发热伴血小板减少综合征重症及死亡危险因素的Logistic回归分析

目的 分析发热伴血小板减少综合征(SFTS)患者的临床特征和危险因素.方法 收集2011年5月至2012年7月解放军第一五四医院就诊的273例SFTS患者的相关信息,采用RT-PCR检测新布尼亚病毒(SFTSV),通过ELISA检测SFTSV-IgM和IgG抗体,采用Human BioPlex ProTM Assays 17-Plex Panel方法测定细胞因子.对确诊病例采用单因素、多因素Logistic回归模型分析SFTS病例重症和死亡发生的危险因素.结果 273例SFTS患者中180例SFTSV核酸阳性.主要临床表现为发热、乏力、肌肉酸痛和胃肠道症状.多因素Logistic分析显示,年龄≥60岁(OR=1.08,95％CI:1.03～1.13)、淋巴结肿大(OR =3.75,95％CI:1.45～9.66)、下呼吸道感染(OR=3.57,95％CI:1.40～9.11)、肌酐(Cr)＞97 mmol/L(OR=4.10,95％CI:1.55～10.82)及意识障碍(OR=3.35,95％CI:1.21～9.29)与重症病例发生显著相关.年龄≥60岁(OR=1.06,95％CI:1.00～1.12),下呼吸道感染(OR=4.33,95％CI:1.35～13.93),Cr＞97 mmol/L (OR=10.14,95％CI:3.19～32.21)及意识障碍(OR=3.47,95％CI:1.03～11.72)与死亡病例发生显著相关.结论 年龄≥60岁、合并下呼吸道感染、Cr＞97 mmol/L、意识障碍是SFTS患者预后不良的危险因素,应予重点治疗.     

急性前列腺炎患者肺部感染的危险因素分析

目的 分析急性前列腺炎患者肺部感染状况及其危险因素,为临床治疗提供科学依据.方法 选择2007年1月-2012年1月住院治疗的急性前列腺炎患者152例,根据其是否发生肺部感染分为感染组21例和未感染组131例,应用单因素和多因素分析方法研究导致患者发生肺部感染的危险因素.结果 急性前列腺炎患者的肺部感染发生率为13.82％;年龄＞60岁、糖尿病史、心脏病史、原发呼吸系统慢性疾病、吸烟、住院时间≥7d者的肺部感染发生率分别为27.3％、34.6％、31.2％、32.0％、24.4％、47.6％;年龄＞60岁(OR=1.673,95％CI=1.215～2.303)、糖尿病史(OR=2.896,95％CI=1.416～5.922)、心脏病史(OR=1.819,95％ CI=1.127～2.935)、原发呼吸系统慢性疾病(OR=1.315,95％CI=1.102～1.569)、吸烟(OR=1.674,95％CI=1.216～2.304)、住院时间≥7 d(OR=l.562,95％CI=1.118～2.182)是患者发生肺部感染的危险因素.结论 急性前列腺炎患者应尽早入院治疗,积极治疗其慢性病和并发症,以降低肺部感染的发生.     

学龄前儿童反复呼吸道感染状况及相关因素分析

目的 探讨学龄前儿童反复呼吸道感染状况及相关因素,为制定预防措施提供依据.方法 采用随机抽样方法,抽取义乌市学龄前儿章850名的监护人进行问卷调查,内容包括社会经济状况、抚育因素、生活环境因素等.采用X2检验及多因素Logistic回归分析反复呼吸道感染影响因素.结果 义乌市学龄前儿童反复呼吸道感染率为24.9％,影响反复呼吸道感染的因素主要有家庭人均月收入(OR=1.22,95％CI=1.01～1.47)、母亲生育年龄(OR =0.95,95％ CI =0.91 ～0.99)、哮喘(OR =2.05,95％CI=1.15 ～3.68)、佝偻病(OR=3.91,95％CI=1.88 ～8.13)、零食(OR=1.54,95％CI=1.18 ～2.02)、孩子平常出行的交通方式(OR=1.34,95％CI=1.03～1.74)、同住者是否吸烟(OR=1.59,95％CI=1.16 ～2.20).结论 学龄前儿童反复呼吸道感染影响因素来自多个方面.应建立良好健康习惯,预防反复呼吸道感染的发生.     

