股前外侧皮瓣在四肢软组织缺损中的临床应用

目的探讨股前外侧皮瓣在修复四肢软组织缺损中的临床效果。方法应用股前外侧皮瓣修复30例四肢软组织缺损患者,创面缺损面积5 cm×7 cm~15 cm×29 cm,创面均有深层组织外露;皮瓣切取面积为6cm×8 cm~16 cm×30 cm。结果 30例中29例皮瓣全部成活,1例皮瓣坏死,二期行腹部皮瓣修复顺利成活。患者均获随访,时间6~36个月,患肢外观、感觉及功能均满意。结论股前外侧皮瓣可切取面积大,血运丰富,部位隐蔽,不损伤主干血管,是修复软组织缺损的理想皮瓣。     

股前外侧皮瓣修复四肢软组织缺损22例

目的探讨应用股前外侧皮瓣修复四肢软组织缺损的临床效果。方法对22例四肢软组织缺损患者采用股前外侧皮瓣进行修复。缺损面积8 cm×10 cm～12 cm×24 cm;皮瓣切取面积10 cm×12 cm-14 cm×26 cm。结果 22例皮瓣全部成活,经6～20个月随访,3个月后恢复感觉。10例二期修复,皮瓣外观及感觉良好。结论选用股前外侧皮瓣修复四肢软组织缺损临床效果较佳。     

游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复大面积皮肤软组织缺损的临床研究

目的探讨应用游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复四肢、头面部大面积皮肤软组织缺损的优点及研究皮瓣切取时的注意事项。方法应用游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复头面部2例,前臂、手部创面21例,小腿创面10例,足踝部创面27例,创面缺损范围6 cm×10 cm~28 cm×16 cm。结果术后58例存活,其中有2例皮瓣发生感染经治疗后愈合,肢体功能恢复良好,外形满意。另2例发生血管危象,1例部分坏死,1例坏死。结论股前外侧穿支皮瓣薄,切取面积大,穿支血管解剖位置恒定,不牺牲主干血管,对供区、受区功能影响小,可广泛应用于大面积缺损的修复,效果满意。     

分叶股前外侧穿支皮瓣在血管蒂保护中的作用研究

目的探讨增加蒂部一叶瓣的分叶股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复四肢软组织缺损创面的临床疗效。方法 2014年1月—2017年1月,采用增加蒂部一叶瓣的分叶股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复四肢软组织缺损创面24例。其中男15例,女9例;年龄5~64岁,中位年龄33.5岁。上肢创面8例,合并桡骨茎突骨骨折1例,伸指肌腱外露3例,肱桡肌肌腱外露1例。下肢创面16例,合并跟骨或跖骨、趾骨骨折4例,跟腱离断1例,趾长伸趾肌腱、趾长屈趾肌腱外露8例。创面范围为8 cm×5 cm~18 cm×12 cm。根据创面大小及缺损区域,常规超声多普勒探查旋股外侧动脉穿支(2~5支)并标记;将不规则创面分解成多个部分(分2~4叶)分别计算面积,皮瓣切取范围9 cm×6 cm~20 cm×14 cm,最大单叶瓣切取面积24 cm×6 cm;分叶血管蒂长7~12 cm;蒂部联合创面嵌入分叶瓣面积5 cm×3 cm~7 cm×5 cm。结果术后皮瓣全部成活,无动、静脉危象发生。24例均获随访,随访时间2~28个月,平均9个月。1例合并跟骨骨折行内固定患者皮瓣修复后伴窦道形成,经常规换药后3个月愈合。所有皮瓣均菲薄,无需二次修薄;5例合并骨折者软组织均Ⅰ期愈合。所有患者受区腕关节、踝关节跖屈、背屈功能正常。结论设计增加蒂部一叶瓣的分叶股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复四肢软组织缺损安全可靠,是减少游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣动、静脉危象的方法之一。     

股前外侧皮瓣修复伴有骨外露的四肢皮肤软组织缺损

目的探讨游离股前外侧皮瓣修复伴有骨外露的四肢皮肤软组织缺损的临床效果。方法对62例伴有骨外露的四肢皮肤软组织缺损患者进行皮瓣移植,缺损面积6 cm×4 cm~25 cm×15 cm。术前、术中彻底清创受区,切取股前外侧皮瓣修复创面,处理血管危象。结果 62例均获得随访,时间6~12个月。出现血管危象6例,经及时处理后皮瓣恢复血液循环5例,皮瓣坏死1例,成功率为98.39%。结论股前外侧皮瓣供区隐蔽,简便实用,可用于伴有骨外露的四肢皮肤软组织缺损修复。     

