T1DM诊断中联合检测GADA、ICA以及IAA抗体的可行性分析

目的：分析T1DM诊断中联合检测血清谷氨酸脱羟酶抗体（GADA）、胰岛细胞抗体（ICA）、胰岛素自身抗体（IAA）的可行性。方法回顾性分析我院内分泌科2011年1月至2013年1月收治的29例1型糖尿病（T1DM）住院患者的临床资料。结果 T1DM组患者的血清GADA、ICA和IAA的检出率之间的差异具有显著的统计学意义（P〈0.01）;GADA、ICA、IAA联合检测对T1DM患者的诊断符合率和敏感性明显均比GADA、ICA、IAA单一检测高,差异具有显著的统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论联合检测GADA、ICA以及IAA抗体能够显著提高对T1DM诊断的符合率和敏感性,值得推广。     

血清三抗体及C肽检测对成人迟发型糖尿病诊断的意义

目的探讨谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体（GADA）、胰岛素自身抗体（IAA）、胰岛细胞抗体（ICA）和血清C肽检测对诊断成年迟发型糖尿病（LADA）的意义。方法对初诊为糖尿病的N0例患者进行血清GADA、IAA、ICA以及空腹和餐后C肽检测，并对抗体阳性及阴性患者的C肽水平进行比较。结果三抗体检测为阳性者58例，GADA阳性者21例（36．2％），ICA阳性者14例（24．1％），IAA阳性者6例（10．3％），双抗体阳性者15例（25．9％），三抗体阳性者2例，（3．4％）。抗体阳性患者的空腹和餐后C肽明显低于抗体阴性患者，双抗体和三抗体阳性患者的空腹和餐后C肽低于单抗体阳性患者，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论三抗体检测有助于在初诊糖尿病患者中筛选LADA，对其早期诊断具有重要意义。     

1型糖尿病患者的临床特点和多种胰岛自身抗体检出情况

目的分析1型糖尿病（T1DM）患者多种胰岛自身抗体的检出情况和不同类型T1DM的临床特征。方法选取2010年11月至2011年11月在中日友好医院住院的67例T1DM患者,分析其临床特征及胰岛细胞抗体（ICA）、胰岛素抗体（IAA）、谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体（GADA）[酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法和免疫沉淀法（RIP）检测]、蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶抗体（IA2A）和锌转运蛋白8抗体（ZnT8A）等6种胰岛自身抗体情况。结果本组T1DM共67例,其中经典型T1DM53例,成人迟发性自身免疫糖尿病（LADA）12例和暴发性1型糖尿病（FT1D）2例。起病年龄2～77岁,体质指数（BMI）（22±4）kg／m2,糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）9．7％±2．4％,空腹C肽（0．3±O．4）μ／L。GADA（ELISA）阳性51例（76．1％）,GADA（RIP）阳性35例（52．2％）,IA2A阳性19例（28．3％）,ZnT8A阳性16例（23．9％）,IAA阳性16例（23．9％）,ICA阳性10例（14．3％）。前4种抗体检测方法至少1种阳性者共56例（83．6％）。51例ELISA法GADA阳性包括了35例RIP检测GADA阳性中的33例、19例IA2A阳性中15例及16例ZnT8A阳性中的14例。经典1型糖尿病在发病初至半年内需要胰岛素治疗,而LADA平均在发病3．9年后需要胰岛素治疗。2例FT1D患者起病急,发病时血糖分别为41．1和23．1mmol／L,HbAlc分别为7．8％和6．5％,空腹及餐后血C肽均小于0．03μg／L或不能测出。结论ELISA检0n．0GADA对1型糖尿病的诊断有较高敏感性,联合多种抗体检测对T1DM诊断作用有限。FT1D起病急骤,代谢紊乱更为严重。     

