONCLUSION: Despite the length of postoperative external fixation, distraction osteogenesis can be a valuable alternative for the treatment of juxta-articular nonunions.     

外固定技术治疗骨折内固定术后难治性骨不连并骨缺损

目的 探讨外固定技术不植骨治疗骨折内固定术后难治性骨不连并骨缺损的临床疗效.方法 自2002年4月至2008年12月收治17例骨折内固定术后难治性骨不连及骨缺损患者,男12例,女5例;年龄ll～50岁,平均34.7岁.骨不连部位:胫骨10例,股骨5例,肱骨2例;骨不连时间8～21个月,平均16.3个月;既往接受手术次数1～3次,平均1.6次;骨缺损长度2.5～11.0 cm,平均3.5 cm.采用短缩加压结合延长和骨节段延长转位两种外固定基本方法治疗,观察骨折愈合及伤肢功能情况.结果 17例骨不连均骨性愈合,愈合时间3～21个月,平均5.2个月.12例伴有肢体短缩的骨不连并骨缺损患者同期或二期重建了肢体长度,达到了肢体长度均衡,平均骨延长4.8 cm,愈合时间4～11个月,平均5.2个月,骨愈合指数平均32 d/cm.结论 采用外固定技术治疗难治性骨不连并骨缺损,其弹性固定有利于骨折愈合,干骺端截骨延长有效重建了肢体长度,达到了肢体长度平衡并可早期下地活动,可视为一种疗效确切的微创生物学治疗技术.     

应用胫骨Ⅰ期短缩加Ⅱ期延长治疗严重胫骨开放性骨折

目的 评价应用胫骨Ⅰ期短缩加Ⅱ期延长的方法治疗严重胫骨开放性骨折的临床效果.方法 自2006年5月至2009年8月应用胫骨Ⅰ期短缩加Ⅱ期延长治疗5例严重胫骨开放骨折患者,均为男性;年龄23～41岁,平均35岁.清创和胫骨短缩后用单边外固定支架临时固定,血管损伤者行动脉吻合.1例伤口Ⅰ期闭合,2例经植皮后愈合,2例分别通过腓肠神经营养支筋膜瓣和交腿皮瓣闭合伤口.伤口愈合后从胫骨近端做截骨,应用Ilizarov架行胫骨延长,恢复小腿的长度.胫骨短缩3～5 cm,平均4.2 cm.结果 所有患者术后获18～24个月(平均20个月)随访.患者骨折短缩处伤口均获愈合,无一例发生感染.全部患者骨折均获愈合,愈合时间为6～12.5个月,平均9.6个月,平均愈合指数1.7个月/cm,患肢长度均恢复,与健侧无差别.按Paley功能评价标准:优3例,良1例,可1例.结论 应用胫骨Ⅰ期短缩加Ⅱ期延长治疗严重胫骨开放性骨折,具有安全可靠、简化治疗过程及减少皮瓣应用等优点,是一种较好的方法.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate clinical results of primary shortening plus secondary lengthening of the tibia for sever tibial fractures. Methods From May 2006 to August 2009, 5 men with severe open tibial fracture were treated with primary shortening plus secondary lengthening of the tibia in our center. They were aged from 23 to 41 years (average, 35 years) . Four cases were Gustilo type MB and one was Gustilo type M C. The primary procedure included debridement, shortening of the tibia and temporary fixation with a unilateral external fixator, and arterial anastomosis in cases of vessel injury. The wounds healed primarily in one case, after skin graft in 2 cases, and after flap transplantation in 2 cases. After wound healing, secondary lengthening of the tibia was performed following osteotomy of the proximal tibia with an Ilizarov fixator to restore the length of the injured leg. The average shortening was 4. 2 cm (range, 3 to 5 cm). Results The average follow-up period was 20 months (range, 18 to 24 months). All the wounds were healed without signs of osteomyelitis. All the fractures united. The mean bone healing time was 9. 6 months (range, 6 to 12. 5 months) . The average healing index was 1. 7 months/cm. A normal length was restored in all the affected lower limbs. By Paley functional assessment system, 3 cases were excellent, one was good and one was fair. Conclusion Primary shortening plus secondary lengthening of the tibia is a reliable and successful method for sever tibial fractures, because it can simplify management and minimize the need for flap coverage.