胸椎黄韧带骨化症的诊断与治疗

目的:研究胸椎黄韧带骨化症的诊断与治疗。方法:分析对比23例患者的临床表现、影像学检查和手术方法。结果:23例胸椎黄韧带骨化症患者行后路全椎板切除椎管减压术,随访时间平均2.3年,结果优11例,良7例,可2例,差3例,优良率87%,有效率91.3%。结论:CT和MRI是诊断胸椎黄韧带骨化症最直接和最可靠的手段,但要结合临床,手术是治疗胸椎黄韧带骨化症最有效的方法。     

躯体感觉诱发电位术中监护在胸椎黄韧带骨化症手术中的应用

目的探讨躯体感觉诱发电位（SEP）监护在胸椎黄韧带骨化症手术中的作用及意义,提高对胸椎黄韧带骨化症手术治疗水平。方法在SEP监护下,对18例无神经功能损伤及有部分神经功能损伤的胸椎黄韧带骨化症患者进行手术。结果11例未达到监护临界值,5例超过临界值发出警告,接受警告后调整手术过程,术后16例均未发生脊髓功能的进一步损害。结论SEP术中监护在胸椎黄韧带骨化症手术中判断脊髓损伤准确可靠,值得推广应用。     

胸椎黄韧带骨化症外科治疗56例功能恢复相关分析

背景:胸椎黄韧带骨化症手术难度大,手术技巧要求高,处理不当易发生神经功能障碍加重。目的:分析胸椎黄韧带骨化症的手术方法及功能恢复情况。设计:病例分析。单位:解放军第二军医大学长征医院骨科。对象:长征医院骨科1996-08/2003-08收治的胸椎黄韧带骨化症患者56例。方法:所有患者进行手术治疗:①对于MRI,CT检查胸椎黄韧带骨化为局灶型,病变范围不超过2个节段,采用单纯后路椎管后壁切除减压,共19例。②涉及2个以上节段,可采用单侧开门整块椎板撬拨法,共29例。③胸椎同一平面胸椎黄韧带骨化症合并胸椎间盘突出或后纵韧带骨化时,采用后正中入路 侧后方入路的次环状减压治疗,共8例。主要观察指标:根据Epstein标准评价功能恢复情况,优:感觉、运动恢复到接近正常;良:脊髓功能明显改善,借支具行走;可:感觉、运动功能小部分恢复,仍不能行走;差:无效或加重。结果:55例随访1年以上,1例随访至术后2个月。①其中功能恢复优39例,良8例,可5例,差4例。②术后症状恢复依次为束带感消失,肌张力下降,麻木减轻。③术后3～6个月是恢复较快的时期,部分患者术后1年仍有改善,2年以后基本无再进步;完全截瘫者恢复较差;病史长、截瘫重者恢复亦差。结论:胸椎黄韧带骨化所导致的脊髓压迫症须早期手术治疗,可根据不同情况选择胸椎管后壁切除减压及侧后方入路的次环状减压的手术方式。     

手术治疗胸椎黄韧带骨化症11例分析

目的：探讨胸椎黄韧带骨化症的手术方法和疗效。方法：对采用“揭盖式”椎管后壁切除术治疗胸椎黄韧带骨化症11例的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：全部病例经术后随访1-7 a,手术优良率为81.8%。结论：“揭盖式”椎管后壁切除术治疗胸椎黄韧带骨化症疗效满意。     

全椎板切除椎管减压术治疗胸椎黄韧带骨化症29例围术期护理

目的:探讨全椎板切除椎管减压术治疗胸椎黄韧带骨化症的护理方法。方法:对29例胸椎黄韧带骨化症患者有针对性地做好术前准备、心理护理、症状护理、适应性训练,术后严密观察双下肢感觉运动变化、切口引流情况,预防下肢深静脉血栓形成、脑脊液漏等并发症,并进行康复训练指导。结果:本组29例术后症状立即缓解,2例经8 d与10 d加重期后逐渐缓解,1例并发脑脊液漏,经治疗后痊愈。结论:全椎板切除椎管减压术治疗胸椎黄韧带骨化症难度大,围术期实施有效的护理干预是提高手术成功率和降低并发症发生率的重要保证。     