糖尿病患者胰岛自身抗体与β细胞功能的关系

目的 研究胰岛自身抗体与糖尿病（DM）临床表现，β细胞功能的关系。方法 分析733例住院DM患者的临床和生化特征。测定血清C肽，胰岛细胞抗体（ICA），谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体（GADA）和蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶抗体（IA-2A）水平。结果 58例速发型1型DM中34.5%，GADA阳性，22.4%ICA阳性，27.3%IA-2A阳性，在临床初诊为2型DM的675例患者中，13.5%有一种以上抗体阳性，其中10.1%GADA阳性，2.7%ICA阳性，8.7%IA-2A阳性，在不同病程的成人隐匿性自身免疫性糖尿病（LADA）中自身抗体阳性率无明显变化。而病程2年以上的1型DM患者中则呈降低趋势，随着病程延长，患者均有空腹和餐后C肽水平降低，但下降的速度以1型DM最快，LADA次之，2型DM最慢，多因素逐步回归分析表明，GADA是导致空腹与餐后C肽水平降低的危险因素。结论 在速发型1型DM和LADA患者中GADA，ICA和IA-2A阳性率不同，联合抗体检测有助于诊断，LADA患者β细胞功能衰退较慢，保护残存β细胞可有利于延缓病情进展。     

免疫印迹法检测胰岛自身抗体系列在糖尿病分型诊断中的应用

目的探讨免疫印迹法检测胰岛自身抗体系列——抗谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体(GADA)、抗胰岛细胞抗体(ICA)、抗胰岛素自身抗体(IAA)在糖尿病分型诊断中的应用及临床意义。方法应用免疫印迹法联合检测187例糖尿病患者及30例健康体检者血清中的GADA、ICA、IAA。结果应用免疫印迹法检测T1DM组中GADA、ICA、IAA阳性率分别为65.22%、53.62%和28.99%,显著高于T2DM组(P<0.05)及正常对照组(P<0.05);T2DM组GADA、ICA、IAA阳性率分别为12.71%、11.02%和5.93%,与正常对照组比较有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论免疫印迹法检测胰岛自身抗体系列对于临床糖尿病的诊断及分型具有重要的临床应用价值。     

青州地区初次住院2型糖尿病患者胰岛自身抗体及功能测定的临床研究

目的 通过对青州地区初次住院2型糖尿病患者进行胰岛自身抗体及胰岛功能测定,早期发现成人隐匿性自身免疫糖尿病(latent autoimmune diabetes in adults, LADA),分析其临床特点,指导治疗,改善患者预后。方法 选取青州市人民医院2021年1月—2022年6月初次住院的426例2型糖尿病患者作为研究对象,进行空腹血糖(FPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、空腹C肽(FCP)、谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体(GADA)、胰岛细胞抗体(ICA)、胰岛素自身抗体(IAA)测定。统计LADA的发病率,与同期2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者进行相关指标比较,分析其临床特点。结果 青州地区初次住院426例2型糖尿病患者中胰岛自身抗体阳性29例,LADA的发病率为6.81%;29例LADA中GADA26例,ICA6例、IAA3例、3抗体同时阳性2例,GADA、ICA、IAA分别占LADA患者的89.66%、20.69%、10.34%。LADA组空腹血糖明显高于T2DM组[(19.58±9.89)mmol/Lvs (12.30±4.59)mmol/L],差异有统计学意义(t=4.02,P&l...     

糖尿病自身免疫抗体联合检测在糖尿病分型中的应用研究

目的探讨糖尿病(DM)自身免疫抗体在糖尿病分型中的诊断意义。方法选取该院2017年6—12月期间收集的169例糖尿病临床血清样本,其中包括T1DM临床样本42例,T2DM2临床样本127例,选取同期100例非糖尿病临床血清样本作为对照。采用免疫印迹法检测入选者的GADA(谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体)、IAA(胰岛素自身抗体)、ICA(抗胰岛素细胞抗体),同时分析不同病程及不同性别的DM患者抗体检测的阳性率,探讨DM自身免疫抗体联合检测在DM诊断、分型中的意义。结果 T1DM临床样本GADA、ICA、IAA检测阳性率明显高于T2DM临床样本和非DM临床样本(P0.05);GADA、ICA、IAA 3种抗体联合检测的阳性率高于单一抗体检出阳性率(P0.05)。结论 GADA、IAA、ICA联合检测在DM的诊断和DM的分型中具有重要价值,联合检测可进一步提高阳性率,减少漏诊,提高DM的诊断敏感性和特异性。     

