HSP70/CD80嵌合DNA疫苗对哮喘小鼠气道炎症和气道高反应性的作用

目的 研究HSP70/CD80嵌合DNA质粒对哮喘小鼠气道炎症和气道高反应性的作用,为安全可靠的新型免疫调节性疫苗奠定基础.方法 将40只雌性健康BALB/c小鼠随机分为4组:对照组、哮喘组、pcDNA3.1载体组、HSP70/CD80嵌合DNA疫苗组,每组10只.用HSP70/CD80嵌合疫苗免疫小鼠后,建立鸡卵清蛋白致敏的小鼠哮喘模型,观察其气道阻力变化,支气管肺泡灌洗液中IL-13、IFN-γ含量的变化.取肺组织进行病理组织学分析,观察肺内炎症情况.结果 HSP70/CD80嵌合DNA疫苗免疫小鼠后,能有效减轻气道炎症(P＜0.05),降低气道阻力(P＜0.05),肺泡灌洗液中IFNl的分泌增加(P＜0.05),IL-13降低.结论 HSP70/CD80嵌合DNA疫苗可促进免疫反应向Th1偏移并增加IFN-γ的生成,减轻气道炎症,降低气道阻力,这为过敏性哮喘新型免疫调节性疫苗的机制及应用研究提供了实验资料.     

CCR2、 CCL5、 CCR5和CCL1基因多态性与中国汉族儿童结核病易感性的关联研究

目的 探讨CCR2、CCL5、CCR5和CCL1的基因多态性与中国汉族儿童结核病易感性的关系.方法 收集353例汉族儿童结核病患者,以同期查体的400名儿童作为对照,采用病例对照研究,应用高通量MassARRAY技术对于CCR2、CCL5、CCR5和CCL1基因的SNP位点进行基因分型研究.结果 CCR2、CCL5、CCR5和CCL1基因SNP位点的等位基因、基因型以及单体型在结核病组和对照组的分布差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 CCR2、CCL5、CCR5和CCL1的基因多态性与中国汉族儿童结核病易感不存在相关性.     

Flt3L及CCL5对prime/boost免疫策略中抗原特异性免疫应答的增强及抗肿瘤作用

目的:研究Flt3L与CCL5作为联合佐剂在prime/boost免疫策略中对HBc抗原特异性免疫应答的增强及抗肿瘤作用.方法:将两种细胞因子质粒与携带HBc抗原的DNA疫苗经肌内注射法共免疫小鼠, 免疫3次后再用原核表达的HBc颗粒蛋白或HBc DNA疫苗加强, 观察对稳定表达HBcAg 的小鼠黑色素瘤细胞(B16-HBc)的生长抑制作用;并分别采用MTT法检测荷瘤小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖、流式细胞术检测脾CD8 T淋巴细胞中IFN-γ表达、ELISA法检测脾淋巴细胞培养上清IL-2、IL-4含量及乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放法检测特异性CTL杀伤活性.结果:与对照组相比, 佐剂联合DNA疫苗免疫经蛋白加强组(DDP/Adj)显著抑制肿瘤生长;佐剂联合DNA疫苗免疫组(DDD/Adj)及DDP/Adj组均可促进特异性淋巴细胞增殖反应(P＜0.05), 且DDP/Adj 高于DDD/Adj组(P＜0.05);DDD/Adj 及DDP/Adj组小鼠脾脏CD8 T淋巴细胞中IFN-γ表达、IL-2 表达水平及CTL杀靶活性均高于对照组(P＜0.01或P＜0.05), IL-4 表达水平在各组无显著区别(P＞0.05).结论:在prime/boost免疫策略中, 采用Flt3L与CCL5两种细胞因子联合应用可显著促进荷瘤小鼠产生抗原特异性免疫应答及抗肿瘤作用.     

