冠脉内超声联机三维成像评价冠脉介入治疗的机理

目的　应用冠脉内超声联机三维成像, 探讨冠心病经皮冠脉成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）和冠脉内支架置入治疗的机理。方法　对２２例冠心病经皮冠脉成形术和冠脉内支架置入治疗患者进行了冠脉内超声联机三维成像, 在二维和三维图像显示模式, 选择远端参考血管段、病变血管段和近段参考血管段的图像,分别测量血管直径、血管面积、血管最小腔径、最小腔面积和斑块面积。对近端参考段与病变段血管治疗前后所测得参数、以及病变段血管治疗前后所测得参数进行相关分析和配对ｔ检验。结果　治疗前靶血管近端参考段的血管直径为： （４．４８±０．４７）ｍ ｍ , 病变段的血管直径为： （４．６０±０．４２）ｍ ｍ 。近端参考段的血管面积为： （１７．３９±３．９１）ｍ ｍ ２, 病变段的血管面积为： （１６．７０±３．６７）ｍ ｍ ２ 。近端参考段和病变段的血管直径和血管面积之间呈显著正相关, 但无显著差异。支架置入后, 联机三维显示病变段与近端参考段在血管直径和血管面积方面均无显著差异（Ｐ＞ ０．０５）, 而最小腔径和腔面积与术前比较, 均有明显增大［（２．０４±０．３１）ｍ ｍ ｖｓ （３．０４±０．２５）ｍ ｍ , （３．８４±０．７９）ｍ ｍ ２ ｖｓ（８．２２±１．４６）ｍ ｍ ２ ］     

冠状动脉内超声成像的临床应用

35例冠脉造影患者行冠脉内超声成像检查（ICUS）。定性分析斑块成分、性质及夹层形成；测量冠脉最小管腔内径、面积、斑块面积及血管狭窄百分数等。冠脉造影结果10例正常，25例冠脉狭窄≥70％，其中17例行PTCA术。10例冠脉造影正常者中，5例ICUS有粥样硬化病变。17例左冠狭窄而左主干正常者中，ICUS示12例（70．6％）左主干有不同程度病变。另17例PTCA后，5例植入支架。对植入与未植入支架的ICUS定性和定量方面的特征进行比较。结论：ICUS可发现冠脉造影正常的冠脉病变。I－CUS为PTCA后的冠脉提供了理想的形态学资料，PTCA后残余狭窄＞50％，钙化偏心斑块或PTCA后有夹层者应植入支架。根据支架成功植入的超声诊断标准，ICUS可指导支架成功植入，避免急性血栓闭塞。     

滤网保护下颈动脉支架成形术107例

目的回顾性分析采用滤网保护下颈动脉支架成形术治疗。方法所有病例均使用滤网做为脑保护装置,全身肝素化下置入自膨支架治疗颈动脉分叉部狭窄,88例(82.9%)采用预扩,6例(5.6%)采用后扩,13例(12.1%)未行球囊预/后扩。结果90例患者共置入107枚支架,手术成功率100%。术后造影显示支架形态良好。18例(17.1%)患者术后3个月,采用颈动脉彩超复查,未发现病变血管再狭窄。结论滤网保护下颈动脉支架置入结合球囊预扩治疗粥样硬化斑块所致的颈动脉分叉部狭窄近期疗效满意。     

滤网保护下颈动脉支架成形术107例

目的回顾性分析采用滤网保护下颈动脉支架成形术治疗。方法所有病例均使用滤网做为脑保护装置,全身肝素化下置入自膨支架治疗颈动脉分叉部狭窄,88例（829％）采用预扩,6例（5．6％）采用后扩,13例（12．1％）未行球囊预／后扩。结果90例患者共置入107枚支架,手术成功率100％。术后造影显示支架形态良好。18例（17．1％）患者术后3个月,采用颈动脉彩超复查,未发现病变血管再狭窄。结论滤网保护下颈动脉支架置入结合球囊预扩治疗粥样硬化斑块所致的颈动脉分叉部狭窄近期疗效满意。     

