住院精神分裂症患者抗精神病药使用现状

目的调查2010年7所精神疾病专科医院住院精神分裂症患者抗精神病药(APD)使用现状。方法以2010年7月12至14日为时点调查日,对全国5省市7所精神疾病专科医院的1024例精神分裂症住院患者使用自制调查表进行APD使用的现况调查。结果 (1)1024例患者中,男652例(63.7%),女372例(36.3%)。(2)1010例(98.6%)患者接受了APD治疗,药物使用频率依次为:利培酮378例次(36.9%)、氯氮平295例次(28.8%)、奎硫平118例次(11.5%)、阿立哌唑101例次(9.9%)、氯丙嗪78例次(7.6%)齐拉西酮64例次(6.3%)、奋乃静59例次(5.8%)、奥氮平59例次(5.8%)、舒必利56例次(5.5%)。(2)非典型APD的使用频率为87.7%;典型APD的使用频率为22.8%;3.03%的患者接受了长效药物治疗。(3)72.36%的患者接受了单一抗精神病药治疗;26.27%的患者联合使用2种或2种以上APD。(4)合用药物主要是抗胆碱能药(25.00%)、苯二氮类药物(20.61%)、β-受体阻滞剂(19.34%)和心境稳定剂(11.72%),主要用于控制不良反应或增效治疗。结论非典型APD已经成为我国治疗精神分裂症的主流药物,APD的使用比较合理规范,但尚有不足。     

首发精神分裂症早期干预病房中首选药物的状况分析

目的了解首发精神分裂症住院患者在我院早期药物干预情况。方法采用早期干预病房与门诊用药作对比,调查全年患者首次使用抗精神病药(APD)情况,并作1年后应用追踪分析。结果病房组前三位使用的APD分别是维思通、氯氮平、氟哌啶醇,首选全部单种APD治疗,日平均最高剂量为(418.3±107.4)mg,明显高于门诊组(269.6±94.4)mg;病房组安坦预防性用药极少(3.7%),APD合并其他精神药物比例(30.5%)明显低于门诊组(71.8%);总显效率比较病房组60.7%优于门诊组26.9%,两组副反应无显著性差异;1年后追踪首选APD使用率,住院组74.5%明显高于门诊组47.9%,换选药物主要以维思通、氯氮平为主。结论早期干预病房用药合理,疗效较好。作者提倡非典型抗精神病药可作为精神分裂症治疗的首选药物。     

精神分裂症患者氯氮平使用现况调查

目的:了解精神分裂症患者氯氮平的使用现状。方法:按一定的抽样比例,抽取10个省市46家专科医院或综合医院精神科,于2002年4月22日至24日,采用自制问卷对4779例门诊和住院精神分裂症患者进行氯氮平使用情况调查。结果:39.0%(1863/4779)的患者使用氯氮平治疗,平均剂量为(216±133)mg/d;其中41.2%的患者为联合用药,合并使用抗胆碱能药物者为19.2%。与未使用氯氮平的患者比较,使用氯氮平的患者病程较长、家庭收入较低;男性及住院患者更多使用氯氮平,氯氮平治疗者疗效指数低于非氯氮平治疗者。患者的性别、就诊部门、家庭收入和是否首次住院以及抑郁和攻击症状为是否使用氯氮平治疗的影响因素。结论:精神分裂症患者氯氮平使用率为39.0%,其中41.2%为联合用药。是否使用氯氮平治疗与患者的经济状况和临床特征等因素有关。     

住院精神分裂症患者抗精神病药联合治疗的影响因素分析

目的:探讨住院精神分裂症患者抗精神病药联合治疗的影响因素。方法:回顾性分析连续入组住院的801例精神分裂症患者的社会人口学资料、临床疾病相关资料,比较接受单一抗精神病药治疗的患者和接受抗精神病药联合治疗的患者在出院日处方信息资料上的差异,并进行回归分析。结果:364例(45.4%)患者接受抗精神病药联合治疗,其中284例(78.0%)联用氯氮平或奥氮平。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,患者的起病年龄、住院次数、住院天数及有无联用氯氮平或奥氮平治疗进入方程(P0.05),回归模型对患者接受单一抗精神病药治疗或抗精神病药联合治疗具有23.2%的解释度(Nagelkerke R~2=0.232)。结论:精神分裂症患者起病年龄小、住院次数多、住院时间长以及更有可能联用氯氮平或奥氮平是抗精神病药联合治疗的影响因素。     