CCL21/CCR7对小鼠急性心肌梗死后炎症反应及梗死面积的影响

目的:探讨抗CCL21处理对急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,AMI)后小鼠炎症反应和心肌损伤的影响.方法:结扎冠脉前降支构建C57BL/6小鼠心肌梗死模型,随机分为假手术组(Sham)、对照组(isotype-IgG control)和CCL21单抗干预组(goat anti-mouse CCL21 mAb).qPCR检测AMI后心肌组织CCL21受体CCR7表达,ELISA法检测抗CCL21处理对心肌梗死后小鼠血清炎症趋化因子和肌钙蛋白的影响.HE染色评估心肌梗死后心肌组织炎性细胞浸润.1和7 d后Evans blue/TTC双染评估梗死区和危险区面积.结果:AMI导致小鼠血清CCL21水平和心肌组织CCR7在心肌组织内表达水平显著增高.冠脉结扎后小鼠血清白细胞趋化因子水平显著增高,anti-CCL21干预组小鼠血清CXCL1等趋化因子水平均显著低于对照isotype-IgG组.给予anti-CCL21处理有效逆转了cTnI和心肌酶LDH-1升高,并显著降低心肌梗死区面积.结论:抗CCL21处理可显著抑制心肌梗死后炎症反应并降低小鼠心肌梗死面积.     

哮喘小鼠气道上皮TSLP表达及激活DCs加重气道炎症的研究

目的 研究支气管哮喘小鼠气道上皮中胸腺间质淋巴细胞生成素(TSLP)表达,探讨其对哮喘小鼠肺部炎症的影响.方法 BALB/c小鼠分为生理盐水对照组、哮喘模型组和TSLP中和抗体干预组.通过气道反应性和肺组织病理学评价哮喘模型;酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)上清中IL-4、IL-5和IL13的含量;实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)测定肺组织中TSLP mRNA的表达;免疫组化及Western blot法测定肺组织中TSLP蛋白的表达;流式细胞术检测BALF中树突状细胞(OCs)表面CD40、CD80、CD86的表达水平.结果 小鼠气道反应性增高和肺组织病理学检查结果均符合哮喘的典型表现证实造模成功;哮喘组BALF中IL-4、IL-5和IL-13的水平显著高于正常组(P<0.05),且TSLP与其成正相关;与正常对照组相比,哮喘组气道上皮TSLPmRNA和蛋白高表达,两组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);哮喘组BALF中DCs表面CD40、CD80、CD86表达明显高于正常组(P<0.05).TSLP中和抗体干预后,BALF中DCs表面CD40、CD80、CD86表达明显减低,并进一步减少IL-4、IL-5和IL-13的表达.结论 哮喘气道上皮中TSLP表达增高,TSLP通过上调DCs表面CD40、CD80、CD86的表达,激活DCs诱导CD4~+T细胞向Th2分化发育,与加重哮喘的气道炎症有关;TSLP抗体干预可阻断DCs的活化,减少Th2细胞因子的分泌,这些因素可能与减轻哮喘炎症反应有关,为哮喘治疗途径提供新的思路.     

IL-31在哮喘小鼠中的动态表达及对肺泡上皮细胞表达CCL11和CCL22的影响

目的通过观察IL-31在OVA诱导小鼠哮喘模型中的动态表达及IL-31对肺泡上皮细胞表达趋化因子CCL11和CCL22的影响,探讨IL-31在哮喘气道炎症中的作用。方法常规OVA法建立小鼠哮喘模型,于末次激发后取肺组织HE染色及AB-PAS染色,收集支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)进行白细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞(EOS)计数,ELISA法检测血浆中IgE、IL-4、IFN-γ、IL-31水平,荧光定量PCR检测肺组织IL-31R mRNA表达水平,同时体外培养小鼠肺泡上皮细胞,用IL-31处理24 h后检测CCL11和CCL22 mRNA的表达水平。结果成功构建哮喘小鼠模型,哮喘小鼠BALF中白细胞总数、嗜酸性粒细胞百分比和血浆中IgE水平明显增多。哮喘小鼠肺组织病理切片见中性粒细胞、EOS浸润。哮喘小鼠血浆中Th2类细胞因子IL-4水平明显高于对照组,Th1类细胞因子IFN-γ明显低于对照组。哮喘小鼠血浆IL-31水平和肺组织IL-31R mRNA表达水平明显增高,第2周至第8周虽略有降低但仍明显高于对照组。IL-31作用小鼠肺泡上皮细胞24h后,趋化因子CCL11、CCL22mRNA表达增高。结论IL-31通过刺激趋化因子表达募集炎性细胞,促进气道炎症的发生发展。     

