腔镜甲状腺切除术与传统开放切除术的临床比较

目的　比较经胸部途径腔镜甲状腺切除术与传统经颈部开放切除术的临床效果。方法　将 92例适合行甲状腺单侧部分切除的患者分为腔镜组 (5 6例 )与开放组 (36例 ) ,分别行经胸部途径腔镜甲状腺切除术与传统经颈部开放切除术 ,比较其临床治疗效果。结果　腔镜组 5 6例成功完成胸骨前入路腔镜甲状腺切除术 ,无中转。术中出血量腔镜组少于开放组 ,术后患者对手术的美容效果满意度腔镜组优于开放组 ,住院费用腔镜组高于开放组 ,差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 1) ;手术时间、伤口引流量、术后止痛药使用、局部麻木感、术后住院时间比较两组间差异无显著性意义 ;两组均无大出血、喉返神经等严重并发症发生。结论　经胸部途径腔镜甲状腺切除术与传统经颈部开放切除术比较 ,美容效果好 ,但有手术费用较高的缺点。     

经乳晕入路腔镜甲状腺切除术并发症防治体会

目的　探讨经乳晕入路的腔镜甲状腺切除术并发症的预防及处理。方法　使用超声刀经乳晕入路行腔镜甲状腺切除术及各种并发症治疗。结果　经胸部乳晕入路的腔镜甲状腺切除术 2 0 0例 ,成功 194例。术中无严重并发症 ,术后主要出现甲状腺危象 1例 ,一过性声音低钝 1例 ,一过性声音嘶哑 2例。术后随访 1～ 2 0个月 ,至今无复发病例。结论　熟悉甲状腺的解剖结构、病理 ,熟练腔镜操作技术 ,加上开放甲状腺手术的经验 ,行乳晕入路的腔镜甲状腺切除术可预防或减少各种并发症的发生。     

腔镜下经胸乳入路甲状腺切除术62例体会

目的探讨腔镜下经胸乳入路甲状腺切除术的疗效及体会。方法经胸乳入路行腔镜甲状腺切除术62例,其中甲状腺腺瘤16例,结节性甲状腺肿43例,甲状腺癌3例。结果手术均获成功,2例出现皮下气肿,1例出现皮肤直径0.5 cm的轻度灼伤;1例术后一过性声音嘶哑,1例穿刺道出血。无高碳酸血症发生,无喉返神经损伤及甲状旁腺损伤,无中转开放手术。结论腔镜下经胸乳入路甲状腺切除术安全、有效、美容效果好。     

经胸乳晕入路腔镜下甲状腺切除术102例回顾性分析

目的 总结经胸乳晕入路腔镜下甲状腺切除术的技术要领和临床体会.方法 对2007年6月至2011年2月102例采用经胸乳晕入路腔镜下甲状腺切除术患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 102例患者手术均获得成功,无中转开放手术；术后1例出现饮水呛咳,2例术后出现声音嘶哑,经门诊随访2个月后症状缓解；4例有较明显皮下气肿,3例出现胸前皮下淤斑,4例出院后胸前皮肤感觉异常,上述病例均1个月后自行缓解；2例出现术后颈部皮肤点状烧伤,1个月后自行愈合.99例患者随访4～24个月,平均12.7个月,未见甲状腺结节或肿瘤复发.3例失访.所有患者均对手术的美容效果满意.结论 经胸乳晕入路腔镜下甲状腺切除术安全可行,疗效可靠,适应证广,颈部美容效果好.     

经胸部径路腔镜甲状腺瘤切除术六例临床体会

目的 探讨经胸部径路腔镜甲状腺瘤手术的临床价值和经验.方法 对6例甲状腺瘤患者进行经胸部径路腔镜甲状腺瘤切除术,并对全组病例随访1年.结果 6例患者均顺利完成手术.手术时间60～120min,平均95 min,术中出血量20 ～50ml,术后引流量为20～ 40 ml,2例术后出现皮下积液,1例短暂性声音嘶哑,无皮下淤斑、饮水呛咳及四肢麻木等并发症出现,术后随访3～ 12个月,患者均无复发或远期并发症出现.结论 经胸部径路腔镜甲状腺瘤切除术不仅可以达到传统手术效果,而且有明显的美容效果及出血少、并发症少、颈部活动恢复快等优点.     

