谵妄在综合医院住院患者中的临床特点分析

目的 了解谵安在综合医院住院患者中的临床特点.方法 对1年内综合医院伟院患者中精神科联络会诊明确诊断为谵妄的93例患者的临床特点进行分析,并与336例会诊后明确为非谵妄患者进行比较.结果 谵妄患者的平均年龄高于非谵妄患者[(71±15)岁vs(59±18)岁,P＜0.05].会诊时精神障碍的病程短于1周的比例,谵妄组高于非谵妄组(56.0%vs18.3%,P＜0.05).谵妄组来自重症监护病房(10.8%)和外科者(36.4%)高于非谵安组(4.2%和21.4%),而来自内科较少(56.5%vs36.6%),上述差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).谵妄组以精神病性发作(61.8%)和认知障碍(20.2%)作为会诊原因的比例高于非谵妄组(18.5%和1.0%),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).谵妄组罹患创伤或手术、呼吸系统疾病和多系统疾病(26.7%、10.5%、20.9%)者高于非谵妄组(15.9%、4.7%、10.9%),而循环系统疾病较少(3.5%vs16.5%),差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).高龄(≥165岁)、被非精神科医生识别为精神病性发作和认知障碍、精神科会诊时刻较早、罹患创伤或者手术、呼吸系统疾病和多系统疾病、在重症监护病房治疗与谵妄密切相关(P＜0.05).80.6%的患者应用了药物治疗,常用的药物为氟哌啶醇、奥氮平、喹硫平和利培酮.结论 对于在外科和重症监护病房治疗的创伤、呼吸系统疾病、多系统疾病或术后的老年患者应高度注意发生谵妄的可能性.     

综合医院精神科会诊临床分析

目的 对综合性医院精神科会诊情况进行分析研究.方法 回顾性分析我科会诊的718例住院病人的临床资料,包括请会诊科室、会诊病人的诊断和处理等.结果 申请会诊科室共19个,其中针灸科（神经内科）会诊的人数最多,占43.3%.会诊的疾病前三类是：器质性精神障碍（71%）、心境障碍（8.6%）和神经症（6.0%）.所选的药物以苯二氮类（67.8%）、新型抗抑郁药（51.8%）和非典型抗精神病药（27%）应用较多.结论 我综合性医院会诊有年会诊率更高、患者年龄更大、以器质性精神障碍多见以及多选用新型药物治疗为主等特点.     

精神科与骨科联合会诊模式对高龄骨折患者术后谵妄识别率及住院时间影响

目的研究精神科与骨科联合会诊模式对高龄骨折患者术后谵妄识别率及住院时间影响。方法选择2015年1月至12月在我院接受治疗的高龄骨折患者180例,随机分为对照组和观察组,每组各90例。观察组在研究开始前由精神科医师对骨科医护人员进行精神卫生知识和谵妄评估量表的培训,为患者提供术前和术后心理咨询,每天采用CAM对患者进行评估,谵妄患者联络精神科医师协助诊疗。对照组接受骨科常规诊疗,出现精神症状后联络精神科医师会诊。结果观察组患者的会诊率为41.11%,而对照组患者的会诊率仅为17.78%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),两组患者会诊后谵妄、焦虑障碍、抑郁发作等精神疾病的诊断率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组患者谵妄的识别率为31.11%,对照组患者谵妄的识别率为11.11%,观察组患者的住院时间较短(P0.05)。结论精神科与骨科联合会诊模式可提高老年骨折患者术后谵妄的识别率,缩短住院时间。     

综合性医院联络精神会诊291例分析

目的对综合性医院精神联络会诊进行分析研究．方法对一所综合性医院291例住院病人精神联络会诊资料进行回顾分析，以了解联络精神会诊于综合性医院的应用情况。结果邀请会诊的科室以内科最多(43．3％），会诊形式以普通会诊为主(69.4％)．躯体疾病伴发精神障碍要求协助诊治是会诊的主要原因(44．3％)。非精神科医生对精神疾病普遍认识不够，对精神障碍的实际诊断率和诊断符合率偏低，分别为51．9％和35，6％，能于会诊前使用精神药物仅22.7％。结论在综合性医院应大力开展联络精神会诊，这有利于提高精神科与非精神科医生业务水平，全方位提高医院诊治病人的能力。     