小鼠CCR7基因重组腺病毒的构建及其在DC2.4的表达

目的构建含有小鼠趋化因子受体-7(CCR7)基因的重组腺病毒(AdCCR7),观察其体外感染DC2.4细胞效率。方法将小鼠CCR7基因克隆到穿梭质粒pAdTrack-CMV,在BJ5l83菌内和骨架质粒pAdeasy-1同源重组,筛选阳性克隆;经线性化后转染HEK293细胞,获得含小鼠CCR7基因的重组腺病毒AdCCR7;TCID50方法检测病毒滴度,PCR法鉴定病毒DNA。带绿色荧光蛋白腺病毒(AdGFP)和AdCCR7分别感染DC2.4(GFP-DC2.4和CCR7-DC2.4),同时设未处理DC2.4为空白对照。流式细胞术(FCM)检测各组细胞表面分子CD11c,MHCⅡ,CD86及CCR7表达,趋化实验检测CCR7的功能。结果获得滴度约为l.4×1010pfu/ml重组腺病毒AdCCR7。AdCCR7感染DC2.4后,CCR7-DC2.4组与另外两组细胞比较CD11c、MHCⅡ及CD86的表达均无明显差异,但CCR7表达升高;其对趋化因子CCL19的趋化率可达44.7%~60.0%,明显高于其它两组。结论成功构建含小鼠CCR7基因的重组腺病毒AdCCR7,该病毒可感染细胞株DC2.4,增加细胞表面CCR7表达以及细胞对CCL19的趋化性,为进一步体内实验研究携带CCR7基因的未成熟DCs功能提供了工作基础。     

人趋化因子CCL3L1融合蛋白表达和活性分析

目的人趋化因子CCL3L1进行融合蛋白原核表达和真核表达，纯化后活性分析。方法克隆人类CCL3L1eDNA，构建两种CCL3L1表达载体，获得两个CCL3L1融合蛋白，一个在BL21大肠杆菌表达的GST-CCL3L1融合蛋白，另一个在跎果蝇细胞表达的His-CCL3L1融合蛋白。同时克隆了pcDNA3.1-flag-CCR5表达载体，培养了稳定表达flag-CCR5的细胞株，进行人趋化因子CCL3L1活性分析。结果成功构建人趋化因子CCL3L1融合蛋白原核表达载体pGEX-4T和真核表达载体pMT／BiP／V5-His，免疫沉淀法检测和Westernblot法分析His-CCL3L1蛋白在浓度1nmol／L到50nmol／L存在剂量依赖性，浓度50nmol／L到100nmol／L没有剂量依赖性。纯化的His-CCL3L1蛋白能特异性结合CCR5受体。结论成功表达了融合蛋白GST-CCL3L1和His-CCL3LI，果蝇细胞表达的His-CCL3L1蛋白具有与天然CCL3L1相同的生物学活性，为进一步制备CCL3L1单克隆和多克隆抗体及研究CCL3L1影响HIV-1感染的机制提供基础资料。     

趋化因子CCL28及其受体CCR10的分子生物学

CCL28是趋化因子CC家族成员,其受体为CCR10和CCR3.CCL28与CC家族其他成员有同源性,但是它在基因定位、蛋白质结构和表达调控上有其独特性,这决定了它不仅可以与CCR10结合诱导循环IgA浆母细胞的归巢和迁移,而且具有广谱的抗微生物活性.     

