原发性肝癌合并下腔静脉-右心房癌栓17例介入治疗体会

目的 评价TACE治疗原发性肝癌合并下腔静脉(IVC)-右心房(RA)癌栓的安全性和临床疗效.方法 17例原发性肝癌合并IVC-RA癌栓患者,行选择性动脉造影确认肿瘤供血动脉,之后行TACE.栓塞材料包括化疗药物-碘化油混合乳剂及颗粒型栓塞材料,栓塞的靶血管包括肝动脉分支、右侧膈下动脉、胃左动脉分支等.术后定期随访,酌情行进一步治疗.结果 17例患者共行TACE治疗45次,所有治疗均成功,无明显并发症.17例患者IVC-RA癌栓均可见明确供血动脉,肝动脉分支供血12例,肝外动脉供血9例,其中胃左动脉1例,右侧膈下动脉8例.复查CT,15例患者可见IVC-RA癌栓内碘油沉积.17例患者的中位生存期为12个月,1、2年生存率分别为52.9％、29.4％.结论 原发性肝癌IVC-RA癌栓血供丰富,主要供血动脉包括肝动脉、右侧膈下动脉,TACE是治疗原发性肝癌合并IVC-RA癌栓的安全有效方法.     

肝癌TACE术并发脑碘油栓塞二例并文献复习

目的提高对肝癌TACE术并发脑碘油栓塞的认识。方法回顾分析2例肝癌TACE术后并发脑碘油栓塞的临床及影像学资料,结合国内外散在个案报道,探讨其可能的病理机制、危险因素、及影像学特征。结果肝内、心内及肺内异常分流是脑碘油栓塞的形成机制。肿瘤动脉-肝静脉分流、肿瘤紧邻或侵犯膈肌、膈动脉参与肿瘤供血、肿瘤血供丰富、术中大量使用碘油是危险因素。脑碘油栓塞CT及MRI有特征性表现。结论肝癌TACE术并发脑碘油栓塞少见,了解其发病机制、危险因素及影像学特征,可预防和及时发现处理脑碘油栓塞。     

膈下动脉供血在肝肿瘤介入治疗中的价值

目的：分析膈下动脉侧支形成原因和膈下动脉供血病灶的分布范围，探讨膈下动脉供血在肝癌介入化疗加碘油栓塞（TACE）术中的价值。资料与方法：膈下动脉供血的肝癌21例，男16例，女5例，年龄41－67岁，平均58岁，其中原发性肝癌17例，结肠癌肝转移3例，乳腺癌肝转移1例，术前行CT或MRI平扫及增强扫描，术中发现膈下动脉供血后，行膈下动脉造影，在确认供血范围后将导管超选择至供血支，灌注化疗药，注入碘油，明胶海绵栓塞血管，并摄肝内碘油平片。结果：膈下动脉造显示接受膈下动脉供血的肝内病灶沿膈下动脉走行分布，供血以右膈下动脉为主，病灶多发，多数与其他动脉支同时供养肿瘤组织，注入碘油后，病灶内碘油沉积良好，结论：膈下动脉是供养肝肿瘤的重要侧支血管，原发于肝动脉的供血支闭塞是促其形成的主要原因，在肝癌介入治疗中具有重要意义。     

血管内介入治疗对肺部咯血性疾病血供来源的探讨

目的:探讨肺部咯血性疾病供血动脉的来源,提高血管内介入治疗的效果。方法:经血管内介入治疗咯血患者58例,其中支扩27例,肺结核21例,肺癌8例,炎症2例。急性大咯血53例,反复少量咯血5例。全部采取经动脉穿刺插管进行血管造影及栓塞处理。结果:发现供血动脉167条,其中,支气管动脉81条,肋间动脉41条,胸廓内动脉24条,腋动脉分支18条,膈动脉3条;支气管动脉参与供血58例,肋间动脉参与供血35例,胸廓内动脉参与供血者24例,腋动脉分支参与供血者14例,膈动脉参与供血者2例;单纯由支气管动脉供血者21例,合并有其它血管供血者37例。结论:支气管动脉是肺部咯血性疾病的主要供血动脉,血供来源与病变性质无关,邻近病变部位的血管均可发出分支参与供血。     