Endovascular stents: a ‘break through technology’, future challenges

Coronary stents were developed to overcome the two main limitations of balloon angioplasty, acute occlusion and long term restenosis. Coronary stents can tack back intimal flaps and seal the dissected vessel wall and thereby treat acute or threatened vessel closure after unsuccessful balloon angioplasty. Following successful balloon angioplasty stents can prevent late vessel remodeling (chronic vessel recoil) by mechanically enforcing the vessel wall and resetting the vessel size resulting in a low incidence of restenosis. All currently available stents are composed of metal and the long-term effects of their implantation in the coronary arteries are still not clear. Because of the metallic surface they are also thrombogenic, therefore rigorous antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy is theoretically required. Furthermore, they have an imperfect compromise between scaffolding properties and flexibility, resulting in an unfavourable interaction between stents and unstable or thrombus laded plaque. Finally, they still induce substantial intimal hyperplasia which may result in restenosis. Future stent can be made less thrombogenic by modifying the metallic surface, or coating it with an antithrombotic agent or a membrane eluting an antithrombotic drug. The unfavourable interaction with the unstable plaque and the thrombus burden can be overcome by covering the stent with a biological conduit such as a vein, or a biodegradable material which can be endogenous such as fibrin or exogenous such as a polymer. Finally the problem of persisting induction of intimal hyperplasia may be overcome with the use of either a radioactive stent or a stent eluting an antiproliferative drug.     

径向采集逐点编码缩短时间MR血管成像(PETRA-MRA)用于支架成形术治疗大脑中动脉斑块狭窄术后随访

目的 评价径向采集逐点编码缩短时间MR血管成像（PETRA-MRA）用于支架血管成形术治疗大脑中动脉（MCA）斑块狭窄后随访的价值。方法 纳入28例经支架血管成形术治疗的大脑MCA斑块狭窄患者,行PETRA-MRA及时间飞跃法MR血管成像（TOF-MRA）,并于其后1周内行数字减影血管造影（DSA）,评估MRA图像质量,测量MCA狭窄程度及病变长度。采用组内相关系数（ICC）评估测量结果的观察者间一致性;以Bland-Altman Plots散点图评估观察者间及MRA测量结果与DSA的一致性;采用Spearman相关分析评价MRA测量结果与DSA的相关性。结果 PETRA-MRA图像所示支架内血流信号及磁敏感伪影评分明显高于TOF-MRA（P均<0.05）。测量狭窄程度及病变长度的观察者间一致性均较高（ICC均>0.75,P均<0.05）。Bland-Altman Plots散点图及相关性分析结果表明PETRA-MRA与DSA测量MCA狭窄程度及病变长度的一致性及相关性均高于TOF-MRA。结论 支架血管成形术治疗MCA斑块狭窄术后,PETRA-MRA可准确评估MCA狭窄程度及支架区异常血管长度,图像质量佳。     

What is the latest in inventory for carotid stenting and cerebral protection?

Carotid angioplasty is fast being incorporated into the treatment options for patients with carotid occlusive disease. The results of the SAPPHIRE and ARCHER trials have demonstrated that carotid angioplasty and stenting with the use of cerebral protection devices is not inferior to open surgical endarterectomy in high-risk patients. The limiting step for percutaneous carotid interventions was the potential for cerebral embolization during the intervention. However, the ready availability of several embolic protection devices has placed this technology into the hands of many endovascular specialists. A brief outline of the basic inventory necessary for a carotid stent program is presented.     

过滤伞在颈动脉狭窄支架术中的应用价值

目的:探索过滤伞在颈动脉狭窄支架成形术中的有效性和安全性。材料和方法:20例颈动脉狭窄行支架成形术患者,均采用过滤伞保护装置,术后短期随访。大体观察回收的过滤伞,观察围手术期间死亡、脑栓塞情况以及脑缺血事件的发生。结果:全部过滤伞成功放置,支架成形术均成功实施,回收的20个过滤伞中18个发现组织碎片,无手术死亡,无症状性脑血栓栓塞,临床短期随访均无脑缺血事件发生。结论:过滤伞能有效防止脑血栓事件的发生,在颈动脉狭窄支架成形术中是安全和有效的。     

Morphology of chronic coronary occlusions and response to interventional therapy - a study by intracoronary ultrasound