综合性医院精神科会诊178例分析

作者对综合性医院精神科会诊178例分析发现，会诊的主要原因是躯体疾病伴发精神障碍(38.2%）及原患精神疾病又患躯体疾病(32．0％)要求诊断和处理，内科会诊占首位(34.3％)，以器质性精神障碍(36．5％)最多见；其次为神经症(18．8％)，以癌症为多见，随后为精神障碍(8．4％)；会诊后44．8％病人转精神科治疗，未转科者使用精神活性药物治疗者占17.9％，综台治疗占11．8％，心理治疗占8．5%。作者建议，在综台性医院设置精神科，开展会诊一联络精神病学(CLP)工作甚为必要。     

对谵妄诊断标准的研究

为了解综合医院各科医生包括精神科医生对谵妄诊断的掌握情况 ,我们对经精神科会诊后诊断为谵妄的患者进行回顾性调查分析。对象和方法　以本院 2 0 0 1年 4月至 2 0 0 2年 11月由精神科医生在内、外科会诊时被诊断为谵妄的患者为研究对象 ,共 39例。其中男 2 7例 ,女 12例 ;年龄为 32～ 88岁 ,平均( 6 6± 16 )岁 ;均无功能性疾病。基础疾病为 :心血管疾病 9例次 ,肿瘤术后 8例次 ,脑梗塞 7例次 ,呼吸系统疾病 6例次 ,普通外科手术后 5例次 ,肝脏疾病、尿毒症和糖尿病各 3例次 ,痴呆和发热待查各 1例次。精神症状 :兴奋、行为紊乱2 8例 ,睡…     

综合医院精神科联络会诊6年的变化

目的:比较2008年与2014年综合医院精神科联络会诊的变化。方法:回顾性分析、比较2008年及2014年武汉大学人民医院各科室邀请精神科会诊情况。结果:精神科会诊患者2008年257例,2014年为688例;两年的会诊率、会诊患者的年龄、性别分布差异无统计学意义。与2008年相比,2014年患者单次会诊比例显著增加(Z=4.20,P0.05);内科、妇产科、儿科、五官科、肿瘤科会诊比例显著增高,外科、感染科和老年科会诊比例显著降低(P均0.05);患者因不能解释的躯体症状和既往精神障碍史但目前无症状的会诊比例明显增高,而急性脑综合征和精神病性症状的比例明显降低(P均0.05)。结论:6年间综合医院住院患者对精神科联络会诊需求无明显变化;非精神科医生对患者精神问题的关注增高,但识别能力不足。     

综合性医院精神科会诊210例分析

通过综合性医院精神科会诊２１０例分析，发现在综合性医院临床各科存在大量精神医学问题。会诊主要原因是躯体疾病出现精神障碍（５７．６％）及躯体化症状（２６．２％）要求诊断和处理；内科会诊占首位（６７．６％），其中神经内科最多（１９．５％），其次是心血管内科（１３．８％）和消化内科（１３．３％）；病种以器质性精神障碍最多见（４１．０％），其次是神经症（２１．４％），以焦虑症及抑郁性神经症为多见；躯体疾病心理反应（１３．０％）也不少，症状以情绪焦虑、抑郁为常见表现。作者认为，在综合性医院设置精神种，开展会诊一联络精神病学工作甚为必要。     

