三维标测系统和单环状标测导管指示下环肺静脉线性消融电学隔离肺静脉方法学评价

目的探讨三维标测系统和单环状标测导管指示下环肺静脉线性消融电学隔离肺静脉的可行性和有效性。方法2004年5月至2004年11月间我院对68例症状明显、发作频繁、抗心律失常药物治疗无效的心房颤动(房颤)患者进行了在Carto(n=56)或EnSite/NavX(n=12)和单环状标测导管指示下的环肺静脉线性消融肺静脉电隔离术。收集操作过程中的相关数据,计算初始肺静脉电学隔离率、最终肺静脉电学隔离率及并发症资料。结果68例患者共计完成136个环形消融线,操作时间平均为(240±65)min,X线曝光时间平均为(37±12)min。用于左心房重建和环肺静脉线性消融的放电时间分别为(20±9)min和(62±24)min。在完成预定环肺静脉消融线后,初始肺静脉电学隔离率为50.7%(69/136),经寻找缝隙补充消融后最终肺静脉电学隔离率为95.6%(130/136)。70.2%(59/84)的缝隙分布于左侧,29.8%(25/84)见于右侧。并发症包括1例心脏压塞和2例锁骨下及左胸部皮下血肿,均经保守治疗康复,无肺静脉狭窄。结论三维标测系统加单环状标测导管指示下环肺静脉线性消融电学隔离肺静脉成功率高、并发症率低,操作时间及X线曝光时间可以接受。     

经导管消融治疗发生于肥厚梗阻性心肌病患者的阵发性心房颤动

目的报道经导管消融治疗发生于肥厚梗阻性心肌病(HOCM)患者的阵发性心房颤动(房颤)的初步结果。方法6例HOCM患者,均伴有发作频繁、症状明显并且抗心律失常药物治疗无效的阵发性房颤,其中男性4例,女性2例,年龄43~66(53·8±8·8)岁。在三维电解剖标测和同侧肺静脉环状标测联合指导下行环绕两侧肺静脉的线性消融。消融终点为双侧肺静脉的电学隔离。结果6例患者术中均达到消融终点。1例于术后第2个月时因复发房性心动过速(房速)而接受了第2次环肺静脉线性消融治疗。随访4~14(9·2±3·4)个月后,6例患者均未再发作房颤,其中4例未服用任何抗心律失常药物,2例需口服胺碘酮治疗。无任何操作相关并发症。结论对于发生于HOCM患者的阵发性房颤,如果抗心律失常药物治疗无效,三维标测系统指导下的环肺静脉线性消融术是一项可供选择的治疗措施。     

环状电极标测指导射频消融治疗肺静脉起源的阵发性房颤

背景　常规方法标测射频消融治疗局灶性房颤常导致较长的手术时间及较低的成功率。环状电极标测指导射频消融能够克服这些缺点。目的　评价在 10极环状电极标测指导下射频消融电隔离肺静脉治疗阵发性房颤的可行性和有效性。方法　本组研究包括 16例抗心律失常药物治疗无效的阵发性房颤患者 [男性 11例 ,女性 5例 ,平均年龄 (5 1± 14 5 )岁 ]。 10极的环状标测电极在窦性心律或者冠状窦远端 (CSd)起搏的情况下标测肺静脉 ,确定房性早搏发生的起源 ;一旦确定靶肺静脉 ,肺静脉电位的分布及其激动顺序进行评价 ,射频消融在肺静脉口最早激动处进行。消融终点设定为 :①肺静脉电位消失 ;②肺静脉电位与心房电位无关 ;③房早消失。结果　本组研究总共消融了 36条肺静脉 ,包括 16条左上肺静脉 ,12条右上肺静脉 ,7条左下肺静脉 ,1条右下肺静脉。有 2例消融了 1条肺静脉 ;8例消融了 2条肺静脉 ;5例消融了 3条肺静脉 ;消融 4条肺静脉者 1例。手术时间以及X线曝光时间分别为 (186 7± 6 3 8)min及 (5 1 5± 15 0 )min。在随访的 1～ 12月 ,11例 (6 8 7% )在未服抗心律失常药没有房颤发作 ,其中 2例为再次手术 ,有效者 3例 (18 7% ) ,2例未成功 (12 6 % )。初次术后有 2例发作房早 ,其中 1例服用胺碘酮 ,另外 1     

