克罗恩病临床特征以及诊断和治疗选择

目的 分析克罗恩病的临床表现、误诊原因和诊疗方法,以促进与提高对本病的认识及诊治效果。方法 对近期诊治31例患者的发病情况、临床表现、内镜及实验室检查结果,结合文献报道,分析本病的临床特征与诊治方案。结果 患者以表中年为主,女略多于男。病变侵犯胃肠道任一部位,呈节段性分布,常同时侵犯多个部位,以结肠及小肠为主;腹痛与腹泻为主要的肠道症状;但尚有低热、消瘦、贫血及皮肤、关节与肛周疾病等多系统症状。内镜可见跳跃式分布的黏膜充血、水肿、溃疡、息肉、狭窄或铺路石征等破坏与增殖病变并存的特点,诊断正确率为62.9%。活检肉芽肿检出率为30.8%。B超可探查出肠道并发症。误衣原因：对本病认识不足;肠道病变多部位性,致使临床症状多样化;过于强调病理学检查及肉芽肿的诊断意义。口服泼尼松对轻－中型患者诱导缓解较氨基水杨酸盐类更迅速;免疫制剂为二线药物,个体间疗效不一;20例接受强化性营养支持治疗,具有辅助治疗作用。16例手术治疗收到较好疗效。结论 本病发病数明显增多,临床表现缺乏特异性;内镜联合活检,加强临床与病理医师沟通是及时和正确诊断的关键。治疗宜个体化选择方案,手术具有积极意义。     

内镜及活检病理对回盲部溃疡的鉴别诊断

目的评价内镜及活检病理对回盲部溃疡性病变病因的诊断价值。方法经内镜检查发现回盲部溃疡，结合临床表现和活检病理对证实的回盲部溃疡改变如肠结核病、克罗恩病、溃疡性结肠炎、恶性淋巴瘤、大肠癌（溃疡型）进行鉴别诊断。结果内镜检查对溃疡性结肠炎、大肠癌较易诊断；对肠结核病、克罗恩病、恶性淋巴瘤诊断率不高。内镜组织活检病理形态学研究表明：异型淋巴细胞、异型上皮、类上皮结节合并干酪样坏死分别相对于恶性淋巴瘤、溃疡型大肠癌和肠结核病均有确诊意义（P〈0．05）；单纯类上皮结节（即结节样肉芽肿）见于克罗恩病和肠结核病，若未发现肠结核干酪样坏死，两者不易鉴别；隐窝脓肿多见于溃疡性结肠炎，但该病理特征诊断意义不强，可见于多种病变。结论回盲部病变以溃疡型病变最为多见。内镜及活检组织病理学检查对回首部溃疡病变的诊断是安全有效的，综合分析其结果可进一步提高诊断准确率。     

如何通过内镜活检提高大肠淋巴瘤的诊断水平

大肠淋巴瘤临床表现并无特异性,肠镜检查虽多能发现黏膜病变,但由于组织病理学上多有明显的炎症背景,与炎症浸润的淋巴细胞难以区分。肠镜下溃疡病变为淋巴瘤的常见表现,但由于内镜活检取材局限,常常误诊为克罗恩病或肠结核,不易获得明确诊断。本文从肠道淋巴瘤发生的病理学基础入手,介绍了肠道淋巴瘤内镜下的常见表现和临床诊断线索,强调可疑病变需要大块黏膜剥离活检,借助淋巴瘤的单克隆起源特性,通过病理形态和免疫组化的结合,正确诊断肠道淋巴瘤,从而提高内镜诊断大肠淋巴瘤的水平。     

胃肠道结核的内镜与病理

目的总结胃肠道结核的内镜诊断经验，以引起对这个特殊疾病的重视，减少漏诊和误诊。方法内镜检查发现胃肠道黏膜隆起、结节、红斑、溃疡等病变，行黏膜活检病理。结果7例患者中，胃结核2例，其中溃疡型1例，增殖型1例；肠结核5例，其中增殖型4例，混合型1例。病变部位：胃窦部2例，回肠末端1例，回盲瓣1例，回肠末端和回盲瓣1例，回肠末端及结肠多处病变1例，升结肠1例。内镜诊断：1例结合有浸润型肺结核诊断为肠结核，2例诊断为结肠恶性肿瘤，4例诊断为胃肠黏膜隆起或溃疡性病变性质待定。7例患者活检组织病理均为干酪样坏死肉芽肿，符合结核。结论胃肠道结核病内镜下表现多种多样，与结肠癌、克罗恩病等炎性肠病及胃良恶性溃疡难以鉴别，需依赖黏膜活检病理诊断。     

肠克罗恩病与原发性肠道淋巴瘤的鉴别诊断

肠克罗恩病(CD)和原发性肠道淋巴瘤(PIL)过去在我国的报道并不多,但近年来,随着临床医师认识的深入,认为其在消化系统疾病中并不属于少见病,并且二者的临床表现存在很多相似性,均无特异性表现,且内镜下活检的阳性率不高,因而二者在诊断及鉴别诊断方面均存在一定的困难.克罗恩病误诊为淋巴瘤或淋巴瘤误诊为克罗恩病的报道并不少见.这2个病种的治疗方案截然不同,早期明确诊断对预后影响很大.克罗恩病是一种病因尚未完全明确的胃肠道慢性非特异性炎性肉芽肿性疾病,原发性肠道淋巴瘤是一种来源于胃肠黏膜下淋巴组织的结外型淋巴瘤,以非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)为主,临床表现多样,不具备特异性,术前确诊率较低,这2种疾病间常存在误诊,但仍有一些差异可协助鉴别诊断.     