胰岛细胞抗体与胰岛β细胞功能关系的探讨

对251例1型糖尿病（T1DM）患者进行胰岛细胞抗体（ICA）检测,发现ICA阳性组中谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体（GADA）和蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶抗体（IA-2A）阳性率均显著高于ICA阴性组（P〈0.01）,空腹和餐后胰岛素水平明显低于ICA阴性组（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）,胰岛素抵抗指数亦明显下降（P〈0.05）,提示T1DM患者中ICA阳性更易于合并有GADA、1A-2A阳性,且对胰岛β细胞功能的破坏更大。     

胰岛素自身抗体对成人隐匿性自身免疫糖尿病的诊断价值

目的 探讨胰岛素自身抗体(IAA)对成人隐匿性自身免疫糖尿病(LADA)的诊断价值.方法 选取2003年10月至2007年3月连续在中南大学湘雅二医院就诊的1003例初诊2型糖尿病、110例1型糖尿病患者,并选取同期米院体格检杏的317名健康对照者,采用微量平板放射免疫法和放射配体法检测IAA及谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体(GADA)和蛋门酪氨酸磷酸酶抗体(IA-2A)水平,了解IAA阳性率及与其他抗体重叠情况.对4例IAA单独阳性的LADA患者进行了4年随访,观察其临床特征变化.采用卡方榆验比较初诊2型糖尿病组、健康对照组和初诊1型糖尿病组IAA阳性率,采用t检验比较IAA阳性组和阴性匹配组空腹胰岛素(FINS)水平下降速率.结果 (1)初诊2型糖尿病患者IAA阳性率3.39%(34/1003)高于健康埘照组0.95%(3/317)(X2=5.3,P<0.05),但低于1型糖尿病组21.82%(24/110)(x2=68.2,P<0.01).(2)初诊2型糖尿病患者三种抗体联合检测阳性率为10.47%(105/1003),高于GADA 6.58%(66/1003)、IA-2A 2.79%(28/1003)、IAA3.39%(34/1003)单个抗体检测(x2值分别为9.2、37.8和46.2,P值均<0.05).IAA联合检测可提高LADA阳性检出率2.39%.(3)在4年随访期间,IAA阳性者逐年转阴,4例中的2例患者合并GADA阳性;IAA阳性组FINS水平下降速率较阴性匹配组呈增高趋势(分别为15.37%和5.29%;t=1.7,P=0.059).结论 IAA对初诊2型糖尿病患者筛查LADA有一定价值;联合检测IAA、GADA、IA-2A能提高LADA诊断效率.     

蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶抗体对成人隐匿性自身免疫性糖尿病的诊断价值

目的探讨蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶抗体（IA-2A）对成人隐匿性自身免疫性糖尿病（LADA）的诊断价值。方法采用放射配体法检测2027例初诊2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者的IA．2A和谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体（GAD-Ab）,分析IA-2A在初诊T2DM患者中的分布及其与临床特征的关系。结果初诊T2DM患者中IA-2A阳性检出率低于GAD-Ab阳性检出率（2．2％7）S10．6％,P〈0．01）。联合GAD-Ab和IA-2A检测,可使LADA阳性检出率达11．5％。IAm2A在低体重、低c肽水平患者中阳性检出率高;随着起病年龄增大,IA-2A阳性检出率下降（P〈0．05）。与T2DM组比较,单独IA-2A阳性患者使用胰岛素治疗的比例高（P〈0．05）。高滴度IA-2A阳性LADA患者具有起病年龄小（P〈0．01）、体重轻、高血压比例低、空腹C肽低、合并GAD-Ab阳性和使用胰岛素比例高（P〈0．05）等特点。结论IA-2A检测对LA—DA具有辅助诊断价值,与GAnAb联合检测可提高LADA诊断的敏感性。     