Objectives. Balloon angioplasty of chronic coronary occlusions has a low procedural success and a high recurrence rate. Better tomographic insights into the lesion morphology may improve the interventional strategy and results. Methods. Intracoronary ultrasound was used during the recanalizaton procedure of 45 chronic coronary occlusions (2 weeks to 14 months; average 3.4 months) to determine the lesion morphology and to assess the angioplasty result. The luminal area and the plaque burden were measured proximal and distal to the occlusion, and within the occlusion. The ultrasonographic characteristics of the occlusive lesions were compared to 45 nonocclusive lesions of age-matched patients with stable angina pectoris. Results. Occlusive lesions were more often echodense as compared to nonocclusive lesions (35% vs. 20% p=0.10). In chronic occlusions a multi- layered plaque morphology was observed in 22%, and this morphology was not found in nonocclusive lesions. Angiographic characteristics were not related to the ultrasonographic morphology of the lesion. Despite similar vessel areas in occlusive and nonocclusive lesions, the balloon size selected according to the angiographic image was underestimated in occlusive lesions. Based on the quantitative ultrasound measurement the balloon size was increased from 2.6±0.3 mm to 3.3±0.5 mm in 53% of the lesions. This resulted in an increase of the luminal area from 3.51±0.92 to 5.08±1.43 mm² (p<0.001). The acute recoil after balloon angioplasty was similar (34±18%) in hypodense and echodense plaques, but was significantly higher in lesions with a multi-layered plaque morphology (49±22%; p<0.05). In 19 patients with severe dissections or extreme acute recoil (residual stenosis>50%) the use of a stent increased the luminal area from 3.94±0.81 to 7.51±1.71 mm² (p<0.001). Conclusion. Intracoronary ultrasound demonstrated a multi-layered plaque morphology in one fourth of the chronic occlusions. This type of plaque was associated with a significant acute recoil. The presence of diffuse atherosclerosis in neighbouring segments of chronic coronary occlusions leads to underestimation of the balloon size. Quantitative assessment by intracoronary ultrasound helped to optimize the balloon size leading to a significant luminal area gain. The detection of excessive acute recoil should be considered an indication for stent deployment.     

The endovascular approach for in-stent restenosis in femoropopliteal disease

In-stent restenosis remains one of the main drawbacks of stenting the femoropopliteal segment, and leads to stent failure and repeated interventions. A variety of endovascular techniques have been investigated so far to reduce this phenomenon, including plain angioplasty, atherectomy, new stent deployment, cutting balloons and cryoplasty but without satisfactory mid- and long-term results. More recently drug-eluting devices have been applied in femoropopliteal in-stent restenosis with promising results. The aim of this review is to analyse the indication and effectiveness of those endovascular techniques for the treatment of in-stent restenosis.     

Long-term histological and immunohistochemical findings in human venous aorto-coronary bypass grafts

The aim of the present study was to analyse the long-term histology and immunohistochemistry of the plaque composition and cellular infiltration of SVGs (saphenous vein grafts) containing metallic stents. Percutaneous interventions in SVGs have a worse long-term clinical outcome compared with stenting of coronary arteries. Whether the pathological features of old degenerated SVGs condition the efficacy of drug-eluting stents is also unknown. Histology and immunohistochemistry of seven SVGs in the coronary circulation containing 12 metallic stents implanted 5 to 61 months before retrieval were analysed in patients undergoing a second aorto-coronary bypass surgery at a mean time of 11+/-6 years. The pathology of the old SVGs showed an important thrombotic and necrotic composition of the plaque, with plaque protrusion through the stent wires and a fragile media layer that could easily be damaged by stent placement with subsequent neointimal proliferation; indeed, stents with medial fracture had significantly greater mean neointimal thickness than those without (1.37+/-0.68 compared with 0.81+/-0.47 mm(2); P<0.02). Neointimal inflammatory cell density correlated with increased neointimal thickness in patent vessels (r(2)=0.43, P<0.001). Immunostaining showed the total absence of ERs (oestrogen receptors), a poor cellular proliferative state as indicated by the presence of the Ki-67 marker, and persistent inflammation close to the stent wires as revealed by KP-1 and ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) immunostaining in most inflammatory cells in contact with the metal. These pathological findings may contribute to the more severe progression of disease and worse clinical outcome observed after conventional stented angioplasty of SVGs and might also interfere with the efficacy of drug-eluting stents in this specific atherosclerotic milieu.     

冠脉腔内超声显像在支架植入术中的初步临床应用

为了评价冠状动脉内超声显像（ＩＣＵＩ）在支架植入术中的作用，我们对４例冠心病患者经皮冠状动脉成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）术前，术后及支架植入术后行ＩＣＵＩ检查。结果显示，３例支架植入后造影显示结果满意的患者，ＩＣＵＩ均示支架扩张不完全，２例支架的位置不合适，采取进一步措施后病情得到缓解。研究还发现ＩＣＵＩ能提供血管造影术不能见的冠脉病变，包括球囊扩张不完全，斑块破裂和脂质溢出等，有助于支架植入适应症的选择。     

Stents in peripheral arterial occlusive diseases (PAOD)

Stent angioplasty has become a routine procedure in endovascular therapy. The indication must be evaluated in direct comparison with balloon angioplasty and vascular surgery. Technical and clinical success rates in various vascular regions must be considered as well as the costs induced by stent implantation. Stents for iliac artery disease are indicated after failed or complicated balloon angioplasty. If accepted indications for endovascular treatment are closely followed, we can expect a stent rate of approximately 40%. For the femoropopliteal segment stent angioplasty is only acceptable for very selected cases, mostly severe dissections; stenting of these vessels is not generally accepted. This review summarizes indications, technical and clinical success rates of stent angioplasty for peripheral arterial disease.     