原发性肝癌肝外血供的血管造影分析及介入治疗

目的 探讨原发性肝癌的肝外血供的血管造影表现及其对肝癌介入治疗的意义.方法 本组32例原发性肝癌患者行常规腹腔动脉造影及肝外血供探查,并对其行超选择性插管及化疗栓塞治疗(TACE).结果 32例患者共见37支肝外营养血管,分别为肠系膜上动脉12支,右膈下动脉9支,左膈下动脉1支,胃左动脉6支,胰十二指肠动脉弓2支,胃网膜动脉2条,胃十二指肠动脉2支,右胸廓内动脉1支,右肋间动脉1支,脾动脉1支.大多数肝外血供为肠系膜上动脉和右膈下动脉;4支肝外营养血管因未能成功行超选择性插管而只予化疗药灌注治疗,其余33支肝外血供均行超选择性插管和化疗栓塞治疗.结论 原发性肝癌的肝外血供较为常见和多变,对肝外血供的化疗栓塞在肝癌的介入治疗中具有重要的意义.     

膈下动脉参与供血的肺部出血性疾病的诊断及介入治疗

目的观察膈下动脉（IPA）参与肺部出血性疾病病灶供血的表现，评价经导管栓塞IPA的安全性和疗效。方法回顾性分析18例IPA参与肺部病变供血的肺出血性疾病患者的临床和影像资料。患者中肺部恶性肿瘤9例、支气管扩张7例、慢性炎症2例；对参与肺部病变供血的IPA进行了选择性栓塞术，栓塞剂为聚乙烯醇微球（PVA）、明胶海绵颗粒和微型钢丝圈。结果选择性IPA造影均显示IPA管径增粗、分支增多紊乱和不同程度的新生血管形成，伴有肿瘤血管和肿瘤染色者9例、IPA供血区对比剂外溢6例、IPA与肺动静脉异常交通或分流9例、非特异性片状对比剂浓染2例。18例患者的病灶均与胸膜关系密切，病变贴近膈胸膜者11例、纵隔胸膜者5例、下肺外侧胸膜者2例。本组患者均行供血IPA的栓塞术，同时栓塞胸廓内动脉7例、肋间动脉3例，术后咯血停止；随访8个月至4年，3例分别于术后1、2、6个月复发少量咯血，经保守治疗后停止；15例未再咯血。结论IPA可参与肺部出血性病变的供血，以邻近横隔和纵隔胸膜的病变多见，这是造成支气管动脉栓塞术治疗咯血失败的原因之一，行供血IPA栓塞术安全有效。     

左侧膈下动脉参与肝癌供血的介入治疗研究

目的 探讨左膈下动脉(LIPA)对肝癌的供血及其介入性栓塞在肝癌治疗中的价值.评价经导管行LIPA栓塞化疗的安全性和效果.资料与方法 对16例经DSA确认有LIPA 参与肝癌供血者进行肝动脉栓塞化疗术(TACE).其中,结节型15例,巨块型1例.术前行CT或MRI平扫及增强扫描,术中常规行腹腔动脉、肝动脉及膈下动脉造影,在确认供血范围后将导管超选择至供血支,先用碘油-抗癌乳剂栓塞肿瘤末梢血管,然后注入明胶海绵颗粒或聚乙烯醇(PVA)颗粒.观察术后临床经过、相关实验室检查和影像学表现,并与DSA进行对照分析.结果 病灶位于肝左叶13例(81.2%):5例位于S3, 5例位于S2,3例位于S4.病灶位于肝右叶(S5)3例 (18.8%).16例患者LIPA TACE全部成功.8例进行LIPA化疗栓塞时发现肝动脉完全阻塞.2例术后发生左下肺叶盘状肺不张和少量胸腔积液.结论 LIPA参与肝癌供血多见于多次行TACE的患者并且肿块位于肝左叶.栓塞LIPA的安全性很高,并发症少且多为自限性.     