表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯对哮喘小鼠肺组织中PTEN基因表达的影响

目的建立哮喘小鼠急性模型,探讨给予不同剂量的表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)腹腔注射干预治疗,对小鼠气道炎症及肺组织中PTEN基因表达的影响。方法 32只SPF级BALB/c雌性小鼠随机分为4组,正常对照组、哮喘组、EGCG(5 mg/kg)治疗组、EGCG(50 mg/kg)治疗组,应用卵清蛋白(OVA)致敏、激发建立哮喘模型。采用苏木素-伊红染色观察小鼠气道炎症情况,无创通气方法检测小鼠气道反应性,ELISA方法检测小鼠血清中OVA特异性IgE的水平,Real-time PCR及免疫组化方法检测小鼠肺组织中人类第10号染色体缺失的磷酸酶和张力蛋白同源物基因(PTEN)mRNA及蛋白表达,以及不同剂量EGCG干预治疗对其表达的影响。结果与正常组相比,哮喘组小鼠气道炎性细胞浸润明显增加,气道反应性增高,肺组织中PTEN表达下降,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),应用高低剂量的EGCG干预治疗后均可减轻气道炎性细胞浸润及降低气道高反应性,同时上调肺组织中PTEN基因的表达,与哮喘组相比差异有统计学意义(P0.05),且呈剂量依赖性。结论哮喘组小鼠肺组织中PTEN基因表达下降,EGCG干预治疗减轻小鼠气道炎症的,其可能通过上调PTEN基因的表达而发挥作用。     

Role of C-C chemokine receptors 1 and 5 and CCL3/macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha in the cutaneous Arthus reaction: possible attenuation of their inhibitory effects by compensatory chemokine production

The deposition of immune complexes induces an acute inflammatory response with tissue injury. Immune complex-induced tissue injury is mediated by inflammatory cell infiltration that is highly regulated by multiple chemokines. To assess the role of the chemokine receptors CCR1 and CCR5, and a ligand for these receptors CCL3/macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha, in this pathogenic process, the reverse passive cutaneous Arthus reaction was induced in mice lacking CCR1, CCR5, or CCL3. Edema was significantly attenuated in CCR1-deficient (CCR1(-/-)) and CCL3(-/-) mice but not CCR5(-/-) mice, compared with wild-type mice. Numbers of infiltrating neutrophils and mast cells were reduced in CCL3(-/-) and CCR1(-/-) mice, respectively, compared with wild-type mice. CCR1 and CCR5 were expressed on neutrophils and mast cells. Remarkably, the intradermal mRNA expression of CCL5/RANTES, another ligand for CCR1 and CCR5, was increased in CCR5(-/-) and CCL3(-/-) mice, compared with wild-type mice, while the cutaneous CCL3 mRNA expression was augmented in CCR1(-/-) and CCR5(-/-) mice. These results indicate that CCR1, CCR5, and CCL3 cooperatively contribute to the cutaneous Arthus reaction, and also suggest that enhanced expression of CCL3 and CCL5 compensates for the loss of CCR1, CCR5, and CCL3 in the reaction.     

次级淋巴组织趋化因子及其受体对干燥综合征患者外周血淋巴细胞趋化性的影响

目的:研究次级淋巴组织趋化因子(CCL21)及其受体(CCR7)对干燥综合征(SS)患者外周血淋巴细胞趋化性的影响,并探讨其在SS发病机制中的作用。方法:选择31例SS患者(其中原发性SS18例、继发性SS13例)及正常对照20例(均为健康体检者)。分离SS患者及正常对照的外周血淋巴细胞,采用transwell细胞跨膜试验检测CCL21/CCR7对外周血淋巴细胞迁移的影响。结果:在CCL21的作用下,原发性SS和继发性SS患者外周血淋巴细胞的趋化指数(CI)分别为2.92±0.12和2.80±0.28,均明显高于正常对照(CI=1.32±0.11,P<0.01);原发性SS和继发性SS患者之间淋巴细胞的CI无统计学差异(P>0.05)。经过抗CCR7单抗(mAb)处理后,原发性SS和继发性SS患者的CI分别为1.04±0.05和1.03±0.08,与未经抗CCR7mAb处理的SS患者相比较明显降低(P<0.01)。结论:CCR7是导致淋巴细胞迁移的重要因素之一。CCL21/CCR7的相互作用可介导SS患者外周血淋巴细胞的迁移,可能与SS患者的外分泌腺中大量淋巴细胞浸润导致腺体损害有重要关系。     

Systemic chemokine and chemokine receptor responses are divergent in allergic versus non-allergic humans