胸椎黄韧带骨化症外科治疗56例功能恢复相关分析

背景：胸椎黄韧带骨化症手术难度大，手术技巧要求高，处理不当易发生神经功能障碍加重。 目的：分析胸椎黄韧带骨化症的手术方法及功能恢复情况。 设计：病例分析。 单位：解放军第二军医大学长征医院骨科。 对象：长征医院骨科1996-08／2003-08收治的胸椎黄韧带骨化症患者56例。 方法：所有患者进行手术治疗：①对于MRI，CT检查胸椎黄韧带骨化为局灶型，病变范围不超过2个节段，采用单纯后路椎管后壁切除减压，共19例。②涉及2个以上节段，可采用单侧开门整块椎板撬拨法，共29例。③胸椎同一平面胸椎黄韧带骨化症合并胸椎间盘突出或后纵韧带骨化时，采用后正中入路＋侧后方入路的次环状减压治疗，共8例。 主要观察指标：根据Epstein标准评价功能恢复情况，优：感觉、运动恢复到接近正常；良：脊髓功能明显改善，借支具行走；可：感觉、运动功能小部分恢复，仍不能行走；差：无效或加重。 结果：55例随访1年以上，1例随访至术后2个月。①其中功能恢复优39例，良8例，可5例，差4例。②术后症状恢复依次为束带感消失，肌张力下降，麻木减轻。③术后3-6个月是恢复较快的时期，部分患者术后1年仍有改善，2年以后基本无再进步；完全截瘫者恢复较差；病史长、截瘫重者恢复亦差。 结论：胸椎黄韧带骨化所导致的脊髓压迫症须早期手术治疗，可根据不同情况选择胸椎管后壁切除减压及侧后方入路的次环状减压的手术方式。     

椎管成形术在胸椎黄韧带骨化症中的初步应用

【目的】评价椎管成形术治疗胸椎黄韧带骨化症的安全性和有效性。【方法】对11例胸椎黄韧带骨化症患者采用后路椎板减压椎管成形术治疗,用Frankel方法评价患者的神经功能恢复情况,X线片和CT评价内植物位置和椎管减压效果。【结果】本组手术时间140～230min（平均170min）,术中出血4001500mL（平均800mL）。所有病例均获随访,随访时间6～24个月（平均13个月）,优5例,良3例,改善2例,差1例。1例伤口二期缝合,2例脑脊液漏。【结论】椎管成形术治疗胸椎黄韧带骨化症操作简单,安全可靠且可减少远期并发症。     

全椎板切除椎管减压术治疗胸椎黄韧带骨化症29例围术期护理

目的：探讨全椎板切除椎管减压术治疗胸椎黄韧带骨化症的护理方法。方法：对29例胸椎黄韧带骨化症患者有针对性地做好术前准备、心理护理、症状护理、适应性训练,术后严密观察双下肢感觉运动变化、切口引流情况,预防下肢深静脉血栓形成、脑脊液漏等并发症,并进行康复训练指导。结果：本组29例术后症状立即缓解,2例经8d与10d加重期后逐渐缓解,1例并发脑脊液漏,经治疗后痊愈。结论：全椎板切除椎管减压术治疗胸椎黄韧带骨化症难度大,围术期实施有效的护理干预是提高手术成功率和降低并发症发生率的重要保证。     

手术治疗胸椎黄韧带骨化症的护理

随着脊髓造影、ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ检查的不断发展 ,黄韧带骨化症 (ＯＬＦ)已被公认为是一种独立的临床性疾病 ,并引起人们的关注[1] 。胸椎黄韧带骨化症目前发病机制不清 ,可能与慢性退行性变、炎症、氟代谢等有关 ,是导致椎管狭窄、脊髓受压的重要原因之一。目前认为手术是治疗胸椎黄韧带骨化症的唯一方法[2 ] 。现将护理体会介绍如下 :1　临床资料本组病例中男性 12例 ,女性 2例 ,年龄最小 2 6岁 ,最大 6 5岁 ,平均 4 2岁。病程最长 15年 ,最短 5月 ,临床主要症状 :胸腹部紧束感 4例 ,一侧或双侧腰腿痛 5例 ,肢体麻木 14例 ,无力 7例 ,间歇性跛…     

胸椎黄韧带骨化症与骨形态发生蛋白4基因单核苷酸多态性的关联

背景:骨形态发生蛋白4基因与胸椎黄韧带骨化症的相关性研究目前较少。目的:测观察骨形态发生蛋白4的2个单核苷酸多态性位点rs17563和rs2855532与胸椎黄韧带骨化症的关联。方法:胸椎黄韧带骨化症患者和正常对照者各40例,收集受试者的周围静脉血提取DNA,PCR法进行目的片段骨形态发生蛋白4的单核酸多态性位点rs17563和rs2855532的扩增并测序。结果与结论:黄韧带骨化症组中rs17563和rs2855532位点带"T"基因型及等位基因型频率明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。证实,骨形态发生蛋白4上的2个单核酸多态性位点rs17563和rs2855532等位基因型突变与胸椎黄韧带骨化症的发生有关。     

X线检查在黄韧带骨化症诊断中的价值

目的:探讨X线检查在诊断黄韧带骨化症中的作用.方法:对56例黄韧带骨化症的X线表现进行回顾性分析.结果:黄韧带骨化症X线特征为多节段受累,胸腰段多见,多为边疆性,多合并后纵韧带骨化,结论:X线检查对于防止漏,误诊和定位在诊断黄韧带骨化症中有其特殊的地位.     