Carto系统指导下左房电解剖隔离治疗心房颤动

对 3例阵发性和 2例持续性心房颤动 (简称房颤 )进行左房线性消融。采用Carto标测构建左房三维电解剖图 ,并标识出肺静脉和二尖瓣环 ,在距肺静脉口外 1～ 2cm处进行绕左右肺静脉和左房峡部的环状线性隔离消融 ,后 2例增加一条左房后壁的消融线 ,消融的终点为 :①环状隔离区内的双极电压≤ 0 .1mV ,②跨消融线相邻两点的传导时间延迟 30ms以上。结果 :整个手术时间为 2 2 9± 18min ,X线曝光时间为 2 5± 3min。消融线环绕的左房面积占整个被标测左房面积的 36 %± 3.2 % ,消融线环绕的左房区域内的电压较消融前明显降低 ,绕消融线以外的部分心房组织的电压亦降低。 3例阵发性房颤有 2例在术后 1～ 2天有房颤发作 ,1例持续性房颤于术后 1周转为持续性心房扑动 ,3周时电复律为窦性心律 ,术中和术后随访期内无并发症发生 ,5例在 5 .3± 1.85个月的随访中无有症状的房颤发作。结论 :左房线性电隔离治疗房颤是安全有效的方法。     

经导管消融治疗甲状腺机能亢进患者心房颤动

目的探讨经导管消融治疗并发于原发性甲状腺机能亢进(简称甲亢)的心房颤动(简称房颤)的效果。方法18例甲亢并发房颤患者,均经抗甲亢治疗控制甲状腺激素水平在正常范围内3个月以上,仍伴有发作频繁、症状严重,经抗心律失常药物治疗无效的阵发性或持续性房颤。在三维电解剖标测系统和肺静脉环状标测联合指导下行环绕两侧肺静脉的线性消融。消融终点为双侧肺静脉的电学隔离。结果18例患者术中均达到消融终点。随访12.6±6.8(4~27)个月,13例(72%)患者在不服用任何抗心律失常药物前提下无房颤发作,5例(28%)房颤复发。无任何操作相关并发症。结论对于发生于甲亢患者的房颤,三维标测系统指导下的环肺静脉线性消融术是一项可供选择的治疗措施。     

起源于肺静脉的阵发性心房颤动导管射频消融治疗

目的　探讨环状电极 (Lasso电极 )标测指导起源于肺静脉的阵发性心房颤动 (房颤 )导管射频消融治疗的安全性和有效性。方法与结果　 2 0 0 1年 5～ 12月 ,12例药物治疗无效的阵发性房颤患者 ,男 8例 ,女 4例 ,平均年龄 (47 8± 14 9)岁 ,行心内电生理检查和射频消融术。在Lasso电极指导下标测肺静脉 ,以确定诱发房颤的房性早搏起源处。确定房性早搏的消融靶点后 ,在有房性早搏或冠状窦远端起搏或右心耳起搏下寻找优势肺静脉电位 (PVP)放电消融 ,或肺静脉口环状消融。消融终点设定为 :①肺静脉电位振幅明显减低或消失 ;②肺静脉自律性电位与心房电活动无关 ;③诱发房颤的房早消失。结果成功隔离 2 6条肺静脉 ;其中左上肺静脉 12条 ,右上肺静脉 8条 ,左下肺静脉 5条 ,右下肺静脉1条。有 2例仅消融 1条肺静脉 ,均为左上肺静脉 ;8例消融2条肺静脉 ,消融 3条与 4条肺静脉者各 1例。术程 (196 4±6 5 8)min ,X线曝光时间 (5 2 0± 14 4 )min。术后随访 2～ 8个月 ,有 1例频发房早发生 ,经口服胺碘酮后房早消失 ;4例有房颤短阵发作 ,其中 3例接受口服药物 (2例服用胺碘酮 ,1例服用索他洛尔 ) ,1例植入有抗房颤程序的DDDR起搏器 ,能够有效抑制房颤发作。术中选择性肺静脉造影发现 6例有轻度肺静脉狭窄 ,其     

环肺静脉左心房线性消融术后复发的房性心律失常

目的研究心房颤动(房颤)患者环肺静脉左心房线性消融术后复发房性心律失常的机制。方法28例房颤患者接受环肺静脉左心房线性消融术,平均年龄(54±11)岁,其中阵发性房颤10例,持续性房颤18例。采用Carto电解剖标测系统及双Lasso标测导管技术,分别进行环左、右侧肺静脉线性消融;消融终点为肺静脉电位消失,左心房-肺静脉双向阻滞。复发患者再次消融术采用双Lasso导管指导在原环形消融线上标测“漏点”并消融封闭之,对不能终止心动过速者再行拖带标测、激动标测或结合Carto系统标测;对典型心房扑动(房扑)行右心房峡部线性消融。结果初次消融术后平均随访(245±65)d,18例无复发;8例复发房性心律失常包括5例典型房扑、2例其他房性心动过速、1例阵发性房颤;2例左上肺静脉电位未完全隔离者仍持续房颤。除外1例持续性房颤,另外9例接受了再次消融术,证实所有复发患者均有左心房-肺静脉传导恢复;8例射频消融成功并随访(192±92)d无复发。结论左心房-肺静脉传导恢复是环肺静脉左心房线性消融术后复发房性心律失常的重要因素;初次手术附加右心房峡部线性消融可能减少复发率。     