支气管动脉栓塞术治疗支气管扩张大咯血失败原因之一:膈下动脉参与供血

目的观察膈下动脉(IPA)参与支气管扩张所致咯血供血的表现,评价经导管栓塞IPA的安全性和疗效。方法5年期间用经导管支气管动脉栓塞术(BAE)治疗支气管扩张所致大咯血62例,10例经选择性血管造影证实有IPA参与病变供血。对参与肺部病变供血的IPA进行选择性栓塞术,栓塞剂用明胶海绵颗粒8例、明胶海绵颗粒 微型钢丝圈2例。分析观察IPA参与肺部供血的表现、影响因素,评价栓塞IPA的安全性和临床意义。结果选择性IPA造影均显示IPA管径增粗、分支增多、紊乱和不同程度的新生血管,IPA供血区对比剂外溢4例、非特异性片状对比剂染色6例,IPA与肺动脉异常交通或分流者8例。10例患者病灶与胸膜关系密切:病变贴近膈胸膜和纵隔胸膜者6例、纵隔胸膜为主者4例。对10例患者均行供血IPA栓塞术,同时栓塞胸廓内动脉4例、肋间动脉2例,术后咯血停止。随访8个月～3年,2例分别于术后2、3个月复发少量咯血,经保守治疗后停止。8例未再咯血。结论IPA可参与支气管扩张症所致大咯血的供血,是造成BAE治疗咯血失败的原因之一。如发现IPA参与肺部病变供血,补充IPA栓塞术是安全和有价值的。     

内乳动脉参与肝癌供血的介入治疗

目的探讨内乳动脉(IMA)对肝癌的供血及其介入栓塞在肝癌治疗中的价值。评价经导管作IMA栓塞化疗的安全性和效果。方法对86例经血管造影确认有IMA参与肝癌供血患者进行TACE。全部病例均曾行TACE治疗,16例曾行经皮微波固化治疗,4例有外科手术史。术前行CT或MRI平扫及增强扫描,术中行IMA造影,在确认供血范围后将导管超选择至供血支,先用碘油-抗癌乳剂栓塞肿瘤末梢血管,然后注入明胶海绵碎粒或PVA颗粒,并摄肝区平片,观察肝区碘油分布及术后临床经过、相关实验室检查和影像学表现,并与血管造影进行对照分析。结果本组病例病灶均为巨块型,均位于肝脏前部接近膈肌或(和)肝包膜。57例累及S4、S5、S8段,29例累及S5、S7、S8。80例为右侧IMA参与供血,5例为左侧IMA参与供血,1例为双侧IMA参与供血。86例参与供血的IMA栓塞全部成功。未出现皮肤损伤并发症。结论IMA参与肿瘤供血一般多见于过去曾多次行TACE的巨块型肝癌患者,且肿块位于肝前部。IMA TACE方法安全,技术可行,但应警惕皮肤损伤并发症。     

大咯血介入治疗失败的原因分析及处理

目的分析大咯血介入治疗后复发出血的原因,为改进大咯血介入治疗技术提供参考。方法2000年10月-2008年10月期间对22例大咯血介入治疗后复发出血患者行第2次介入治疗,术中行支气管动脉、病变侧支血管（胸廓内动脉、胸廓外动脉、甲状颈干、膈下动脉、肋间动脉等）造影,酌情选择栓塞剂（明胶海绵、PV颗粒、钢丝圈等）栓塞病变血管。结果22例患者中,4例因栓塞支气管动脉再通参与病变供血,3例除栓塞支气管动脉外第2、3支支气管动脉参与病灶供血,其余15例均找到其他侧支参与病灶供血。第2次介入治疗后（随访3个月～4年）,22例患者均未再发生出血。结论完全彻底的栓塞所有参与病灶供血的血管,积极处理原发疾病,可以有效地提高介入治疗大咯血的成功率。     