严重慢性机械压迫性脊髓损伤的手术疗效分析

目的:评价严重慢性机械压迫性脊髓损伤的手术疗效。方法:回顾性分析手术治疗的28例严重慢性脊髓损伤患者的临床资料,根据术前及术后随访24月时JOA评分的变化进行疗效评价。结果:脊髓型颈椎病7例,颈椎后纵韧带钙化6例,寰枢椎脱位1例,胸椎黄韧带钙化7例,胸椎黄韧带钙化并后纵韧带钙化4例,胸腰椎创伤后后凸畸形3例;均根据损伤类型进行相应手术治疗;随访结果显示术后24月时患者的JOA评分较术前均增加(P0.05),疗效评价"差"2例,"一般"5例,"好"21例。结论:对于大部分严重慢性机械压迫性脊髓损伤患者手术治疗可取得良好疗效,手术方式是影响部分患者疗效的重要因素。     

胸腰段黄韧带肥厚、骨化的早期诊断与治疗

目的：探讨胸腰段黄韧带肥厚、骨化的早期诊断与治疗。方法：对早期诊断和手术治疗的病人临床资料进行回顾性总结分析。蛄果：62例病人行保留棘上，棘间韧带，改良椎板开窗，整块切除法。采用JOA评分及Hirabayashil恢复率评价手术效果，术前评分3～7分，平均5分；术后评分为8～11分，平均9．5分；功能恢复率为95．05％。结论：详细病史厦全面、细致的神经系统检查是早期诊断的关键，加之相关的影像学检查，能最大限度减少漏诊、误诊。早期行改良开窗法手术是唯一有效的方法。术后效果满意。     

胸椎黄韧带骨化手术的中短期疗效

目的：回顾总结胸椎黄韧带骨化致胸髓病变患者的临床资料,探讨减压手术的中短期疗效。方法：患者23例（女性9例,男性14例）,平均年龄55.1±7.2岁。每例患者均由磁共振成像明确诊断,术前均有下肢功能障碍。大多数患者同时并发其他脊柱病变。所有患者均行减压手术,在低于胸10节段的病例,同时进行椎弓根螺钉内固定,后外侧植骨融合术。采用日本矫形外科协会（JOA）评分对手术疗效进行评价。结果：所有患者术后1年都得到随访,目前已有8例随访超过6年。JOA评分均值由术前的5.6提高到术后1年的8.8,平均恢复率为57.8%。结论：手术是胸椎黄韧带骨化引起脊髓病变后唯一有效的治疗方法,避免损伤胸髓是手术的关键。手术的短期疗效相对较好,但中期有症状加重的趋势。     

Intra-spinal new bone formation and spinal cord compression in familial hypophosphataemic vitamin D resistant osteomalacia

Four patients with familial hypophosphataemic vitamin D resistant osteomalacia and spinal cord compression are reported. Three of these patients were treated by decompressive laminectomy and each made a good recovery. At surgery new bone formation in the ligamentum flavum and thickening of laminae were found to be responsible for the canal stenosis and cord compression. Two of these four patients, and 10 others were examined by computed tomography to determine the incidence, site and extent of any intra-spinal new bone formation. Facet joint hypertrophy and thickened laminae were observed at some level in all the patients, but much the most important cause of spinal canal stenosis was new bone formation in the ligamentum flavum, in the mid and lower thoracic spine, occurring at several, but mainly contiguous vertebral levels. Severe spinal canal stenosis was found in eight of the 12 patients scanned. No obvious relation was found between the presence of intra-spinal new bone formation and the clinical severity of the disease or the presence of extra-skeletal ossification in para-spinal and other sites. Computed tomography offers a simple, non-invasive technique for identifying those patients at risk of cord compression from new bone formation.     

Preliminary report of modified expansive laminoplasty in the treatment of thoracic ossification of the ligamentum flavum

ObjectiveThis study was performed to evaluate the role of posterior suspension of the laminae–ossification of the ligamentum flavum complex combined with miniplate fixation (modified expansive thoracic laminoplasty) in treating thoracic ossification of the ligamentum flavum (TOLF).MethodsEight patients with TOLF treated by modified expansive thoracic laminoplasty were retrospectively analyzed. Their general information, operative time, intraoperative blood loss, and postoperative complications were recorded. Neurological functional recovery was evaluated by the modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (mJOA) score and Hirabayashi recovery rate preoperatively, postoperatively, and at the final follow-up. Preoperative and postoperative imaging was performed, and the decompression range and internal fixation positioning were evaluated.ResultsThe mJOA score significantly improved from 4.63 points preoperatively to 9.0 points at the final follow-up (Hirabayashi recovery rate of 77.75%). Postoperative computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed sufficient decompression of the surgical segment. At the final follow-up, the internal implants were well-placed, the lamina–ligamentum flavum complex showed no significant displacement, and neurological functional recovery was satisfactory.ConclusionSurgical treatment of TOLF is complicated and high-risk. Characterized by simplicity and sufficient decompression, modified expansive thoracic laminoplasty can reduce the risk of cerebrospinal fluid leakage and nerve injury with satisfactory neurological functional recovery.     