T(h)1- and T(h)2-polarized human T cell clones display distinct patterns of chemokine receptor expression and selective chemokine responsiveness in vitro. We hypothesized that natural exposure to environmental grass pollen would induce differential systemic chemokine and chemokine receptor expression patterns in individuals with allergic rhinitis compared to healthy controls with type 2- and type 1-dominated responses to allergen respectively. To this end, we compared chemokine receptor expression on peripheral blood T cells directly ex vivo and plasma chemokine levels between these two groups of study participants prior to and during the grass pollen season. T(h)1-associated CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR) 3 was strongly expressed on >50% CD4(+)/CD45RO(+) cells of all subjects. When examined longitudinally, CXCR3 expression increased over the grass pollen season (P < 0.0001), solely in non-allergic subjects. In contrast, for both allergic and non-allergic subjects, CC chemokine receptor (CCR) 5 (T(h)1-associated) and CCR3 (T(h)2-associated) were weakly expressed on <10% of CD4(+)/CD45RO(+) cells both prior to and during the grass pollen season. Type 1 chemokines CXC chemokine ligand (CXCL) 9 and CXCL10 (monokine induced by IFN-gamma and IFN-gamma-inducible protein of 10 kDa: CXCR3 ligands), and type 2 chemokines CC chemokine ligand (CCL) 11 (eotaxin: CCR3 ligand), CCL17 (thymus and activation-regulated chemokine: CCR4 ligand) and CCL22 (monocyte-derived chemokine: CCR4 ligand) were readily detectable in the plasma of most participants. Systemic CXCL9 levels decreased from pre- to grass pollen season in allergics (P < 0.05), whereas CCL17 decreased in non-allergics (P < 0.05) over the same period. Taken together, these longitudinal data suggest a systemic shift to more intensely type 1-dominated responses in non-allergic individuals and, conversely, to more type 2-dominated responses in allergic individuals upon natural re-exposure to grass pollen.     

Changes in macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (MIP-1) family members expression induced by traumatic brain injury in mice

A deep knowledge of the profound immunological response induced by traumatic brain injury (TBI) raises the possibility of novel therapeutic interventions. Existing studies have highlighted the important roles of C-C motif ligands in the development of neuroinflammation after brain injury; however, the participation of macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (MIP-1) family members in this phenomenon is still undefined. Therefore, the goal of our study was to evaluate changes in macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (MIP-1) family members (CCL3, CCL4, and CCL9) and their receptors (CCR1 and CCR5) in a mouse model of TBI (induced by controlled cortical impact (CCI)). We also investigated the pattern of activation of immunological cells (such as neutrophils, microglia and astroglia), which on one hand express CCR1/CCR5, and on the other hand might be a source of the tested chemokines in the injured brain. We investigated changes in mRNA (RT-qPCR) and/or protein (ELISA and Western blot) expression in brain structures (the cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, and striatum) at different time points (24 h, 4 days, 7 days, 2 weeks, and/or 5 weeks) after trauma. Our time-course studies revealed the upregulation of the mRNA expression of all members of the MIP-1 family (CCL3, CCL4, and CCL9) in all tested brain structures, mainly in the early stages after injury. A similar pattern of activation was observed at the protein level in the cortex and thalamus, where the strongest activation was observed 1 day after CCI; however, we did not observe any change in CCL3 in the thalamus. Analyses of CCR1 and CCR5 demonstrated the upregulation of the mRNA expression of both receptors in all tested cerebral structures, mainly in the early phases post injury (24 h, 4 days and 7 days). Protein analysis showed the upregulation of CCR1 and CCR5 in the thalamus 24 h after TBI, but we did not detect any change in the cortex. We also observed the upregulation of neutrophil marker (MPO) at the early time points (24 h and 7 days) in the cortex, while the profound activation of microglia (IBA-1) and astroglia (GFAP) was observed mainly on day 7. Our findings highlight for the first time that CCL3, CCL4, CCL9 and their receptors offer promising targets for influencing secondary neuronal injury and improving TBI therapy. The results suggest that the MIP-1 family is an important target for pharmacological intervention for brain injury.     

Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease by chemokine receptor-targeted leukapheresis

Leukapheresis removes circulating leukocytes en route to the target organ. Hitherto unspecific matrixes have been used to remove leukocytes in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This report describes a novel selective leukapheresis column based on chemokine–chemokine receptor interaction. We found an increased expression of the gut homing chemokine receptor CCR9 on CD14⁺ monocytes and on CD3⁺ T lymphocytes from IBD patients. Biologically active CCL25 was coupled to a Sepharose matrix and demonstrated to selectively remove CCR9-expressing cells leaving other cell populations largely unaffected. A patient with active ulcerative colitis, was subjected to CCL25-column leukapheresis. Four days after treatment, he experienced clinical improvement and stable disease improvement ensued. The study illustrates that specific cells can be targeted using high affinity interactions, i.e., CCL25–CCR9 interactions to remove pathogenic gut-homing cells. Leukapheresis using the bCCL25 column should be investigated in a clinical phase I trial of patients with inflammatory bowel disease.     

CCR2 and CCR5 chemokine receptors differentially influence the development of autoimmune diabetes in the NOD mouse

The infiltration of monocytes represents an important early event in the development of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. Given that chemokines are key regulators of leukocyte trafficking, we examined the requirement for the chemokine receptors β(CC)-chemokine receptor-5 (CCR5) and β(CC)-chemokine receptor-2 (CCR2), which recruit monocytes, in disease development in the NOD mouse. Whereas the onset of diabetes was significantly delayed in CCR2-/-NOD mice (25% at 30 weeks) compared to NOD mice (50% at 28 weeks), the pathogenesis of diabetes was accelerated in CCR5-/-NOD mice (75% at 23 weeks). The rapid development of diabetes in CCR5-/-NOD mice was associated with aggressive destructive insulitis and was accompanied by altered leukocyte migration into islets. In contrast, CCR2-/- NOD mice exhibited delayed inflammatory cell recruitment. Nevertheless, total diabetogenic splenocytes from CCR2-/-NOD and CCR5-/-NOD showed similar capability to adoptively transfer diabetes into NOD.scid recipients. Importantly, our data suggest that targeting of CCR2 may lead to therapies against Type 1 diabetes.     

Interaction between the CCR5 chemokine receptors and microbial HSP70

Evidence is presented that the microbial 70-kD heat shock protein (HSP70) binds to CCR5 chemokine receptors in CCR5-transfected cell lines and in primary human cells. Significant CCR5-mediated calcium mobilization was stimulated by HSP70 and inhibited with TAK 779, which is a specific CCR5 antagonist. HSP70-mediated activation of the p38 MAPK phosphorylation signaling pathway was also demonstrated in CCR5-transfected HEK 293 cells. Direct binding of three extracellular peptides of CCR5 to HSP70 was demonstrated by surface plasmon resonance. Functional evidence of an interaction between HSP70, CCR5 and CD40 was shown by enhanced production of CCL5 by HEK 293 cells transfected with both CD40 and CCR5. Primary monocyte-derived immature DC stimulated with HSP70 produced IL-12 p40, which showed dose-dependent inhibition of >90% on treatment with both TAK 779 and anti-CD40 mAb. Stimulation of IL-12 p40 or TNF-alpha by HSP70 was related to the differential cell surface expression of CCR5 in primary human immature and mature DC, and those with the homozygous triangle DeltaDelta32 CCR5 mutation. These findings may be of significance in the interaction between HSP70 and immune responses of CCR5+ T cells in HIV-1 infection, as well as in inflammatory bowel disease.     

Differential expression and functional roles of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 23 and its receptor chemokine (C-C motif) receptor type 1 in the uterine endometrium during early pregnancy in pigs

Many chemokines expressed by cells of the uterine endometrium of mammals are involved in cell-cell interactions. However, little is known about expression and functional roles of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 23 (CCL23) in the uterine endometrium. Results of this study demonstrated that CCL23 and its receptor, chemokine (C-C motif) receptor type 1 (CCR1), are up-regulated in porcine endometria during pregnancy. CCL23 and CCR1 mRNAs were strongly expressed in endometrial glandular (GE) and luminal (LE) epithelial cells. Treatment of porcine uterine luminal epithelial (pLE) cells with recombinant CCL23 increased the abundances of PCNA and cyclin D1, and enhanced proliferation and cell cycle progression in pLE cells. CCL23 also stimulated phosphorylation of cell signaling molecules including AKT and MAPKs in pLE cells. Furthermore, ER stress-related molecules were reduced by CCL23. These results suggest that CCL23-CCR1 signaling is important for endometrial development and establishment of pregnancy in pigs.