韦格纳肉芽肿病延误诊断原因分析--兼论其诊断标准的局限性

目的 分析韦格纳肉芽肿(WG)延误诊断的原因以期提高本病的诊断水平.方法 通过计算机系统网上查询对北京大学人民医院1997-2007年住院收治并确诊为WG病的病例,同时查阅2003-2007年<中华风湿病学杂志>和<临床误诊误治杂志>中关于WG病误诊病例,进行回顾性分析.结果 WG病可累及多个系统和器官,主要侵犯肺脏、肾脏及上呼吸道,也可侵犯耳部、眼部、腮腺、口腔等部位,首发症状及临床表现中有很大一部分为非三联征,易导致误诊误治.其c-ANCA阳性率高,病理表现多为坏死性肉芽肿炎症、炎细胞浸润的血管炎.结论 WG的临床表现复杂多样,为多系统或器官损伤的症候群,症状不典型时易误诊,尤其是早期阶段.我们建议对WG病诊断标准进行必要的修改,以期做到早期诊断,早期治疗.     

21例原发性肠道非霍奇金淋巴瘤误诊分析

胃肠道是原发性非霍奇金淋巴瘤最常见的结外累及部位。原发性肠道非霍奇金淋巴瘤临床表现无特异性,内镜活检诊断率较低。目的：回顾性分析原发性肠道非霍奇金淋巴瘤误诊病例,以期提高其诊断准确率。方法：收集上海仁济医院2003年1月-2011年10月所有经手术病理证实、符合Dawson标准的原发性肠道非霍奇金淋巴瘤病例,复习误诊病例,分析可能的误诊原因。结果：共入组误诊病例21例,其中弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤10例,原发性肠道T细胞淋巴瘤7例,套细胞淋巴瘤3例,黏膜相关淋巴样组织（MALT）淋巴瘤1例,大多数患者在诊断过程中曾行影像学和内镜检查。弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤多误诊为阑尾炎或胃肠炎,原发性肠道T细胞淋巴瘤常误诊为克罗恩病,套细胞淋巴瘤均误诊为结肠息肉,此外尚有误诊为肠道血管炎、淋巴细胞性胃肠炎以及未能明确消化道出血原因者。结论：不同病理类型原发性肠道非霍奇金淋巴瘤在误诊为其他肠道疾病时表现各有其特点,了解这些特点可能有助于正确诊断原发性肠道非霍奇金淋巴瘤。     

克罗恩病19例误诊原因分析

目的探讨克罗恩病临床表现特点,分析误诊原因,为建立正确的克罗恩病诊断思路提供借鉴。方法对2013~2018年曾误诊的19例克罗恩病病例的临床资料进行回顾性分析,总结其临床特点及诊治过程,分析误诊原因。结果 19例克罗恩病临床表现不典型,曾误诊慢性肠炎、急性阑尾炎、溃疡性结肠炎、结肠癌、肝硬化等疾病。结论克罗恩病临床表现多样,需结合患者临床表现、内镜检查、病理结果以及密切随访疾病进展,才能减少误诊,提高确诊率。     

嗜酸粒细胞性胃肠炎临床特点及误诊分析

目的通过初步分析嗜酸粒细胞性胃肠炎(Eosinophilic gastroenteritis，EG)的临床特点及误诊原因，以提高临床医师对此病的认识。方法复习近5年国内报道的32例并结合我院收治的2例EG，对其临床特点及误诊原因加以分析。结果EG发病高峰为30～40岁，男性多于女性；EG误诊率94．2％～100％；确诊时间2周～13年不等；既往过敏史高达54．8％；发病前多有诱发因素，临床症状多样化、缺乏特异性。误诊可能与临床医师对本病缺乏认识；问诊、检查不详细；过分依赖实验室检查结果；对化验结果的分析不认真等有关。结论EG临床表现多样，缺乏特异性，故凡出现不能解释的胃肠道症状，尤其个人或家族中有过敏性疾患史者或进食某类食物、摄入某些药物后出现或加重胃肠道症状及体征、周围血嗜酸粒细胞增多者，应考虑本病的可能。内镜检查多点活检病理检查有助诊断。     

bcl-2、Survivin、免疫表型在肠道淋巴瘤的表达及临床意义

收集病理确诊的肠道淋巴瘤内镜活检标本24例，同时以确诊的20例克罗恩病内镜活检标本作为对照。病理标本均行常规石蜡包埋、HE染色和S-P法标记。结果：①bcl-2、Survivin及免疫表型在肠道淋巴瘤活检标本中的表达明显高于克罗恩病活检标本;②T细胞性淋巴瘤中CD3、CD45RO的表达明显高于B细胞性淋巴瘤中；③CD20在B细胞性淋巴瘤中的表达高于T细胞性瘤。认为免疫表型、bcl—2及Survivin在肠道淋巴瘤中的诊断及其与克罗恩病的鉴别诊断方面具有一定的提示作用。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.