双Lasso导管和三维标测指导下环肺静脉线性隔离术治疗心房颤动

目的在双Lasso导管和三维标测指导下环肺静脉线性消融并彻底隔离肺静脉以治疗心房颤动(简称房颤)。方法28例房颤患者接受射频消融治疗,其中阵发性房颤12例,持续性房颤16例。所有患者首先利用三维电解剖标测系统(CARTO)进行左房重建,然后将两根Lasso导管同时置入右(左)上下肺静脉内,在肺静脉口外0.5~1cm左右行环肺静脉线性消融,消融终点为左房-肺静脉完全性传导阻滞。结果28例均电隔离成功,肺静脉完成隔离后,共86.6%(97/112)的肺静脉内可见缓慢自律性电活动。手术时间205±67min,X线透视时间27±16min,无并发症发生。术后随访8.5±3.7个月,23例无房颤复发,总成功率82.1%。结论双Lasso导管和三维标测指导下有明确电学隔离指标的环肺静脉线性消融术治疗房颤安全而有效。     

电解剖系统引导下环肺静脉线性消融隔离肺静脉治疗心房颤动

目的采用双Lasso导管标测技术行环肺静脉及其周围组织隔离预防心房颤动复发。方法13例心房颤动(房颤)患者,男性8例,女性5例,平均年龄为(56±8)岁,行电生理检查和射频导管消融。其中,8例为频发的阵发性房颤(1~20年),5例为持续性房颤(1~4年)。窦性心律下起搏远端冠状静脉窦或房颤发生时,利用电解剖系统进行左心房重建。然后,将两根Lasso多极导管同时置于右(左)上、下肺静脉之内。在距肺静脉口1cm左右处行环肺静脉及其周围组织电隔离。消融终点为左心房-肺静脉/周围组织完全性阻滞,表现为放电时肺静脉电位消失。结果7例阵发性房颤患者在窦性心律下电隔离成功,5例持续性房颤和1例阵发性房颤患者在窦性心律和房颤发生时电隔离成功。3例患者放电时房颤终止:左肺静脉隔离时房颤终止1例,右肺静脉隔离时房颤终止1例,左肺静脉隔离完成后54s自行终止1例。其余3例需体外电转复。消融术时间为(256±56)min,X线曝光时间为(39±11)min。无并发症发生。在术后平均随访(104±50)d,只有1例患者在第71d时出现不典型心房扑动,自行终止。其余12例患者均无房性快速性心律失常复发。结论有明确心电学隔离指标的环肺静脉及其周围组织电隔离是一种安全有效的方法。肺静脉既可为房颤的诱发机制,亦有可能参与房颤的维持机制。     

导管消融治疗合并器质性心脏病的心房颤动的临床评价

目的评价经导管消融治疗合并器质性心脏病的心房颤动(房颤)患者临床效果。方法35例合并器质性心脏病的房颤患者(器质性心脏病组),合并的器质性心脏病类型包括肥厚型心肌病4例;合并左心室肥厚的高血压12例;甲状腺机能亢进性心脏病1例;心动过速性心肌病1例;扩张型心肌病3例;心脏瓣膜病5例;冠心病9例。同期78例无器质性心脏病的房颤患者作为对照(非器质性心脏病组)。消融方法为三维电解剖标测系统(CARTO)指导下的环肺静脉线性消融术,消融终点为同侧肺静脉电隔离。结果器质性心脏病组的平均左心房内径大于非器质性心脏病组[(42±5.7)mmvs(36±5.3)mm,P<0.05]。所有患者均成功实现消融终点。器质性心脏病组平均随访(8.7±5.6)个月后,77.1%(27例)的患者为稳定的窦性心律;非器质性心脏病组平均随访(7.2±3.7)个月后,84.6%(66例)的患者为稳定的窦性心律,两组差异无显著性。并发症无症状性肺静脉狭窄3例,其中器质性心脏病组出现1例,非器质性心脏病组出现2例;非器质性心脏病组发生1例心脏压塞,经紧急行心包穿刺引流后恢复。结论CARTO指导下的环肺静脉线性消融对于合并器质性心脏病的房颤具有较好的临床效果和安全性。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.