培哚普利治疗高血压的疗效及其对肾功能的影响

目的：以氨氯地平为对照，观察培哚普利对原发性高血压的降压效果，并评价其对肾功能的影响。方法：1、2级原发性高血压患者分为培哚普利组（4mg／d）和氨氯地平组（5mg／d），治疗4周，如血压得到控制（收缩压〈140mmHg和舒张压〈90mmHg），继续原剂量治疗8周；如血压未得到控制[收缩压≥140mmHg和（或）舒张压≥90mmHg]，将上述药物剂量加倍后继续治疗8周。治疗前后和治疗期间定期测量血压，治疗前和治疗12周末检测血清肌酐（Scr）、内生肌酐清除率（Ccr）、尿微量白蛋白（U—MAlb）、血和尿β2-微球蛋白（β2-MG）、尿α1广微球蛋白（α1—MG）。结果：与治疗前比较，两组治疗4、8、12周末血压均有明显下降（P〈0．01）；两组之间同期相比，治疗4、8、12周末血压差异无统计学意义（P〉0． 05）。治疗12周末降压有效率培哚普利组95％，氨氯地平组98％，两组间相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。与治疗前比较，两组治疗12周末 Scr、Ccr差异无显著性（P〉0．05），培哚普利组U—MAIb、血和尿β1-MG、尿α1—MG较治疗前显著下降（P〈0．01），氨氯地平组变化差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论：培哚普利和氨氯地平均对轻中度原发性高血压有显著的降压效果，疗效确切。同时．培哚普利还能降低U—MAlb、血和尿β2-MG、尿α1-MG．对肾功能有保护和改善作用。[著者文摘]     

培哚普利及氯沙坦联合治疗对原发性高血压左室肥厚的逆转作用

目的 探讨培哚普利、氯沙坦及两者联合用药对原发性高血压（EH）患者左室肥厚（LVH）的干预作用。方法 EH伴有LVH患者90例随机分成A组（培哚普利4mg／d，30例），B组（氟沙坦50mg／d，30例）和C组（培哚普利4mg／d加氯沙坦50mg／d，30例）。治疗4周时若血压〉160／100mmHg（1mmHg=0．133kPa），则培哚普利和氯沙坦剂量分别增加至8mg/d和100mg／d。总疗程共24周，治疗前后用彩色超声多普勒检测左室相关数据，计算左室重量指数（LVMI），并行24h动态血压监测。结果 1、3组治疗前后比较均能显著降低LVMI（P〈0．01）。其中A组和B组LVMI的降低差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05），但C组LVMI降低较A组、B组两组更为显著，差异具有显著性意义（P〈0．01）。②分别比较3组治疗前24h平均收缩压、24h平均舒张压差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05），治疗后24h平均收缩压、24h平均舒张压均分别较治疗前显著降低（P〈0．01），但治疗后3组间比较均无明显差别（P〉0．05）。结论 培哚普利、氧沙坦均能逆转EH患者LVH，培哚普利和氯沙坦联合用药能使这一作用更为显著，且这种协同作用与降压效应无关。     

培哚普利治疗原发性高血压临床疗效观察

目的观察培哚普利治疗轻中度原发性高血压临床疗效。方法119例轻中度原发性高血压随机单盲分为两组,培哚普利（治疗）组：60例,4mg／d口服,观察4周。服药2周降压不明显者,加服吲哒帕胺2．5mg／d。苯那普利（对照）组：59例,10mg／d口服,观察4周。服药2周降压不明显者,加服吲哒帕胺2．5mg／d。结果培哚普利在治疗前、治疗2周后和治疗4周后的收缩压分别是（160．3±13．5）mmHg、（149．3±12．2）mmHg和（135±10．5）mmHg,舒张压分别是（100．84-8．3）mmHg、（95．3±6．2）mmHg和（85±5．3）mmHg;苯那普利组在治疗前、治疗2周后和治疗4周后的收缩压分别是（159．2±14．3）mmHg、（147．8±12．7）l,／mmHg和（134±10．8）mmHg,舒张压分别是（99．6±8．1）mmHg、（94．6±6．1）mmHg和（85．8±5．9）mmHg,两组间的收缩压和舒张压在治疗前后无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论轻中度原发性高血压患者,培哚普利是一种安全、有效的降压药物,与其他ACEI制剂比较,副反应轻微,可减少咳嗽的发生。     

缬沙坦联合氨氯地平治疗早期糖尿病肾病合并高血压疗效观察

目的研究血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻滞剂(缬沙坦)单独和联合苯磺酸氨氯地平应用对Ⅱ型糖尿病肾病(DN)合并高血压患者降压疗效及其对尿蛋白排泄量的影响。方法 122例DN合并高血压患者随机分为2组,缬沙坦组(对照组)60例,给予缬沙坦80 mg,1次/d;观察组62例,给予左旋氨氯地平5mg及缬沙坦80 mg,1次/d。疗程均为12周。治疗后观察降压效果及尿蛋白排泄量的变化。结果 2组治疗后均能显著降低血压、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白,降低血尿素氮、肌酐及尿蛋白排泄量,但观察组降低血压及尿蛋白排泄量的幅度明显高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论缬沙坦单独和联合氨氯地平治疗DN合并高血压,均可明显降低血压,减少血尿素氮、肌酐及尿蛋白排泄量,保护肾功能,但与苯磺酸氨氯地平两药联用时降压作用及改善蛋白尿作用更好。     