抑郁障碍患者自杀未遂的危险因素分析

目的:分析抑郁障碍(MDD)患者自杀未遂的危险因素。方法:入组332例MDD患者,分为自杀未遂组(95例)和非自杀未遂组(237例);对入组者进行人口学与临床资料调查、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD-24)及汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA-14)评估及血清甲状腺功能检测,并进行组间比较;分析自杀未遂的危险因素。结果:自杀未遂组年龄、首次发病年龄明显小于非自杀未遂组,病程、既往住院次数明显多于非自杀未遂组;单身、无业、受教育程度低、家族史阳性、伴有精神病性症状、共病焦虑障碍比率明显高于非自杀未遂组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。HAMD总分与焦虑躯体化、认知障碍、阻滞、绝望感、体质量、日夜变化因子分及HAMA评分明显高于非自杀未遂组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。血清游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)水平明显高于非自杀未遂组(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,伴有精神病性症状、既往住院次数、HAMD评分中认知障碍、绝望感因子是影响抑郁症患者自杀未遂的主要危险因素。结论:伴有精神病性症状、既往住院次数、HAMD评分中的认知障碍、绝望感因子可能为MDD患者自杀未遂的危险因素。     

综合医院精神科联络会诊分析

目的:探讨综合医院内精神科联络会诊的分布特征。方法:收集某综合医院1年内精神科联络会诊病例688例,完成自制调查问卷,使用SPSS统计软件进行描述性统计分析。结果:会诊病例最多分布在神经内科(19.3%),其次为心内科(9.7%)、骨科(9.3%)、消化内科(8.9%)、呼吸科(8.7%)以及脑外科(7.0%);患者年龄分布以40~69岁(53.2%)和20~29岁(13.5%)为多;会诊主要原因为急性脑病综合征(25.7%)、精神病性症状(22.8%)、不能解释的躯体症状(12.9%)和既往有精神障碍史而目前无明显症状者(13.8%);会诊诊断主要包括躯体疾病伴精神障碍(21.4%)、精神分裂症和其他精神病性障碍(20.9%)、脑器质性精神障碍(20.1%)等。结论:综合医院精神科联络会诊涉及各科室、各年龄段;主要会诊原因为急性脑病综合征和阳性精神病性症状,而抑郁、焦虑症状关注较少。     

综合医院老年精神科联络会诊：附131例分析

目的了解和探讨综合医院老年精神科联络会诊的特点。方法对申请精神科会诊的131例综合医院老年患者,通过精神检查依照ICD—10进行诊断,并电话随访疗效。结果患者年龄65～109岁,平均（77．62±9．09）岁;会诊请求中最困扰的精神问题为行为障碍（69．5％）,会诊诊断谵妄状态（42．0％）最为常见;会诊后疗效很好和有效的比例分别为36．6％、57．1％。结论综合医院老年精神科会诊有其特点,会诊有助于精神状态的判别和治疗。     

Referral pattern of neurological patients to psychiatric Consultation-Liaison Services in 33 European hospitals.

The referral pattern of neurological patients to 33 European psychiatric consultation-liaison (C-L) services in the general hospital was examined. Analyses were conducted on the ECLW CS data set, which consists of 14,717 psychiatric C-L referrals made in 56 European hospitals during 1991. Psychiatric referrals of patients admitted to neurological wards were compared to referrals from other wards. Information was obtained from 33 neurological wards, consisting of 34,506 neurological admissions. Of these admissions, 839 were referred to C-L psychiatry. The median consult rate among the hospitals was 1.8%. Compared to other hospital wards, patients referred from neurology were more frequently diagnosed as suffering from somatoform (P<.01) and dissociative disorders (P<.01), and less from substance abuse (P<.01) and delirium (P<.01). Referral to C-L psychiatry from neurological wards is characterized by an underestimation of psychiatric co-morbidity and a late detection, comparable to other medical specialties. An appeal is made for a standardized referral procedure including admission screening method, detecting patients at risk for nonstandard care during their hospital admission.     

Consultation-Liaison outpatient clinics

This paper describes the history of the provision of psychiatric services to outpatients in general (medical) hospitals in the United States. It also reviews the rationale for the development of consultation-liaison psychiatric clinics that have been created to meet the psychiatric needs of these patients. Results of a random survey of current consultation-liaison psychiatry outpatient clinics are presented and recommendations are made for a model outpatient clinic.     