2006年我国十省市抗精神病药处方方式的现况调查

目的 调查2006年我国10省市抗精神病药处方方式;分析4年间我国抗精神病药处方方式的变化趋势.方法 按照作者2002年的调查方法,选择10省市41所精神疾病专科医院或综合医院精神科的5898例精神分裂症门诊和住院患者,于2006年5月22-28日使用自制修订的调查问卷进行精神分裂症处方方式的现况调查.结果 (1)5898例患者中,门诊患者为2716例(46.0%);住院患者为3182例(54.0%);男3041例(51.6%),女2803例(47.5%),缺失54例数据.(2)99.1%的患者接受了抗精神病药治疗,使用频率在前7位的药物依次为:氯氮平(31.7%),利培酮(30.5%),舒必利(14.5%),氯丙嗪(10.8%),奋乃静(9.2%)、喹硫平(7.2%),氟哌啶醇(5.8%).换算为氯丙嗪等效剂量后,住院患者平均药物剂量显著高于门诊患者.(3)72.7%的患者使用第2代抗精神病药治疗;第1代抗精神病药的使用频率为38.3%;6.19%的患者接受了长效药物治疗.(4)75.6%的患者接受了单一非长效抗精神病药治疗;24.4%的患者联合使用2种或2种以上抗精神病药.(5)54.1%的患者联合了抗胆碱能药、苯二氮革类、β-受体阻断剂、抗抑郁药和心境稳定剂,主要用于控制不良反应或增效治疗.结论 第2代抗精神病药已经成为我国治疗精神分裂症的主流药物,反映出精神分裂症治疗理念和治疗技术的进展.     

住院精神分裂症患者抗精神病药物联合治疗的处方调查

目的了解住院精神分裂症患者抗精神病药物联合治疗(APP)的情况,为精神分裂症的临床用药提供参考。方法连续入组2014年1月1日-12月31日在广州医科大学附属脑科医院住院的精神分裂症患者,收集患者的社会人口学资料,使用临床总体印象量表-病情严重程度量表(CGI-SI)评估患者疾病严重程度,在患者出院日记录抗精神病药物的使用情况,比较接受单一抗精神病药物治疗患者(单药组)与接受APP患者(APP组)的临床特点,描述APP中具体抗精神病药物的使用情况。结果共入组801例住院精神分裂症患者,其中364例(45.4%)使用APP。与单药组相比,APP组发病年龄更小、本次住院时间和总病程更长、住院次数更多,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。APP组中78.0%的患者为同时使用两种第二代抗精神病药物(SGA),常见的联用方式为利培酮(47.3%)、氯氮平(44.5%)和奥氮平(40.1%)联合另一种抗精神病药物。结论住院精神分裂症患者中,接受APP方案的患者发病较早且病程迁延;两种SGA联用是APP中最常见的疗法,APP方案中使用频率最高的药物依次为利培酮、氯氮平和奥氮平。     

苏州市精神分裂症患者抗精神病药物使用现况调查

目的:调查苏州市精神分裂症患者抗精神病药物使用现况。方法:采用患者药物使用调查表,对苏州市3家精神疾病专科医院的544例住院和门诊精神分裂症患者进行抗精神病药物使用情况调查。结果:使用居前6位的抗精神病药物分别是氯氮平(25.6%)、利培酮(16.5%)、奥氮平(13.9%)、奎硫平(11.4%)、阿立哌唑(9.1%)、氯丙嗪(6.8%)。门诊和住院患者抗精神病药物使用频率存在差异(χ2=37.361,P=0.003)。门诊患者氯氮平、利培酮、奥氮平、奎硫平、阿立哌唑、氯丙嗪、奋乃静、帕利哌酮的使用剂量低于住院患者;舒必利、齐拉西酮、氟哌啶醇使用剂量高于住院患者(P均0.01)。单一抗精神病药治疗的比率(54.4%,293例)高于联合药物治疗(45.6%,246例);单一药物治疗者中84.2%(247例)使用第2代抗精神病药(SGAs);联合用药者中97.8%(241例)主要抗精神病药物及65.0%(160例次)次要药物为SGAs;最常合并使用的药物是镇静催眠药(20.2%)、心境稳定剂(12.2%)、抗胆碱能药(12.1%)、抗抑郁药(7.8%)和β-受体阻断剂(4.3%)。结论:单一用药和选择SGAs是苏州市精神分裂症患者药物治疗的主要方式。     