卵巢癌患者医院感染相关因素分析及对策

目的 探讨卵巢癌妇科手术患者医院感染的相关因素及干预对策,为有效防止卵巢癌术后医院感染的发生提供依据.方法 选取2008-2012年在医院行卵巢癌妇科手术患者180例作为研究对象,将出现医院感染的42例患者设为感染组,同时期未发生医院感染的138例患者为对照组；对比分析行卵巢癌妇科手术患者医院感染的相关因素.结果 多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,手术时间≥5 min(OR=5.10,95％CI=1.80～14.45)、年龄≥60岁(OR=1.85,95％CI=1.66～2.07)、出血量≥300 ml(OR=6.01,95％CI=1.20～30.05),伴有慢性疾病(OR=2.90,95％CI=1.73～4.85)为卵巢癌妇科手术患者医院感染的独立危险因素.结论 针对卵巢癌患者医院感染的相关危险因素,采取有效的干预措施,以降低卵巢癌患者医院感染的发生率.     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌泌尿道医院感染危险因素分析

目的 为了解产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌(ESBLs-ECO)泌尿道医院感染危险因素.方法 采取1∶2匹配病例对照研究对某综合医院2005-2010年产ESBLs-ECO泌尿道医院感染危险因素进行分析;匹配条件包括性别相同、入院时间相隔±3d、年龄±5岁.结果 病例组为146例,对照组为292例同期非感染患者,在各危险因素中,3月内住院史(OR=35.05,95％CI:7.01～175.14,P=0.00)、泌尿生殖道手术(OR=14.48,95％CI:2.82～74.25,P=0.00)、1月内使用左氧氟沙星(OR=3.77,95％CI:1.08～13.22,P=0.04)等是发生产ESBLs-ECO泌尿道医院感染的独立危险因素.结论 产ESBLs-ECO泌尿道医院感染预防控制的关键点是严格掌握泌尿道插管指征、时间和无菌技术操作以及合理使用抗菌药物.     

91例肾内科患者医院感染的危险因素分析及对策

目的 探讨肾内科住院患者发生医院感染的临床特点和相关危险因素,以采取有效措施降低其发生率.方法 对1620例肾内科住院患者的临床资料进行分析,研究其医院感染发生的临床特点和相关危险因素.结果 肾内科患者医院感染91例,感染率为5.62％;医院感染发生的常见部位是呼吸道52例,占57.14％,其次为泌尿道、皮肤、胃肠道、其他,分别占17.58％、13.19％、8.79％、3.30％;感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为多见占89.01％,革兰阳性菌占5.49％,真菌占3.30％,其他占2.20％;单因素分析显示,肾内科医院感染与年龄(≥60岁)、住院时间(≥3周)、侵入性操作、抗菌药物使用种类、血清白蛋白(＜30 g/L)、合并基础疾病、使用糖皮质激素等因素有相关性(P＜0.05);logistic因素回归分析发现,年龄(OR=2.118,P=0.014)、合并基础疾病(OR=2.227,P＝0.007)、抗菌药物种类(OR=2.713,P=0.009)和侵入性操作(OR=2.754,P=0.012)是医院感染发生的独立危险因素.结论 影响肾内科医院感染发生的因素多种多样,应减少侵入性操作与严格无菌技术操作,合理应用抗菌药物,改善营养状况,积极控制基础疾病,严格掌握糖皮质激素使用指征,降低医院感染的发生.     

耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌致医院感染危险因素的病例对照研究

目的 探讨耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌(IRPA)导致医院感染的危险因素。方法 选取2002年1月至2003年12月收治的67例IRPA医院感染病例、150例亚胺培南敏感铜绿假单胞菌(ISPA)医院感染者为病例组，同时选取同一病区，接受相似治疗措施的非铜绿假单胞菌感染的住院患者为对照组，其中敏感对照组159例，耐药对照组200例。分别对两组患者的危险因素进行病例对照研究，采用非条件logistic回归分析法进行分析。结果 多因素非条件logistic回归分析表明，IRPA医院感染的发生与住院时间长短(OR=1．03，95％CI：1．01～1．04)、亚胺培南(OR=4．65，95％CI：1．35～11．52)、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦(OR=3．37，95％CI：1．85～9．43)及喹诺酮类抗菌药物(OR=1．85，95％CI：1．25～5．34)的使用有关；而ISPA医院感染与三代头孢(OR=2．54，95％CI：1．26～5．23)及氨基糖苷类抗生素(OR=1．86，95％CI：1．42～3．26)的使用、住院时间长短(OR=1．05，95％CI：1．03～1．05)有关。结论 为减少IRPA医院感染的发生，在限制使用亚胺培南的同时，应尽可能根据药物敏感试验的结果，合理使用其他抗菌药物。     