代偿性应用股前内侧皮瓣修复四肢软组织缺损

目的探讨在行股前外侧皮瓣修复四肢软组织缺损时因血管变异临时变更原设计,代偿性应用股前内侧皮瓣补充替代的临床疗效。方法2005年3月-2013年3月,在行股前外侧皮瓣修复四肢软组织缺损时因血管变异临时改制股前内侧皮瓣修复5例,其中手背创面3例,足背创面2例;缺损面积5cm×8cm×11cm×19cm：本组3例与受区桡动脉、头静脉吻合,2例与足背动脉、伴行静脉吻合;供区直接缝合3例,部分植皮2例。结果本组5例皮瓣全部成活,未出现血管危象,其中1例因切取面积过大,出现皮瓣远端部分坏死．经换药后愈合。随访1～24个月,临床效果满意。结论股前内侧皮瓣可作为股前外侧皮瓣的补充替代,应用股前内侧皮瓣游离移植修复四肢软组织缺损,临床效果满意,值得推广虚丽、     

应用股前外侧皮瓣修复大面积软组织缺损31例

目的 总结应用股前外侧皮瓣移植修复体表大面积软组织缺损的临床体会.方法 切取自髂前上棘至髌骨外缘连线1/2以上的超长股前外侧皮瓣,移植修复四肢大面积软组织缺损31例,皮瓣面积最大为35 cm×12 cm,最小为18 cm×8 cm.结果 术后皮瓣完全成活29例,皮瓣远端表皮小部分坏死经换药处理成活2例,术后26例获得6～36个月的随访,皮瓣血运良好,肢体外观、功能恢复较满意.结论 股前外侧皮瓣可切取面积大,血运丰富,能一次修复肢体大面积软组织缺损,效果满意.     

股前外侧皮瓣移植修复胫骨外露创面

目的探讨应用吻合血管的股前外侧皮瓣修复胫骨外露创面的临床效果。方法2002年12月～2005年1月,应用股前外侧皮瓣移植修复12例胫前软组织缺损伴骨外露创面患者,其中新鲜损伤4例,陈旧性损伤8例。软组织缺损面积为13cm×6cm～19cm×12cm。结果1例皮瓣移植术后发生血管危象,经探查后成活；其余皮瓣均顺利成活。12例患行术后随访6～18个月,平均9．5个月。皮瓣色泽、质地良好,创面完全修复,大部分皮瓣感觉恢复满意。结论股前外侧皮瓣血管恒定、口径粗、部位隐蔽、可带肌肉及股外侧皮神经、切取面积大,是修复小腿大面积软组织缺损的理想皮瓣。     

组合式股前外侧穿支皮瓣在四肢较大创面缺损修复中的应用

目的探讨应用组合式股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复四肢较大面积软组织缺损的手术方法及疗效。方法2016年6月至2017年12月,共收治9例四肢较大面积缺损的患者,其中男6例,女3例,平均年龄35.7(12~54)岁。四肢软组织缺损面积8.0cm×13.0cm^14.0cm×26.0cm。一期患肢创面予以彻底清创加VSD处理,二期视创面情况采用双侧游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣串联或单侧股前外侧分叶皮瓣组合修复。皮瓣切取面积9.0cm×15.0cm^15.0cm×28.0cm,平均10.0cm×17.0cm,大腿供区均直接缝合。定期随访,内容包括伤口愈合情况、皮瓣外形、供区瘢痕、并发症等情况。结果术后9例皮瓣全部成活,其中1例术后发生静脉危象,手术探查给予吻合皮下静脉后成活。平均随访6(5~12)个月,皮瓣外观、质地及患肢功能满意。1例供区皮肤张力较大未予以皮内缝合,术后大腿美观欠佳,其他患者大腿供区仅留线状瘢痕。所有患者供区股四头肌肌力均正常。1例供区大腿前外侧感觉减退。结论组合式股前外侧皮瓣设计灵活,通过串联,化宽度为长度,保证供区能够直接缝合,是一种修复四肢较大创面可靠、微创的手术方法。     

游离股前外侧皮瓣的临床应用

目的探讨游离股前外侧皮瓣移植修复四肢皮肤缺损的临床效果。方法采用吻合血管的股前外侧皮瓣游离移植修复足背皮肤缺损11例,小腿骨外露5例,手背及虎口皮肤缺损4例;皮瓣切取面积10cm×8cm~22cm×10cm。结果20例皮瓣全部成活,术后随访6~48个月,移植皮瓣外形及功能恢复满意。结论股前外侧皮瓣具有切取面积大、部位隐蔽、不损伤主要血管、血管蒂长等优点,是修复四肢皮肤缺损较理想的方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.