肿瘤内科患者PICC置管感染因素分析及预防对策

目的 了解肿瘤内科患者经外周穿刺中心静脉导管(peripherally inserted central catheter,PICC)相关感染情况.方法 回顾性调查了2007年1月～2009年12月186例PICC置管患者,分析导管相关性感染与留置部位的选择、导管管腔的大小、导管留置时间和病原学的关系.结果 186例患者中,导管局部感染14例,败血症2例.肿瘤内科患者PICC感染与导管留置部位、导管型号、导管留置时间等有关.结论 合理选择留置导管的部位及合适大小的PICC管,加强置管操作与维护管理,尽可能缩短导管留置时间,加强患者营养,提高免疫力,可降低导管感染发生率.     

化疗患者PICC导管相关性感染危险因素

目的分析化疗患者中心静脉导管穿刺术(Peripherally inserted central catheter PICC)导管相关性感染危险因素。方法回顾性分析2011年8月-2018年12月在绍兴文理学院附属医院接受PICC化疗的600例肿瘤患者的资料。统计患者感染发生情况及病原菌分布,对可能导致PICC导管相关性感染的危险因素进行分析统计。结果 600例化疗患者PICC导管相关性感染发生30例,发生率为5.00%;30例感染患者标本共分离病原菌30株,其中革兰阳性菌15株,占50.00%;革兰阴性菌9株,占30.00%;真菌6株,占20.00%。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,单次穿刺次数、PICC留置时间、输液类型、使用激素、白细胞计数、糖尿病史、化疗疗程、换药频次、免疫功能等因素是导致患者出现PICC导管相关性感染的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论 PICC导管相关性感染的独立危险因素较多,应给予相应措施干预,控制感染发生。     

PICC在乳腺癌患者中的应用及护理

目的总结经外周静脉穿刺置入中心静脉导管(PICC)在乳腺癌化疗患者中的应用及护理经验。方法回顾分析我院78例乳腺癌化疗患者,经PICC置管后对其治疗效果进行分析。结果留置PICC的78例患者中,一次成功者75例,留置时间48-180天,3例患者发生并发症,其中穿刺部位渗血2例,感染1例。结论 PICC导管为乳腺癌患者化疗提供了一个长期、安全途径,对患者配合治疗,完成化疗计划起到积极作用。     

大肠癌化疗患者经外周中心静脉置管感染的临床预防研究

目的分析大肠癌患者化疗行经外周中心静脉置管(PICC)置管感染的特点和影响因素,探讨临床预防和护理对策。方法选择2011年9月-2015年10月大肠癌患者化疗行PICC置管患者538例,其中感染76例;采用回顾性分析方法研究病原菌分布及感染相关因素。使用SPSS13.0软件进行统计分析。结果 PICC置管感染患者检出病原菌分别为革兰阳性菌占53.95%、革兰阴性菌占38.16%和真菌占7.89%;感染种类分别为局部感染占63.16%、导管定植菌感染占34.21%和导管相关血流感染占2.63%;患者年龄≥60岁、合并慢性疾病、化疗疗程≥6个及白细胞计数≤3.0×109/L、头静脉穿刺、置管次数≥2次和留置时间≥2周的感染率均高于其他患者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 PICC置管感染以革兰阳性菌和局部感染为主,与年龄、合并慢性疾病、化疗疗程、白细胞计数、穿刺部位、置管次数、留置时间等相关,临床应积极预防护理,以控制和降低感染率。     

肿瘤患者外周中心静脉置管术后感染因素分析及预防对策

目的 探讨肿瘤患者外周中心静脉置管(PICC)的相关性感染因素,并提供预防对策.方法 对2008年1月-2011年12月肿瘤科使用PICC的316例患者进行回顾性调查,对患者性别、年龄、病程、住院天数、导管留置时间、应用化疗药物、操作人员经验、细菌病原检查结果进行统计分析.结果 316例患者中发生医院感染43例,感染率为13.61％;检出病原菌以金黄色葡萄球菌为主,占50.00％;感染患者年龄(61.3±17.2)岁、导管留置时间(35.4±13.3)d、穿刺次数(26.3±11.2)次、化疗药物使用比例与未感染的患者比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);而感染患者的男女比例、病程(2.3±0.4)年、住院天数(32.3±12.5)d与未感染的患者比较,差异均无统计学意义.结论 患者年龄、导管留置时间长、化疗药物应用、操作经验不足是引起PICC患者医院感染的主要因素,采取严格无菌操作置管、减少置管时间、安全有效使用化疗药物,从而预防和减少PICC导管相关性感染的发生.     