Etiologic and outcome profiles in hypoactive and hyperactive subtypes of delirium

The existence of hyperactive, hypoactive, or mixed clinical subtypes of delirium is widely accepted. But relationships between these motor profiles and etiology or outcome remain unclear. The aim of this study was to compare etiologic and outcome profiles in a case series of 183 elderly patients (mean age = 84.1 years, SD = 5.9) consecutively admitted into the geriatric wards of two French university hospitals or referred to a geriatric psychiatry consultation-liaison unit within a Swiss university hospital. All patients met DSM-III-R criteria for delirium and were classified into clinical subtypes according to the results of a previous factor analysis of scores on a 19-item checklist rating a wide range of delirium symptoms. The hyperactive subtype was more frequent (n = 85, 46.5%) than the unspecified (n = 50, 27.3%) and hypoactive subtypes (n = 48, 26.2%). There was no significant difference in terms of etiologic or outcome profile between clinical subtype groups. The presence of acute metabolic disorders, cardiovascular disease, and hyperthermia as etiologic factors was significantly associated with full recovery of the episode at 3 weeks follow-up, whereas probable preexisting dementia was significantly associated with partial recovery or failure to recover.     

综合医院与精神专科医院双相障碍识别率及相关因素分析

目的:比较综合医院和精神专科医院抑郁障碍门诊中未识别出的双相障碍患者的临床特征及相关影响因素。方法:使用一般情况调查表和简明国际神经精神访谈(MINI)对综合医院和精神专科医院抑郁障碍门诊患者各50例进行调查,检出其中未被识别出的双相障碍患者,对其临床特征进行初步分析。结果:双相障碍的总检出率综合医院和精神专科医院之间差异无统计学意义(χ2=2.38,P=0.123);但在41~50岁年龄段精神专科医院的检出率高于综合医院(Z=2.11,P=0.035)。精神专科医院双相障碍的检出率与年龄(r=-0.46,P=0.001)和首发年龄(r=-0.37,P=0.008)的相关性具有统计学意义。综合医院和精神专科医院未识别出的双相障碍患者在年龄(t=2.43,P=0.020)和首发年龄(t=3.67,P=0.001)上的差异具有统计学意义。精神专科医院中未识别出的双相障碍更多的伴有精神病性症状(χ2=3.99,P=0.046)。综合医院中未识别出的轻躁狂症状"目前发作"比率更高(χ2=8.15,P=0.017)。结论:综合医院和精神专科医院抑郁障碍门诊患者中双相障碍的漏诊和误诊因素不同。     

The general hospital as a center of biopsychosocial training

Utilization of general hospitals as training sites for undergraduate and graduate medical education provides special opportunities for integration of biologic, psychologic, and social factors in health care. For medical students, the general hospital environment ideally facilitates learning a core of psychiatric knowledge and the biopsychosocial approach to all illness while attracting some students to psychiatric careers. By spending much of their internship year in the general hospital, psychiatric residents integrate psychiatry into the rest of medicine and develop collegial relations with nonpsychiatrists. Residency training in the general hospital perpetuates this integrative experience and allows in-depth training in consultation-liaison psychiatry. Despite the multiple advantages of general hospitals in training students and residents, limitations of this setting also exist.     

Older patients referred to a consultation-liaison psychiatry clinic

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the psychiatric disorders which are associated with somatic presentations of psychological distress in older people. METHOD: A study of patients aged 65 years and over referred to an adult consultation-liaison psychiatry clinic in a general hospital. RESULTS: Of 900 patients referred over a 7-year period, 45 (5%) were aged 65 years and over. The most frequent ICD-10 diagnostic category was somatoform disorder (N=30) followed by depressive disorder (N=6). The age of onset of the physical symptoms was significantly earlier in those with somatoform disorders (mean 49 years; SD 3.1 years) compared with patients with depressive disorders (mean 74 years; SD 3.1 years) (p<0.05). All diagnoses were equally associated with moderate functional impairment. CONCLUSION: Medically unexplained physical symptoms may occur as part of a range of psychiatric disorders in older people and diagnostic groups are distinct in a number of ways. The usefulness of the ICD-10 classification of disorders in relation to these patients is considered. Implications for the delivery of old age psychiatry services are discussed.     