Intra-spinal New Bone Formation and Spinal Cord Compression in Familial Hypophosphataemic Vitamin D Resistant Osteomalacia

Four patients with familial hypophosphataemic vitamin D resistantosteomalacia and spinal cord compression are reported. Threeof these patients were treated by decompressive laminectomyand each made a good recovery. At surgery new bone formationin the ligamentum flavum and thickening of laminae were foundto be responsible for the canal stenosis and cord compression.Two of these four patients, and 10 others were examined by computedtomography to determine the incidence, site and extent of anyintra-spinal new bone formation. Facet joint hypertrophy and thickened laminae were observedat some level in all the patients, but much the most importantcause of spinal canal stenosis was new bone formation in theligamentum flavum, in the mid and lower thoracic spine, occurringat several, but mainly contiguous vertebral levels. Severe spinalcanal stenosis was found in eight of the 12 patients scanned.No obvious relation was found between the presence of intra-spinalnew bone formation and the clinical severity of the diseaseor the presence of extra-skeletal ossification in para-spinaland other sites. Computed tomography offers a simple, non-invasivetechnique for identifying those patients at risk of cord compressionfrom new bone formation.     

Thoracic myelopathy in Japan: epidemiological retrospective study in Miyagi Prefecture during 15 years

Thoracic myelopathy is defined as spinal cord compression in the thoracic region, leading to sensory and motor dysfunctions in the trunk and lower extremities, and can be caused by various degenerative processes of the spine. Thoracic myelopathy is rare, and there are many unsolved problems including its epidemiological and clinical features. We have established a registration system of spinal surgeries, which covered almost all surgeries in Miyagi Prefecture, and enrolled the data of 265 patients with thoracic myelopathy from 1988 to 2002. The annual rate of surgery gradually increased and averaged 0.9 per 100,000 inhabitants, which was less than 1/10 of that for cervical myelopathy. About 20 patients with thoracic myelopathy are operated on in Miyagi Prefecture each year. It frequently develops in middle-aged males. About half of the cases were caused by ossification of the ligamentum flavum, followed by ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, intervertebral disc herniation and posterior spur. Patients usually noticed numbness or pain in the legs and the preoperative duration was long, averaging 2 years. Its symptomatic similarities to lumbar disorders might cause difficulty in making a correct diagnosis. Since thoracic myelopathy can markedly restrict the activities of daily life, even general physicians should recognize this entity.     

Upper thoracic myelopathy caused by delayed neck extensor weakness in myotonic dystrophy

Myotonic dystrophy is the most common autosomal dominant myopathy in adults. Our patient, a 41 year-old female suffering from myotonic muscular dystrophy, developed upper thoracic myelopathy due to hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum and the posterior longitudinal ligament. She had a typical hatchet face and ptosis with "head hanging forward" appearance caused by neck weakness. Motor weakness, sensory changes and severe pain below T4 level, along with urinary incontinence began 3 months ago. Genetic and electrodiagnostic studies revealed myotonic dystrophy type 1. Magnetic resonance imaging of the spine showed loss of cervical lordosis and spinal cord compression due to hypertrophied ligamentum flavum and posterior longitudinal ligament at T1 to T3 level. We concluded that her upper thoracic myelopathy was likely related to the thickness of the ligamentum flavum and posterior longitudinal ligament due to repetitive mechanical stress on her neck caused by neck muscle weakness with myotonic dystrophy.     

Progressive enlargement of thoracic ossification of the ligamentum flavum in professional baseball pitchers: a report of two cases

Both systemic and local factors might influence the development of ossification of the ligamentum flavum (OLF); however, whether specific physical activities play a role in the development of OLF remains unclear. This report presents two cases of thoracic radiculopathy owing to progressive enlargement of thoracic OLF within a few years in Japanese professional baseball pitchers. Two left-handed, Japanese, professional baseball pitchers in their 20s experienced thoracic radiating pain. Mild hypesthesia of the lower thoracic vertebral levels was observed, and an increase in the size of the OLF within a few years was identified in the lower thoracic spine using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Neither patient exhibited myelopathy and were, therefore, treated conservatively. Both patients were able to return to playing in top condition within 4 months after onset. The findings in these cases suggest that thoracic OLF might increase in size and become exacerbated in certain individuals, such as professional pitchers, who experience repeated, localized, mechanical stress on the thoracic spine, irrespective of age.