应用高胰岛素正葡萄糖钳夹技术评价我国LADA患者的胰岛素抵抗

目的应用高胰岛素正葡萄糖钳夹技术评估我国成人隐匿性自身免疫性糖尿病（LADA）患者的胰岛素抵抗。方法研究对象分为LADA组、2型糖尿病（T2DM）组、正常对照（NC）组。糖尿病患者均为初诊未治,经2周胰岛素强化治疗血糖控制达标后进行研究。对全部研究对象空腹测定临床参数及生化指标,应用高胰岛素正葡萄糖钳夹技术测定胰岛素敏感性指数（ISI）。结果LADA组FC-P及Fins显著低于NC组（P〈0．05）,年龄、BMI、wHR、SBP、DBP、TC、TG、LDL—C、HDL-C与NC组比较,均无统计学差异。LADA组BMI、WHR、SBP、Fins、FC-P、TC、TG、LDL-C均显著低于T2DM组（P均〈0．05）。NC组、LADA组、T2DM组ISI分别为12．83±1．09、6．70±0．71、3．80±0．20,三组间比较有统计学差异（P〈0．05）。结论与NC组相比,LADA患者存在胰岛素抵抗,其程度较T2DM组轻。     

Insulin autoantibody could help to screen latent autoimmune diabetes in adults in phenotypic type 2 diabetes mellitus in Chinese

Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) is characterized by a relatively mild diabetes onset, autoantibody positivity, and eventual requirement for insulin therapy. Glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies (GADA) or cytoplasmic islet cell autoantibodies (ICA) play a key role in distinguishing LADA from type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in clinical practice. The aim of our research was to determine whether insulin autoantibody (IAA) has some additional value in diagnosing LADA. We analyzed IAA, GADA, and IA-2A (antibodies to insulinoma-associated antigen-2) in 1,003 newly diagnosed phenotypic T2DM patients, 110 type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients, and 317 normal controls to survey the prevalence of IAA in phenotypic T2DM patients and the overlapping positivity of IAA with other autoantibodies. Sera were drawn within 7?days from the start of insulin therapy. Results showed that 3.39% of the newly diagnosed phenotypic T2DM, 0.95% of normal control (χ²?=?5.3, P?<?0.05), and 21.82% of T1DM (χ²?=?68.2, P?<?0.001) were positive for IAA at diagnosis. The combination frequency of three antibodies was 10.47%, which was higher than any single antibody testing. Combination testing of IAA with GADA and IA-2A could improve LADA diagnose rate by 2.39% than that of GADA and IA-2A. IAA-positive subjects had diabetes family history more common compared to its matched group (67.6% vs. 14.7%, P?=?0.000). Postprandial C-peptide in IAA-positive group tended to be lower, but the difference was not statistically significant (P?=?0.084). We concluded that IAA can be used to screen LADA in phenotypic T2DM in the Chinese population.     

The prevalence and characteristics of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) and its relation with chronic complications in a clinical department of a university hospital in Korea