贝那普利与缬沙坦联合治疗充血性心力衰竭的疗效观察

目的研究贝那普利与缬沙坦联合治疗慢性充血性心力衰竭与单用贝那普利和缬沙坦的疗效。方法将慢性充血性心力衰竭患者在扩血管、利尿、强心、β-受体阻滞剂治疗基础上分为A组、B组、C组。A组加贝那普利10mg，1次／d口服；B组加缬沙坦80mg，1次／d口服；C组同时加上述两种药物贝那普利10mg，1次／d口服、缬沙坦80mg，1次／d口服。进行心功能左室舒张内径、EF值以及血清离子、肾功能等评估。结果12周后C组改善总有效率比A组和B组更显著（P〈0．05）。结论贝那普利与缬沙坦治疗慢性充血性心力衰竭联合用药优于单独用药。     

氨氯地平、培哚普利治疗高血压患者的效果和对心肾功能的影响

目的:探讨氨氯地平、培哚普利单独和联用治疗高血压病人的效果和对心、肾功能的影响。方法:120例高血压患者随机分成3组:A组40例,氨氯地平5 mg,口服,1次/d;B组40例,培哚普利4 mg,口服,1次/d;C组40例,氨氯地平5 mg 培哚普利4 mg,口服,1次/d。均治疗24周。治疗前后观察血压、脉压、心率、心功能(NY-HA)、6 min步行试验2、4 h尿白蛋白、尿蛋白、血尿素氮、血肌酐和药物不良反应。结果:治疗后24周,3组血压、心率均明显下降,C组收缩压下降>A、B组(P<0.01),脉压减小优于A、B组(P<0.01)。6 min步行试验、NY-HA均明显改善,24 h尿白蛋白、尿蛋白、尿素氮、肌酐排泄下降,C组均比A、B组好,无不良反应。结论:氨氯地平和培哚普利联用,是加强降血压、缩小脉压、改善心肾功能的安全有效方法。     

培哚普利/吲哒帕胺复合制剂治疗高血压病的临床研究

目的：比较低剂量培哚普利／吲哒帕胺复合制剂（百普乐）与培哚普利对高血压患者血压变化的影响和治疗反应率及安全性。方法：共入选高血压患者100例，分为试验组52例，对照组48例，分别应用百普乐（培哚普利2mg＋吲哒帕胺0．625mg）1次／d和培哚普利4mg1次／d，连续治疗观察12周。结果：治疗结束时，试验组和对照组降压总有效率分别为94．2％（49／52）与83.3％（40／48），试验组主要副作用为咳嗽[9．6％（5／52）]，而无首剂低血压反应和高钾血症。结论：培哚普利／吲哒帕胺复合制剂有良好临床降压效果。安全性好,不良反应少     

缬沙坦联合小剂量氢氯噻嗪治疗原发性高血压110例

目的：观察缬沙坦联合小剂量氢氯噻嗪对原发性高血压的降压疗效。方法：将近2年我院高血压门诊患者中210例符合纳入标准的原发性高血压患者分为治疗组110例和对照组100例。对照组给予缬沙坦80mg，1次／d，晨服，如2周末未达标则加缬沙坦80mg继续治疗，疗程为8周；治疗组在对照组基础上加用氢氯噻嗪12．5mg，1次／d，晨服，如2周末未达标则加缬沙坦80mg继续治疗，疗程均为8周。治疗前后测血压、肝肾功能、血糖、血脂、血钾及心电图。结果：两组血压均明显下降，治疗组血压达标率明显高于对照组（89：1％ vs S74．0％），差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：缬沙坦联合氢氯噻嗪可显著降低高血压患者血压，降压达标率明显优于单用缬沙坦降压治疗。     

ACEI联合ARB治疗糖尿病肾病临床疗效观察

目的探讨血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂（ACEI）联合血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻断药（ARB）治疗糖尿病肾病临床疗效。方法选择本院2007年5月至2009年5月糖尿病。肾病患者83例,随机将上述患者分为观察组和对照组。两组均在常规治疗基础上,对照组给予苯那普利10mg／d,根据患者血压情况调整剂量。观察组给予苯那普利10mg／d,同时给予缬沙坦80mg／d,根据患者血压情况调整剂量。两组疗程均为3个月。两组患者分别在治疗前和治疗后测定24h尿蛋白总量、糖化血红蛋白、血肌酐水平。结果观察组治疗后糖化血红蛋白量和对照组洽疗后比较差异无统计学意义,P〉0．05;两组患者治疗后24h尿蛋白总量、血肌酐分别与本组治疗前比较,P〈0．05;治疗组治疗后24h尿蛋白总量、血肌酐与对照组治疗后比较,差异有统计学意义,P〈0．05。结论ACEI联合ARB治疗糖尿病肾病能够有效地控制尿蛋白,对肾脏起到保护作用,临床效果显著,值得借鉴。     

阿托伐他汀改善收缩期高血压患者脉压与动脉弹性的临床分析

目的观察阿托伐他汀对降压治疗中高血压患者脉压和动脉弹性功能的影响。方法选择42例正在规律服用培哚普利（4mg／d）治疗并且脉压≥60mmHg的高血压患者,随机分成治疗组和对照组,每组各21例,治疗组在培垛普利的基础上加服阿托伐他汀（10mg／d）,对照组则继续服用原培哚普利不变,在治疗前及治疗后12周时分别检测患者的血压、大动脉和小动脉弹性指数（C1和C2）。结果治疗组治疗后的脉压（PP）和C2较对照组有明显改善（P〈0．05）,C1则无显著改变（P〉0．05）。结论阿托伐他汀通过改善高血压患者动脉弹性,具有缩小脉压的作用。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.