蔓茎堇菜总黄酮和总三萜的含量测定

目的建立蔓茎堇菜中总黄酮、总三萜含量的测定方法。方法分别以芦丁、齐墩果酸为对照品,以5%亚硝酸钠-10%硝酸铝-4%氢氧化钠、5%香草醛-冰醋酸-高氯酸为显色剂,检测波长分别为408,555 nm,采用紫外分光光度法测定蔓茎堇菜中的总黄酮和总三萜含量。结果总黄酮在0.010 03~0.060 18 mg.mL 1内与吸光度线性关系良好(r=0.999 8),平均回收率为108.0%,RSD为4.92%(n=9);总三萜在0.004~0.036 mg.mL 1内与吸光度线性关系良好(r=0.998 2),平均回收率为101.3%,RSD为4.42%(n=9)。蔓茎堇菜中总黄酮的平均含量为55.25 mg.g 1,总三萜的平均含量为1.14 mg.g 1。结论本方法准确、可靠、稳定,可用于蔓茎堇菜中总黄酮和总三萜的含量测定。     

UPLC-PDA法测定藏药翼首草不同药用部位中齐墩果酸和熊果酸的含量

目的:建立测定藏药翼首草不同药用部位中齐墩果酸和熊果酸含量的方法,并比较其不同部位之间的含量差异。方法:采用超高效液相色谱-光电二极管阵列检测器(UPLC-PDA)测定翼首草不同药用部位(全草、地上部位和地下部位)齐墩果酸和熊果酸含量。色谱柱为Acquity UPLC HSS T3(150 mm×2.1 mm,1.8μm);流动相为甲醇-0.1 mol/L乙酸铵溶液(88∶12,V/V),流速为0.2 m L/min;检测波长为210 nm;柱温为30℃;进样量为5μL。结果:齐墩果酸和熊果酸的检测质量浓度线性范围分别为10.65~1 065μg/m L(r=0.999 6)、18.8~1 880μg/m L(r=0.999 4),平均加样回收率分别为96.95%(RSD=1.24%,n=9)、98.12%(RSD=2.13%,n=9),精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD均小于3%。不同药用部位的齐墩果酸和熊果酸含量的高低整体趋势为地上部位>全草>地下部位;翼首草全草中齐墩果酸和熊果酸平均总量为0.35%,地上部位中为0.56%,地下部位中为0.09%。结论:建立的方法快速、准确可靠、重复性好,适合于藏药翼首草不同药用部位中齐墩果酸和熊果酸含量的测定。翼首草地上部位中齐墩果酸和熊果酸含量较全草、地下部位高,建议使用地上部位入药。     

紫外可见分光光度法测定苣荬菜根部总三萜皂苷的含量

目的用紫外可见分光光度法测定苣荬菜根部总三萜皂苷的含量。方法采用AB-8、D-101、D-4020、HPD-400和NKA-95种大孔树脂对苣荬菜根部总三萜皂苷进行纯化,以齐墩果酸为对照品,50g·L-1香草醛-冰醋酸、高氯酸为显色系统,在546nm波长处测定总三萜皂苷含量。结果在AB-8、D-101、D-4020、HPD-400和NKA-9 5种树脂中,D-101对苣荬菜根部总三萜皂苷纯化效果最好;齐墩果酸质量浓度在0.034 2⁰.106 5mg·mL-1范围内,吸光度与含量呈良好的线性关系,回归方程Y=8.298 2 X-0.084 9(r=0.999 6),平均加样回收率为95.3%,RSD=1.5%(n=5),苣荬菜根部总三萜皂苷含量为0.202%,RSD=2.6%。结论该方法操作简单,快速灵敏,准确可靠,对设备要求不高,适用于苣荬菜根部总三萜皂苷的含量测定。     

分光光度法测定攀援耳草总三萜酸含量

目的:以齐墩果酸为对照品,用超声辅助提取、紫外分光光度法测定了攀援耳草总三萜酸含量。结果:攀援耳草中总三萜酸的相对百分含量为2.827%,精密度实验RSD为2.05%;齐墩果酸对照品在0~100g/mL范围有良好的线性关系,回归方程为y=0.0113x-0.0177,相关系数R2=0.9991。结论:该方法操作简便、结果可靠,能为攀援耳草药用价值的开发及扩大资源利用提供科学的依据。     