肝癌的规则性、变异性、寄生性供血及对TACE治疗的影响

目的探讨肝癌的规则性、变异性、寄生性供血情况,以提高TACE治疗肝癌的疗效。方法回顾分析经病理及影像资料证实的肝癌病灶52枚。行常规DSA造影,当发现肿瘤无染色或动脉期存在部分无血管区及实质期充盈缺损时,再分别行肠系膜上动脉、胃左动脉、膈下动脉、右肾上腺动脉、胸廓内动脉、肋间动脉DSA造影。结果肝癌的规则性供血病灶39枚,占75%;肝癌的变异性供血病灶13枚,占25%;肝癌的寄生性供血病灶11枚,占21%。结论肝癌病灶主要供养动脉来自肝动脉的规则性供血,但尚有25%的肝癌病灶存在变异性供血。积极地通过肝癌的规则性、变异性、寄生性供血动脉进行肝癌的化疗栓塞,能进一步提高疗效。     

肝癌动脉血供变异在介入治疗中的意义

目的:探讨肝癌动脉血供变异在经动脉导管化疗栓塞术中的临床意义。方法:前瞻性研究分析我院2006年全年共220例(330次)肝癌动脉血管造影及介入治疗资料。结果:220例中171例(77.7%)为典型腹腔动脉-肝总动脉供血。肝动脉解剖变异29例(13.2%,29/220),其中肝总动脉变异2例,肝右动脉变异23例,变异的肝右动脉或副肝右动脉有22例起源于肠系膜上动脉(75.9%,22/29),肝左动脉变异2例,肝左动脉和肝右动脉同时变异2例。20例(9.1%,20/220)在初次或重复介入治疗中发现存在寄生性供血动脉,其中起源于右膈下动脉10例,肠系膜上动脉、胃左动脉、网膜动脉及脾动脉各2例,左膈下动脉及右肋间动脉各1例。肝外侧支供血动脉的存在与病灶大小、位置及介入治疗次数之间显著相关。结论:认识肝癌动脉血供变异有助于提高经动脉导管栓塞成功率及介入治疗疗效。     

Arterial blood supply to the caudate lobe of the liver from the proximal branches of the right inferior phrenic artery in patients with recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after chemoembolization

Purpose  

To evaluate the arterial blood supply to the caudate lobe of the liver from the proximal branches of the right inferior phrenic artery (RIPA) in patients with recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE).     

Diaphragmatic weakness after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization of inferior phrenic artery for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma

PURPOSE: To prospectively assess the diaphragmatic anatomic and functional consequences of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) of the inferior phrenic artery in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Informed consent and institutional review board approval were obtained. Fifteen patients (13 men, two women; mean age, 52 years; age range, 22-61 years) who underwent TACE of the inferior phrenic artery for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma were enrolled. The right inferior phrenic artery was embolized in 14 patients, and the left inferior phrenic artery was embolized in one patient. Chest radiography, fluoroscopy, computed tomography (CT), and pulmonary function tests were performed before and after TACE of the inferior phrenic artery. The post-TACE examinations were performed 2-3 months after TACE, and the results were compared with those of the pre-TACE examinations. A paired t test or the Wilcoxon signed rank test was used for statistical analyses. RESULTS: At chest radiography and fluoroscopy, six of 15 patients (40%) had both elevation and movement abnormality of the ipsilateral hemidiaphragm after TACE of the inferior phrenic artery. The mean (+/- standard deviation) diaphragmatic thickness on CT scans changed from 9.11 mm +/- 3.02 to 7.67 mm +/- 2.27 after TACE (P = .048). The mean vital capacity also was significantly decreased after TACE, from 91.87% +/- 18.52 to 82.27% +/- 16.94 of the predicted value (P = .006). The decreases in diaphragmatic thickness and vital capacity were most pronounced in the patients with abnormal findings at chest radiography and fluoroscopy. CONCLUSION: After TACE of the inferior phrenic artery, a substantial portion of patients showed functional and anatomic evidence of diaphragmatic weakness.     