肿瘤患者留置PICC导管相关性血流感染的研究

目的 探讨肿瘤患者留置PICC导管相关血流性感染的影响因素,为优化护理措施及实施预防策略提供依据.方法 60例留置PICC导管的肿瘤患者,根据是否发生感染分为病例组9例、对照组51例,进行临床观察和细菌培养,对患者年龄、留置部位、留置时间、置管长度和化疗方法5个感染相关因素进行分析.结果 60例患者治疗结束后正常拔管,细菌培养阳性9例,感染率为15.0％,PICC置管化疗患者导管感染5种因素比较,差异均无统计学意义.结论 PICC专业小组规范化操作,能提高PICC置管的护理质量;针对性地健康教育,可以有效降低化学治疗等因素对于导管相关感染的影响.     

基于随机森林模型的抗肿瘤化疗患者经外周静脉植入中心静脉导管置管后导管相关感染及影响因素

目的 基于随机森林模型分析化学治疗患者经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管(PICC)置管后导管相关感染的影响因素。方法 选取接受化学治疗并留置PICC的400例肿瘤患者,采用计算机产生随机数法将就诊患者以3∶1的比例分为训练集(300例)和测试集(100例)。根据感染发生情况将训练集患者分为无感染组和感染组,比较两组的临床资料,采用多因素logistic回归模型及随机森林的集成分类算法分析患者PICC置管后出现导管相关感染的影响因素,并对比二者的预测效能。结果 训练集300例化学治疗患者中,32例患者出现导管相关感染(10.67%),与无感染组比较,感染组患者单次置管穿刺次数更多,PICC留置时间更长,导管移动比例、合并糖尿病比例及换药频次更高,白细胞计数(WBC)水平及免疫功能更低(均P<0.05)。PICC留置时间、导管移动情况、合并糖尿病情况、换药频次、WBC及免疫功能均为患者PICC置管后导管相关感染的独立影响因素(均P<0.05)。随机森林模型显示不同影响因素的重要程度排序结果依次为：PICC留置时间、导管移动情况、合并糖尿病情况、WBC、换药频次及免疫功能。随机森林模型...     

肿瘤患者PICC导管相关性血栓的调查分析

目的:探讨肿瘤患者PICC导管相关性血栓发生的发生状况,分析发生PICC相关性血栓的危险因素。方法:选取2017年7月-2018年7月在安徽省某三甲医院PICC门诊行PICC置管患者,记录患者一般资料、病史资料、疾病的诊断与治疗、置管情况、并发症等。使用彩色多普勒超声诊断仪动态观察PICC置管后直到拔管或化疗满3个疗程期间血栓形成情况。结果:PICC带管肿瘤患者PICC导管相关性血栓发生率为19.7%;其中无症状血栓占14.4%,有症状血栓占5.3%。置管穿刺次数、血栓史2个因素对血栓的发生有显著影响(p0.05)。结论:PICC导管相关性血栓发生率较高,血栓史和置管穿刺次数是PICC导管相关性血栓形成的危险因素。     

外周中心静脉置管导管相关性感染的因素分析及对策

目的 探讨引起外周中心静脉置管(PICC)导管相关性感染的相关因素.方法 回顾性分析306例PICC患者临床资料及导管相关性感染发生率；选取可能影响导管相关性感染的11种因素进行回归多因素分析.结果 306例患者合并导管相关性感染率9.80％,相关变量的单因素检验9个变量与导管感染相关(P＜0.05)；采用logistic回归分析筛选出独立危险因素:操作经验少、高营养化疗药物应用、导管留置时间长、PICC知识未掌握,OR值分别为4.56、3.13、2.78、2.23.结论 PICC患者导管相关性感染发生率较高,与多种因素有关,应针对上述因素实施相应措施.     

肺癌化疗患者PICC置管感染相关因素分析

目的分析肺癌化疗患者经外周中心静脉置管(PICC)感染相关因素,探讨预防对策,为临床PICC置管感染预防提供依据。方法选取2010年1月-2013年1月收治肺癌化疗并行PICC置管患者124例,其中35例并发置管感染设为感染组,89例未并发置管感染设为对照组;对两组患者置管时间、置管位置、置管型号、化疗时间、换药频率、外周血像及置管经验等指标,采用SPSS16.0进行统计分析,筛选感染相关危险因素。结果对照组患者置管时间≥6个月、肘关节下置管、5F导管置管、化疗时间≥8个疗程、换药频率≥1周、外周血像异常和护理人员置管经验不足分别占39.3%、9.0%、4.5%、5.6%、20.2%、24.7%、2.2%;观察组患者分别占65.7%、48.6%、42.9%、60.0%、88.6%、82.9%、68.6%;两组患者比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论肺癌化疗患者PICC置管感染相关因素较多;缩短置管时间、选择合适置管位置、提高置管操作熟练度、加强营养支持可降低PICC置管感染发生风险。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.