高效液相色谱质谱法测定齐墩果酸固体分散物的溶出度研究

目的: 建立齐墩果酸高效液相色谱质谱联用(HPLC MS)浓度测定方法,并用于溶出度实验时溶出液中齐墩果酸的测定。方法:采用高效液相色谱质谱联用法测定齐墩果酸固体分散物溶出度实验中齐墩果酸的浓度。结果: 在0. 2 ~12. 8mg·L-1的浓度范围内,齐墩果酸线性关系良好(r= 0. 999 7 ),高、中、低浓度回收率分别为98. 6 %, 99. 3 %, 102. 4 % (n=5),日内RSD低于5. 0 % (n=5),日间RSD低于10. 0 % (n=5)。结论:本方法灵敏度高、分析时间短、杂质干扰少,可用于齐墩果酸溶出度实验的研究及制剂含量的测定。     

用超临界流体色谱法测定怀牛膝及其制剂中齐墩果酸的含量

采用超临界流体色谱法(SFC)分别测定了不同产地的怀牛膝药材及三种含怀牛膝的制剂中齐墩果酸的含量。方法简单、快速。不需经特殊的纯化处理。各产地药材齐墩果酸含量波动较小(1.75～2.19%,x±SD=1.94±0.17%),可以作为药材与制剂质量评价的指标,药材的加样回收率为97.42%(n=18,RSD=2.80%);制剂天麻丸的加样回收率为94.82%(n=9,RSD=2.51%)。     

紫外分光光度法测定七叶莲中总皂苷的含量

目的:建立以紫外分光光度法测定七叶莲药材中总皂苷含量的方法。方法:以齐墩果酸为对照品,香草醛-冰醋酸-硫酸溶液为显色剂,测定波长为532nm。结果:齐墩果酸检测浓度在0~240μg·mL-1范围内与吸光度呈良好的线性关系(r=0·9995);平均加样回收率为99·59%,RSD=0·82%(n=9)。结论:本方法操作简便、精密度高、重现性好,可用于七叶莲的质量控制。     

RP-HPLC法同时测定鹿蹄草中齐墩果酸和熊果酸的含量

目的:建立同时测定鹿蹄草中齐墩果酸和熊果酸含量的方法。方法:采用反相高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Kromasil C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-水-磷酸(88∶12∶0.15,V/V/V),流速为0.9 ml/min,柱温为30℃,检测波长为210 nm。结果:齐墩果酸进样量在0.462⁴.620μg时,与峰面积积分值呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 98,n=6),平均加样回收率为98.6%,RSD=2.1%(n=6);熊果酸进样量在1.0644.620μg时,与峰面积积分值呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 98,n=6),平均加样回收率为98.6%,RSD=2.1%(n=6);熊果酸进样量在1.064¹0.640μg时,与峰面积积分值呈良好线性关系(r=0.999 99,n=6),平均加样回收率为98.5%,RSD=2.2%(n=6)。结论:该方法操作简单、结果准确、重复性好,适用于鹿蹄草中齐墩果酸和熊果酸含量的同时测定。     

蔓胡颓子根的质量标准研究

目的建立蔓胡颓子根的质量标准。方法鉴别蔓胡颓子根药材的性状、显微特征;检查水分、总灰分;采用TLC法进行定性鉴别;采用HPLC法测定齐墩果酸和熊果酸含量。结果对蔓胡颓子根的性状、显微特征进行了描述;根据6批次的测定结果,确定水分不得超过14.0%,总灰分不得超过2.0%;TLC斑点清晰,分离度好;含量测定中齐墩果酸的进样量在0.3005~1.8030μg(r=0.9994)与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,平均回收率为97.0%,RSD为1.4%(n=6);熊果酸的进样量在0.2625~1.5750μg(r=0.9994)与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,平均回收率为98.6%,RSD为1.8%(n=6)。结论建立的分析方法简便可行,专属性强,可用于蔓胡颓子根的质量控制。     

RP-HPLC法测定去甲斑蝥素齐墩果酸复合脂质体的包封率

目的:建立测定去甲斑蝥素齐墩果酸复合脂质体包封率的方法。方法:采用反相高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Thermo Sycronis C18,流动相为磷酸水溶液(p H=3.2)-甲醇(梯度洗脱),流速为1.0~1.7 ml/min,检测波长为210 nm,柱温为30℃,进样量为50μl。结果:去甲斑蝥素、齐墩果酸的质量浓度分别在20~300、10~150μg/ml范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系(r=0.999 8、0.999 7);精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD≤5.89%;去甲斑蝥素的平均回收率为99.15%~100.11%,RSD≤3.20%(n=5),齐墩果酸的平均回收率为99.22%~100.30%,RSD≤3.34%(n=5);去甲斑蝥素、齐墩果酸平均包封率分别为(48.01±2.34)%、(87.31±0.56)%(n=5)。结论:该方法法简便、快速、可靠,可用于去甲斑蝥素齐墩果酸复合脂质体包封率的测定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.