三所医院住院精神分裂症患者用药情况调查

目的 了解目前住院精神分裂症患者精神药物的应用情况。方法 采用一日法，于2000年6月6日用自制调查表对三所医院进行了调查，共计623例。结果 住院精神分裂症患者单一用药以氯氮平居首位(46．2％)，其次为利培酮(15．5％)；合并用药以氯氮平合用舒必利(43．7％)、氯氮平舍用利培酮(20．4％)最为常用；安坦的使用率明显下降。结论 非典型抗精神病药已成为目前住院精神分裂症患者最常用的精神药物。     

10省市抗精神病药使用现况的调查

目的调查中国10省市精神药物治疗精神分裂症的使用现状.方法按人均国内生产总值将各省分为五个经济发展等级,以一定的抽样比例,选择10个省市的46家精神疾病专科医院或综合医院精神科的4 779例住院和门诊精神分裂症患者,于2002年5月20～24日用自制调查问卷进行精神分裂症药物治疗的现况调查.结果 (1)在4 779例患者中,门诊为1 969例(41.20%),住院为2 810例(58.80%).与门诊患者比较,住院患者中的男性患者比例高、年龄大、病程长、公费医疗比例高(均P<0.01).(2)使用频率在前六位的药物依次是氯氮平、利培酮、舒必利、氯丙嗪、奋乃静和氟哌啶醇.换算为氯丙嗪等效剂量后,治疗剂量为12.5～4 125 mg/d,平均(365±253)mg/d.其中住院患者的使用剂量[(409±274)mg/d]高于门诊患者[(300±201)mg/d;F=223,P<0.01].(3)2 617例次(54.99%)使用典型抗精神病药,2 940例次(61.78%)使用非典型抗精神病药(包括氯氮平在内).312例接受长效抗精神病药.3 523例(74.03%)接受单一抗精神病药治疗,1 236例(25.97%)联合使用2种及其以上抗精神病药.(4)常见的合并治疗药物有抗胆碱能药、β-受体阻断剂、苯二氮NFDA3类药、抗抑郁药和心境稳定剂.结论国内精神分裂症药物处方方式逐渐以非典型抗精神病药占主流,经济负担和患者的症状表现对精神药物的处方方式影响较大.     

精神分裂症患者再住院率研究

目的:比较出院后精神分裂症患者以利培酮、氯氮平、低效价和高效价传统抗精神病药治疗者的再住院率。方法:对833例1999年内出院的精神分裂症患者调查,于2003年12月底前调查患者出院后至少48个月的情况。结果:601例完成调查,利培酮组81例,氯氮平组177例,低效价传统药组161例和高效价传统药组182例,4组的未再住院率,12个月(分别为59.3%、65.5%、65.2%和67.6%)、24个月(53.1%、52.0%、55.9%和51.1%)3、6个月(48.2%、36.7%、44.7%和36.8%)和48个月(42.0%、31.1%、39.1%和30.2%),差异均无显著性(P均>0.05)。利培酮的药物完全依从率高(60.5%)。结论:精神分裂症患者不同抗精神病药物治疗出院后的再住院率相当。     