Chemoembolization of the left inferior phrenic artery in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: radiographic findings and clinical outcome

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the radiographic findings of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) supplied by the left inferior phrenic artery (LIPA) and the safety and efficacy of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) of the LIPA. From September 2002 until August 2004, 11 patients with LIPA supplying HCC were identified and successfully treated with TACE of all LIPAs. LIPA collateral vessels may supply HCC, particularly when the tumors are in the left lobe of the liver in patients who have undergone previous TACE procedures. In this setting, such collateral vessels should be sought on preprocedural imaging. These LIPA collateral vessels may be safely embolized with very good clinical results.     

经膈下动脉介入化疗栓塞术治疗原发性肝癌

目的观察膈下动脉形成肝癌侧枝血供的因素和几率。方法在对137例患者介入治疗中,造影寻找膈下动脉,并超选形成肿瘤血供的膈下动脉,进行化疗栓塞。结果137例患者中有21例经膈下动脉介入治疗(占15.3%),其中原发性肝癌手术切除后复发2例(9.5%),首次介入治疗出现膈下动脉供血3例(14.3%),2次或多次介入治疗后出现膈下动脉供血16例(76.2%)。结论膈下动脉是原发性肝癌的最重要侧枝供血动脉,经膈下动脉介入化疗栓塞原发性肝癌成功率高而且并发症少。     

Arterial blood supply to the posterior aspect of segment IV of the liver from the caudate branch: demonstration at CT after iodized oil injection

PURPOSE: To retrospectively evaluate the arterial blood supply to the posterior aspect of segment IV of the liver with computed tomography (CT) after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) with iodized oil through the caudate arterial branch of the liver for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Institutional review board approval and patient informed consent were not required for this retrospective study. Twenty-four patients (11 men and 13 women; mean age, 68 years) with HCC originating in the caudate lobe (n = 23) or posterior aspect of segment IV (n = 1) were selected. TACE of the caudate arterial branch was performed in all patients, including one patient with HCC in the posterior aspect of segment IV who underwent TACE of the caudate arterial branch after CT helped confirm that iodized oil was not distributed in the tumor after TACE of the medial segmental artery. The distribution of iodized oil in the posterior aspect of segment IV was analyzed with CT 1 week after TACE. The number and origin of all arteries supplying the caudate lobe and the number of arteries embolized were determined. RESULTS: Thirty-three caudate arterial branches were embolized. Twenty-nine branches were derived from the right hepatic artery and four were derived from the left hepatic artery. A single branch was seen in 17 patients, two branches were seen in five, and three branches were seen in two. Eight patients simultaneously underwent additional TACE of branches of the right hepatic artery (n = 6) or right inferior phrenic artery (n = 2). At CT, iodized oil was seen to be distributed entirely (n = 19) or partially (n = 5) in the caudate lobe. Distribution of iodized oil at the posterior aspect of segment IV was observed in 16 patients (67%), including 13 (54%) whose caudate arterial branches were derived entirely from the right hepatic artery. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that the caudate arterial branch, which is mainly derived from the right hepatic artery, frequently supplies the posterior aspect of segment IV. This knowledge is important for managing HCC in the posterior aspect of segment IV by means of TACE.     

Pleural and pulmonary staining at inferior phrenic arteriography mimicking a tumor staining of hepatocellular carcinoma

Purpose: To describe the findings of pleural and pulmonary staining of the inferior phrenic artery, which can be confused with tumor staining during transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) of hepatoma. Methods: Fifteen patients who showed pleural and pulmonary staining without relationship to hepatic masses at inferior phrenic arteriography were enrolled. The staining was noted at initial TACE (n = 8), at successive TACE (n = 5), and after hepatic surgery (n = 2). The angiographic pattern, the presence of pleural change on computed tomography (CT), and clinical history were evaluated. Results: Draining pulmonary veins were seen in all cases. The lower margin of the staining corresponded to the lower margin of the pleura in 10 patients. CT showed pleural and/or pulmonary abnormalities in all cases. After embolization of the inferior phrenic artery, the accumulation of iodized oil in the lung was noted. Conclusion: Understanding the CT and angiographic findings of pleural and pulmonary staining during TACE may help differentiate benign staining from tumor staining.