高危型人乳头瘤病毒感染与宫颈上皮内瘤样病变的关系

目的 研究不同高危型HPV感染在宫颈上皮内瘤样病变(CIN)中的作用.方法 收集浙江省瑞安市红十字医院妇科2012年7月至2014年7月间经阴道镜取组织活检确诊的CIN Ⅰ、CINⅡ、CINⅢ患者各200例,问卷收集患者的基本信息,并采用第二代杂交捕获HPV DNA技术(HCⅡ)行高危型HPV检测,采用多因素Logistic回归分析法探讨CIN发生的危险因素.结果 入组病例高危型HPV的感染率达80.33％(482/600).与未感染者相比,感染患者发生CIN的危险度均升高,其中HPV31亚型感染者发生CINⅡ的OR值为11.02,发生CINⅢ的OR值为69.75.多因素Logistic回归分析发现,与CIN Ⅰ相比,性伴侣≥2个(OR=1.76,95％CI:1.05～2.96)、感染HPV16(OR=2.70,95％CI:1.77～4.10)和感染HPV 18(OR=1.96,95％CI:1.06～3.63)感染是CINⅡ的独立危险因素;性伴侣≥2个(OR=3.91,95％CI:1.84～8.33)、未使用安全套(OR=1.82,95％ CI:1.18～2.80)、感染HPV16 (OR =2.85,95％ CI:1.85 ～4.41)、感染HPV18(OR =2.04,95％ CI:1.10～3.79)和感染HPV31 (OR=4.17,95％CI:1.66～10.49)是CINⅢ发生的独立危险因素.结论 HPV16、HPV18、HPV58和HPV31可能是CIN的主要致病亚型,或可作为癌前病变筛查的标志物.     

舟山市某医院严重急性呼吸道感染患儿住院时间影响因素分析

目的 了解舟山市某医院5岁以下严重急性呼吸道感染(SARI)住院患儿的流行特点及住院时间影响因素.方法 采集2013年2月至2014年2月期间在舟山某医院儿内科病房住院治疗的352例5岁以下SARI病例的鼻咽部分泌物进行实验室检测,同时收集患儿的既往病史及临床特征等相关信息.采用多因素Logistic回归分析影响患儿住院时间的因素.结果 患儿临床主要表现为发热100.00％ (352/352)、咳嗽67.05％ (236/352)、咽红44.03％ (155/352)和气促22.73％ (80/352);流感病毒阳性检出率为8.20％(29例),且以甲型为主;纳入研究的SARI患儿中位住院天数为7(5,8)d.多因素Logistic回归分析表明SARI患儿住院时间＞7 d与咳嗽(OR=2.443,95％CI:1.323～4.513)、胸片异常(0R=1.395,95％CI:1.125～1.730)和有并发症(OR=3.806,95％CI:1.249～11.595)相关.结论 舟山地区5岁以下SARI住院患儿流感病毒检出率较高,且以甲型为主,患者的住院时间长与咳嗽症状、胸片异常和有并发症有关.     

心内科住院患者医院感染的发病率及危险因素探讨

目的 调查心内科住院患者医院感染的发生情况并探讨其危险因素,为临床有效预防心内科住院患者发生医院感染提供理论依据.方法 选择医院心内科2008-2011年收治的2164例患者临床资料作为研究对象,分析医院感染的发病率,并对11种可能引起医院感染的危险因素进行统计分析.结果 136例患者发生医院感染,感染率为6.28％,以下呼吸道感染最多见,占78.68％;危险因素按危险性大小分别为:住院天数(OR=59.963,P＜0.05)、低蛋白血症(OR=47.921,P＜0.05)、空腹和餐后血糖升高(OR=35.213,30.532,P＜0.05)、肌酐水平升高(OR=24.755,P＜0.05)、心功能不全(LVEF≤40％,OR=22.474;NYHA分级≥Ⅲ级,OR=21.827,P＜0.05).结论 心内科住院患者容易发生医院感染,且引起感染的危险因素较多,临床工作中应给予针对性预防.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.