Effects of clozapine and typical antipsychotic drugs on plasma 5-HT turnover and impulsivity in patients with schizophrenia: a cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of clozapine with typical antipsychotic drugs in controlling impulsivity and to explore the possible correlation of impulsivity with plasma 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels, plasma 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels and plasma 5-HT turnover. DESIGN: Prospective, cross-sectional study open to medication and blinded to biochemical analyses. PARTICIPANTS: Healthy control subjects (n = 24) and 46 inpatients and outpatients meeting the DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia; 20 were being treated with clozapine and 26 were taking typical antipsychotic drugs. INTERVENTIONS: All psychotropic drugs other than clozapine or typical antipsychotic drugs were discontinued for at least 5 days and subjects fasted overnight before they were assessed. OUTCOME MEASURES: Coccaro Impulsivity Scale scores, plasma 5-HT levels, 5-HIAA levels and 5-HT turnover. RESULTS: Patients treated with clozapine and those treated with typical antipsychotics had significantly higher impulsivity scores than the control group, and the mean impulsivity score of the typical antipsychotic group was significantly higher than that of patients treated with clozapine. The mean concentration of 5-HT of the typical antipsychotic group was significantly lower than that of the control group and patients treated with clozapine; however, mean plasma levels of 5-HIAA were significantly higher for the clozapine group than the other 2 groups. 5-HT turnover was significantly higher for the 2 drug-treatment groups than for the control group. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that treatment with clozapine should be considered for patients with schizophrenia who are impulsive and aggressive.     

Olanzapine vs. other antipsychotics in actual out-patient settings: six months tolerability results from the European Schizophrenia Out-patient Health Outcomes study

OBJECTIVE: The European Schizophrenia Out-patient Health Outcomes study is an observational study investigating treatment in schizophrenia. We report treatment-emergent adverse events during the first 6 months of treatment. METHOD: The rate of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), anticholinergic use, weight gain and sexual related dysfunctions were assessed in 8,400 out-patients. RESULTS: Patients typical antipsychotics and risperidone experienced significantly more EPS and anticholinergic use than patients in the clozapine, olanzapine, and quetiapine cohorts. Patients treated with amisulpride, typical antipsychotics and risperidone were significantly more likely to have sexual related dysfunctions and/or amenorrhea. Increases in weight and body mass index occurred in all cohorts, but were significantly greater in the olanzapine and clozapine cohorts. CONCLUSION: Patients treated with olanzapine, quetiapine and clozapine had better tolerability outcomes regarding EPS and sexual related dysfunctions compared with patients receiving risperidone, amisulpride and typicals. Patients treated with olanzapine and clozapine had higher weight increases than patients treated with risperidone, quetiapine and typicals.     

某精神病院住院患者药物使用时点调查

目的了解某精神病院住院患者药物使用状况,提高医院临床合理用药水平。方法利用天津市安宁医院HIS系统对全部住院患者采用一日法进行用药时点调查。结果当日共调查616例患者,其中单用一种抗精神病药有499例(81.0%),联用两种59例(9.6%),联用三种1例(0.2%)。抗精神病药总用药例次为635,其中利培酮使用频度居首位317例(49.9%),其次为氯氮平163例(25.7%),喹硫平40例(6.3%)。共54例(8.8%)患者使用心境稳定剂,使用频率居前三位的分别为丙戊酸镁26例(48.1%),丙戊酸钠19例(35.2%),卡马西平9例(16.7%)。共222例(36.0%)患者使用抗焦虑和镇静催眠药物,其中苯二氮艹卓类药物中使用氯硝西泮74例(33.3%),其次为阿普唑仑61例(27.5%)、艾司唑仑30例(13.5%)。在躯体疾病辅助用药中,心脑血管疾病药、降糖药、保肝药物使用例数分别为468例(76.0%)、123例(20.0%)、73例(11.9%)。结论精神病院住院患者中非典型抗精神病药的使用占主导地位,且符合单一用药原则,药物使用剂量合理,但应控制苯二氮艹卓类药物的使用。     

EEG abnormalities during treatment with typical and atypical antipsychotics.