腔镜甲状腺手术

颈部是人体的裸露部位,传统甲状腺手术的颈部疤痕会给病人带来严重的心理负担。腔镜甲状腺切除术是最近几年发展的一种新的手术方法,使手术切口微小化并隐藏起来,达到美观、微创的手术效果。腔镜甲状腺手术的方法有多种:(1)腔镜辅助甲状腺切除术,由1999年意大利人Bellantone介绍,在胸骨上窝切开一条3～4cm的小切口,无需CO2 形成空间,用拉钩提起皮肤形成手术操作空间,从小切口置入腔镜和常规手术器械进行甲状腺手术,该方法容易学习,将甲状腺切口缩小并下移,具有一定的美容价值,但是颈部仍然有一条小的切口疤痕。(2 )颈部入路的腔镜甲状腺手…     

胸骨上微型内镜下甲状腺次全切除术

目的 探讨经胸骨上入路内镜下甲状腺切除术的可行性。方法 对10例甲状腺良性肿瘤，经胸骨上入路行内镜下甲状腺次全切除术。结果 10例获成功，平均手术时间126min，未发生并发症。结论 前胸骨上入路内镜下甲状腺大部切除术是安全、简捷、有效的手术方式，并能达到满意的美容效果。     

经乳晕入路完全腔镜下甲状腺切除术治疗良性甲状腺病变患者的效果及安全性

目的探讨经乳晕入路完全腔镜下甲状腺切除术治疗良性甲状腺病变患者的效果及安全性。方法选取天津市津南医院2018年6月至2020年6月收治的86例良性甲状腺病变患者作为研究对象,据照随机数字表法分为对照组和试验组,各43例。试验组接受经乳晕入路完全腔镜下甲状腺切除术治疗,对照组接受常规开放式甲状腺切除术治疗,比较两组手术时间、住院时间、术中出血量、术后1 d引流量、术后复发情况、咽部不适发生情况及美容满意度。结果两组手术时间比较,差异无统计意义(P>0.05);试验组住院时间短于对照组,术中出血量和术后1 d引流量均少于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组术后复发率和咽部不适发生率比较,差异均无统计意义(P>0.05);试验组美容满意度优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论经乳晕入路完全腔镜下甲状腺切除术治疗良性甲状腺病变患者可缩短住院时间,减少术中出血量及术后引流量,且复发率和咽部不适发生率均较低,具有较好的美容效果。     

双侧乳晕入路腔镜甲状腺手术治疗良性甲状腺疾病对患者手术指标、外周血TNF-α及IL-6水平的影响

目的探讨双侧乳晕入路腔镜甲状腺手术治疗良性甲状腺疾病对患者手术指标、外周血TNF-α及IL-6水平的影响。方法选取48例行传统颈部小切口甲状腺切除术的良性甲状腺疾病患者作为对照组,48例行双侧乳晕入路腔镜甲状腺手术的良性甲状腺疾病患者作为观察组,比较两组的手术指标、炎性因子水平、并发症发生率。结果观察组的手术时间显著短于对照组,术中出血量显著少于对照组(P<0.05)。术后1 d,两组的TNF-α、IL-6水平均较术前显著升高,但观察组的TNF-α、IL-6水平均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组的并发症发生率为4.17%,显著低于对照组的18.75%(P<0.05)。结论双侧乳晕入路腔镜甲状腺手术治疗良性甲状腺疾病可缩短手术时间,减轻术后炎性反应,降低并发症发生率。     

两种胸乳入路腔镜甲状腺切除手术的对比研究

目的探讨中间胸乳入路和外侧胸乳入路腔镜甲状腺切除手术的优缺点。方法选择2009年11月至2013年7月因各种甲状腺疾病行胸乳入路腔镜甲状腺切除的患者48例,按随机数字表法分为中间入路组（24例）和外侧入路组（24例）。中间入路组采用气管前入路施行腔镜甲状腺切除术,其中甲状腺腺瘤14例,结节性甲状腺肿8例,甲状腺功能亢进2例。外侧入路组采用类似传统开放甲状腺手术路径的上方入路,其中甲状腺腺瘤11例,结节性甲状腺肿9例,甲状腺功能亢进4例。观察对比两组的手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间、术后引流量及并发症的发生情况。结果两组手术均获成功,中间入路组手术时间短于外侧入路组[（61±17）min比（73±21）min],术中出血量及术后引流量少于外侧入路组[（25±17）ml比（46±21）ml,（15±7）ml比（37±14）ml],差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。两组术后住院时间及并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。两组中各有1例出现术后轻微喉返神经麻痹症状,经观察分别于术后1,3个月自行恢复正常,无永久性喉返神经损伤。结论两种术式腔镜甲状腺切除手术均较为安全,但中间入路操作容易,解剖清晰,手术快捷,副损伤小,更易为初学者掌握。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.