Few studies were performed to evaluate the prevalence of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) and the difference of chronic complications between LADA, T1DM, and T2DM in Korean. The aim of this study is to establish the prevalence of LADA in a diabetic clinic of Soonchunhyang University hospital and to compare the phenotypic characteristics according to DM classification based on positivity of glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (GADA). Also, another important point concerns the occurrence of diabetes chronic microvascular complications in LADA. 323 patients who were checked GADA among diabetic patients admitted at Soonchunhyang University hospital were recruited. Twenty-eight patients (8.7%) were identified as positive for GADA. 11.5% (n = 37) were diagnosed with T1DM and 5.3% (n = 17) were diagnosed with LADA. GADA titer showed significant negative correlation with age of onset, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), fasting C-peptide, stimulated C-peptide, BMI, and positive correlation with HbA1C and HDL-C. Compared with those that tested negative for GADA, patients with GADA positive had lower values of onset age, BMI, TC, TG, LDL-C, fasting, and stimulated C-peptide levels and higher values of HbA1C. A significant gradual increase of values was observed for the onset age, BMI, SBP, DBP, fasting, and stimulated C-peptide across the T1DM, LADA, and T2DM subgroups. Concerning the chronic complications there was no difference in prevalence of retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy between three groups. Of LADA patients, 12 patients were receiving insulin treatment and mean time to insulin initiation was about 37 months. In conclusion, because our study suggests LADA subgroups in Korea appear to have a faster decline in C-peptide levels, it is worth detecting the patients with LADA early and effort to preserve beta cell function. Furthermore, our results showed that the prevalence of microvascular complication was comparable between the subgroups.     

Equivalent insulin resistance in latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) and type 2 diabetic patients

Insulin resistance is a primary component in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. In latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), insulin resistance has been reported to be significantly lower than in autoantibody-negative type 2 diabetes (T2DM), but whether this might be related to differences in body mass index (BMI) has not been excluded. Furthermore, previous studies have used limiting inclusive criteria for LADA, requiring only the presence of GADA or IA-2A. To apply more inclusive criteria for LADA, consistent with recent recommendations, we defined LADA by clinical manifestations characteristic of T2DM, but with the presence of any combination of GADA, IA-2A, ICA, or IAA. We recruited 43 LADA patients, 70 T2DM patients, and 150 non-diabetic controls. Insulin resistance was assessed by both the homeostasis model assessment and the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, and BMI was calculated. We found that insulin resistance in LADA is equivalent to that of T2DM. When insulin resistance is assessed as a function of BMI, both diabetic populations demonstrated an insulin resistance equally greater than normal controls. The interaction between insulin resistance and BMI in the two diabetic groups was significantly different from that demonstrated in non-diabetic controls. In summary, LADA demonstrates insulin resistance of similar magnitude to T2DM, but with the concurrent component of an immune attack against the pancreatic beta-cells. LADA patients may be at significant risk for metabolic consequences of insulin resistance other than glucose metabolism, such as those described in the metabolic syndrome. As complications and treatment regimens specific to LADA are realized, improved means of identification of LADA will become increasingly important.     

Clinical, biochemical, and immunological characteristics of newly diagnosed nonobese diabetic patients aged 18-45 years in China

BackgroundThe purpose was to characterize the clinical, biochemical, and immunological features of newly diagnosed adult-onset nonobese diabetic patients in China.MethodsNewly diagnosed diabetic patients aged 18–45 years with body mass index<23 kg/m² were included. Excluding one mitochondrial diabetes patient, there were 102 diabetic patients enrolled in this study. Clinical and biochemical data were collected and analyzed. Radioimmunoassay was used to detect islet autoantibodies.ResultsAmong the 102 study participants, 68.6% had type 1 diabetes (T1DM), 20.6% had type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and 10.8% had latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA). About 92% of the T1DM patients presented hyperglycemic symptoms. The corresponding number in T2DM and LADA patients was 13% and 38%, respectively (P<.01). C-peptide in T2DM patients (1.4±0.7 ng/ml) was significantly higher than that in T1DM (0.4±0.3 ng/ml) and LADA (0.4±0.2 ng/ml) patients (P<.01). The prevalence of glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (GADA) (64.3%) in T1DM patients was higher than that of insulin autoantibody (17.1%) (P<.05). GADA and islet cell antibody (ICA) combination was positive in 75.7% of T1DM patients.ConclusionT1DM patients accounted for majority of the study sample. In addition, the clinical symptoms of T1DM patients were more severe compared with T2DM patients. GADA is the most sensitive autoantibody marker for adult-onset T1DM and LADA. GADA and ICA are the best test combination for adult-onset autoimmune diabetes. Specific types of diabetes should be in mind when diabetes presents itself with special transmission mode or with other extrapancreatic manifestations.     