A multicenter investigation of consultation-liaison psychiatry in Italy. Italian C-L Group.

In order to evaluate the extent and quality of consultation-liaison (C-L) activity in Italy, a multicenter investigation was conducted in 17 general hospitals. All of the hospitalized patients referred to C-L psychiatry during a 1-year period were assessed by means of a specific instrument (Patient Registration Form, PRF-SF). Of 518,212 patients, 4182 were referred to C-L services (referral rate = 0.72%). Typical consultations were for female patients (60.1%), admitted to medical wards (71.5%), aged 55-75 years. Most interventions were carried out within 2 days; a minority (22%) were urgent requests. Gastrointestinal and cardiovascular disorders, and unexplained medical symptoms were the most frequent ICD-9 somatic diagnoses at admission. One-third of the patients were not informed of having been referred to C-L and half of them had a lifetime history of psychiatric disturbances. Most frequent ICD-10 psychiatric diagnoses were neurotic, stress-related, and somatoform syndromes (33.1%), affective syndromes (19.4%), and organic mental syndromes (10.7%). Two-thirds of the patients were given only one consultation whereas the reminder received two to four follow-up visits. The rate of transfer to psychiatric wards was low (2.1%). Psychopharmacological treatment was suggested in 65% of cases, and 75.5% of the patients were referred to community psychiatric care at discharge. The implications of the findings are discussed.     

Development of consultation-liaison psychiatry in The Netherlands. Its social psychiatric heritage

Dutch consultation-liaison psychiatry (C-L psychiatry) has followed a developmental line separate from the American system. First, C-L psychiatry in the Netherlands has been less influenced by psychosomatic medicine than by social psychiatry. Second, the presence of psychiatric units in general hospitals that appear to be correlated with the growth of C-L psychiatry in the United States occurred later in the Netherlands. Third, little government support for clinical care, research, and especially for training has been available to Dutch psychiatry. Consequently, there has been little recent financial pressure on C-L psychiatry from reduced government support, as occurred in the United States. Finally, the relationship between primary and secondary health care in the Netherlands allows C-L psychiatry to have a direct impact on several inpatient and ambulatory levels in the health care chain. A nationally accepted database form for the computerized registration of the Psychiatric Consultations at the eight university hospitals and ten other general hospitals is currently in use. To facilitate standardization and recording the psychiatric consultation process, the Netherlands Consortium for C-L psychiatry (NCCP) was formed.     

Geropsychiatric consultation in a general hospital in Taiwan

The aim of this study was to characterize clinically significant issues in a psychiatric consultation service for geriatric inpatients in a general hospital in Taiwan. This was a case-control study. During a 5-month period, 100 geriatric (age > or =65 years) inpatients consecutively referred for consultation-liaison psychiatric service from non-psychiatric departments formed the study group. Another 100 medical inpatients, also referred for consultation-liaison to the psychiatric service, but aged 17-50, formed the control (non-geriatric) group. The diagnosis, demography, reason for referral, symptomatology, and other clinical characteristics were determined by consensus between two psychiatrists. Psychiatric diagnosis was made according to criteria in the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The geropsychiatric consultation rate was 0.9%. Geriatric patients constituted 20.1% of all psychiatric referrals. Common reasons for referral of geriatric inpatients were confusion (32%), depression (17%), disturbing behaviors (14%), and psychosis (14%). The most common psychiatric disorder among geriatric patients was an organic mental disorder (79%), followed by a depressive disorder (13%). More geriatric patients suffered from cancers and cerebrovascular diseases than non-geriatric patients. The geriatric group was more likely to have multiple physical illnesses. Organic mental disorder and depressive disorders are the most common psychiatric diagnoses in the geropsychiatric consultation service of the authors. In the authors' experience, both psychotropic medication treatment and psychosocial intervention are important in geropsychiatric consultation.