OBJECTIVE: Clozapine produces EEG abnormalities and dose-dependent risk of epileptic seizures. Much less is known about EEG effects of newer antipsychotics. The present study therefore examined the risk of EEG abnormalities associated with various antipsychotic drugs. METHOD: EEG recordings from 323 hospitalized psychiatric patients (293 treated with antipsychotics, 30 who did not receive any antipsychotic treatment) were graded blind to diagnosis and treatment for type and severity of EEG abnormalities. Drug type, dose, and clinical factors were evaluated for association with EEG abnormalities by multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: EEG abnormalities occurred in 56 subjects (19.1%) treated and four (13.3%) not treated with antipsychotics. EEG abnormality risk among antipsychotic agents varied greatly (clozapine=47.1%, olanzapine=38.5%, risperidone=28.0%, typical neuroleptics=14.5%, quetiapine=0.0%). Significant risk factors in order of influence were hypertension, use of an atypical antipsychotic, bipolar diagnosis, and older age; benzodiazepine cotreatment lowered risk. Unassociated with risk were sex, treatment response, length of hospital stay, drug potency, daily dose (in mg or mg/kg), drug exposure time, or cotreatments. CONCLUSIONS: EEG abnormality risk varied widely among specific antipsychotics. Risk was particularly high with clozapine and olanzapine, moderate with risperidone and typical neuroleptics, and low with quetiapine. Comorbid hypertension, bipolarity, and older age-but not dose or clinical response-were associated with risk.     

Epidemiology of tardive dyskinesia: Is risk declining with modern antipsychotics?

Second-generation antipsychotic drugs (APDs), including aripiprazole, clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine, and ziprasidone dominate outpatient and inpatient clinical practice, having largely displaced the older neuroleptics. Modern APDs have relatively low risk for acute extrapyramidal syndromes characteristic of older neuroleptics, particularly acute dystonia and Parkinsonism, with variable risks of akathisia and the rare neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Anticipated reduction in risk of tardive dyskinesia (TD) is less well documented. Nearly 50 years after initial reports on TD, it is appropriate to reexamine the epidemiology of this potentially severe late adverse effect of long-term APD treatment in light of current research and practice. We compared recent estimates of incidence and prevalence of TD identified with some modern APDs to the epidemiology of TD in the earlier neuroleptic era. Such comparisons are confounded by complex modern APD regimens, uncommon exposure limited to a single modern APD, effects of previous exposure to typical neuroleptics, and neurological assessments that are rarely prospective or systematic. Available evidence suggests that the risk of TD may be declining, but longitudinal studies of patients never treated with traditional neuroleptics and exposed to only a single modern APD are required to quantify TD risks with specific drugs. Long-term use of APDs should continue to be based on research-supported indications, with regular specific examination for emerging TD.     

Clozapine diminishes suicidal behavior: a retrospective evaluation of clinical records

OBJECTIVE: To test the antisuicidal effect of clozapine, taking into consideration some potentially confounding variables. METHOD: A retrospective evaluation was conducted of the clinical charts of 94 inpatients treated continuously with clozapine for at least 6 weeks between 1962 and 1994. In a mirror design, a period of continuous clozapine treatment (mean duration of 15 months) was compared with a pre-clozapine period of equal length, and in 17 patients also with a post-clozapine period, with regard to suicidal behavior. The role of variables such as staying in a protective hospital milieu and receiving treatment with typical neuroleptics and antidepressants was considered. RESULTS: The rate of suicidal behavior was 28% (26/94) in the pre-clozapine period, 3% (3/94) in the clozapine period, and 18% (3/17) in the post-clozapine period, the corresponding figures for serious suicidal behavior requiring medical attention being 12% (11/94), 1% (1/94), and 12% (2/17), respectively. The odds ratios were 11.6 (95% CI = 3.4 to 39.9) and 12.3 (95% CI = 1.6 to 97.5) for suicidal and serious suicidal behavior, respectively, in favor of the clozapine period in comparison with the pre-clozapine period. Staying in the hospital was associated with reduction in suicidal behavior. The antisuicidal effect of clozapine possibly disappears at doses that are too low. CONCLUSION: Clozapine diminishes the frequency of suicidal behavior including serious suicidal acts, regardless of comedication with antidepressants. In the protective hospital milieu, this effect is less pronounced, and it disappears after clozapine discontinuation.