The clinical characteristics of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults and its relation with chronic complications in metabolically poor controlled Turkish patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus

It has been reported that some patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) have latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) and may show different clinical characteristics than those with Type 2 DM. We aimed to determine the ratio and clinical features of LADA in patients with diagnosed initially as Type 2 DM. We measured glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (GADA) in 54 patients, diagnosed clinically with Type 2 DM. Of 54 patients, 17 (31%) were GADA positive. GADA-positive patients had significantly earlier diabetes onset age (P<.001), lower BMI (P<.05), and lower serum C-peptide value (P<.001) than did those who were GADA negative. A higher proportion of the GADA-positive patients were receiving insulin therapy (P<.01). With respect to the duration of DM, familial history of DM, and the levels of blood pressures, fasting plasma glucose, and HbA1c, there was no difference between the two groups. Nephropathy and retinopathy were more frequent in GADA-positive than in GADA-negative patients. The prevalence of neuropathy was comparable between the two groups. GADA was negatively associated with BMI, C-peptide levels, and diabetes-onset age, but positively related to retinopathy, nephropathy, and insulin treatment. This study indicated that the important portion of the patients who were initially diagnosed as Type 2 DM may have LADA. In Type 2 diabetic patients who have lower BMI and diagnosis of diabetes in relatively younger age, the possibility of LADA should be taken into consideration. The higher prevalence of nephropathy and retinopathy in GADA-positive patients also suggests the importance of early diagnosis and strict metabolic control in these patients.     

Diabetes-related antibodies in adult diabetic patients

Islet autoimmunity is made evident by the appearance of islet-cell antibodies directed against insulin (IAA), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA), protein tyrosine phosphatase IA-2 (IA-2Ab) and other autoantigens. IAA and IA-2Ab are predominantly detected in childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), while frequency of GADA is not affected by age. In adult-onset T1DM patients, GADA is the immune marker of higher diagnostic sensitivity. In adult diabetic patients not requiring insulin treatment for at least 6 months after diagnosis, GADA identifies the so-called latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA). In over 80% of cases, LADA patients develop insulin dependency within a few years after the diagnosis and have an increased risk for the development of other organ-specific autoimmune diseases. High GADA titers identify a subgroup of LADA patients with low body mass index (BMI), low C-peptide levels and increased frequency of T1DM-related HLA class II haplotypes. GADA assay should be offered to every diabetic patient, and in cases of positivity screening for other autoimmune diseases should be carried out.     

不同糖耐量人群血清载脂蛋白A5的变化及其与糖脂代谢异常的相关性

目的 探讨不同糖耐量人群HbA1c与载脂蛋白A5 （ApoA5）及血脂的关系. 方法 将研究对象分为T2DM组98例、IGR组87例及糖耐量正常组（NGT） 100名.比较各组HbA1c、ApoA5、TC、TG、LDL-C和HDL-C水平. 结果 T2DM、IGR组HbA1 c,TC,TG,LDL-C高于NGT组,ApoA5、HDL-C低于NGT组（P＜0.05）;T2DM组HbA1 c,TC,TG,LDL-C高于IGR组,ApoA5、HDL-C低于IGR组（P＜0.05）.糖耐量异常程度与血浆ApoA5呈负相关,ApoA5与TC,TG,LDL-C,HbA1c,HOMA-IR,BMI和WHR呈负相关,与HDL-C及HOMA-β呈正相关. 结论 ApoA5可能是HbA1c与脂代谢异常的预测指标.