Assessment of Plaque Composition with Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Histopathological examination of culprit plaques in sudden coronary death has long suggested that accurate in vivo determination of plaque composition may be of equal or greater importance to future coronary event risk assessment as plaque cross-sectional size or volume. Intracoronary near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was developed to detect the most prominent compositional feature of a thin-capped fibroatheroma—the presence of a lipid core. The need for invasive, focal coronary imaging techniques, the added value of compositional measures, and the applicability and principles of operation of intracoronary NIRS are described. Additionally, a combination device with NIRS and simultaneous, co-registered intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is described, which gives complementary structural and compositional measures. The identification and morphological assessment of lipid core plaque with NIRS-IVUS has potential to improve the safety of stenting, including optimization of length of vessel to stent, assurance of adequate stent deployment, and identification of lipid-core lesions at higher risk of distal embolization possibly leading to effective utilization of distal embolic protection devices in the native coronaries. The NIRS-IVUS device also has promise in the identification of vulnerable plaque, which may lead to strategies to prevent future coronary events.     

Lessons from intravascular ultrasonography: Observations during interventional angioplasty procedures

This article reviews many of the applications of intravascular ultrasonic imaging for coronary and peripheral arterial disease. In vitro studies demonstrate an excellent correlation between ultrasound measurements of lumen and plaque crosssectional area compared with histologic sections. In vivo clinical studies reveal the enhanced diagnostic capabilities of this technology compared with angiography. Ultrasonic imaging also permits visualization of the atherosclerotic plaque itself for the first time in vivo. In addition to accurately describing the plaque morphology, ultrasonography can identify some of the tissue characteristics of the plaque. During interventional procedures, ultrasonic imaging has been shown to be beneficial for enhanced diagnosis as well as improvement of our understanding of the mechanism of newer interventional devices such as directed atherectomy, rotational or TEC atherectomy, or excimer laser. Initial studies suggest that ultrasound guidance of intravascular stent deployment may be critical for optimizing stent placement. Randomized studies are currently in progress to determine whether the guidance provided by intravascular ultrasonic imaging will alter the results of interventional procedures so that the restenosis rate can be improved. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

DOES THE METHOD OF TRANSLUMINAL CORONARY REVASCULARISATION INFLUENCE RE-STENOSIS? BALLOON ANGIOPLASTY,ATHERECTOMY AND STENTS COMPARED

SUMMARY Luminal renarrowing after successful coronary angioplasty is now recognised as a continuously distributed process which is determined largely by the extent of luminal increase achieved at angioplasty. In this study an alternative analytical approach is applied to determine whether luminal renarrowing following coronary intervention is related to the mechanism of luminal increase (ie by balloon, by atherectomy, by a self-expanding stainless steel mesh stent, or by a balloon-expandable tantalum coil stent). The results confirm the known proportional relationship between luminal renarrowing during follow-up and luminal improvement at intervention, regardless of the device used. However, significant differences were observed between the devices, which may reflect device-specific characteristics of the hyperplastic response to vessel injury and may have clinical implications.     

Intravascular ultrasound imaging: the new standard for guidance and assessment of endovascular interventions?

Intravascular ultrasound has developed rapidly during the last few years, and provides a unique perspective from which to view vascular disease and the effects of intervention. This catheter-based imaging technique utilizes advances in echographic data processing and computerized image manipulation to produce accurate luminal and transmural images of blood vessels. Although these devices have only been available for a relatively short time, numerous diagnostic and therapeutic applications have been reported. By providing a detailed image of vessels before, during, and after intervention, intravascular ultrasound provides a method for both guidance of endoluminal devices and immediate assessment of the results of therapeutic techniques including balloon angioplasty, atherectomy, laser-assisted angioplasty, and intravascular stent deployment. Intravascular ultrasound also offers exciting possibilities in peripheral vascular research such as investigation of blood vessel compliance, dynamic changes in the vessel wall caused by disease or pharmacologic intervention, and elucidation of the morphologic changes associated with the natural history of atherosclerosis.     

PTCA及支架安置术后患者应对方式的调查

目的了解PTCA及支架安置术后患者的应对方式。方法采用基本情况调查表及医学应对方式问卷,对50例PTCA及支架安置术后的患者进行调查。结果PTCA及支架安置术后患者最常采用的应对方式为面对,其次为回避,较少使用屈服的应对方式。不同的性别、民族、文化程度、婚姻状态及医疗费用支付方式的患者所选择的应对方式也有差异。结论PTCA及支架安置术后患者主要采取面对的积极应对方式,医护人员应鼓励患者采取这些应对策略去缓解术后压力,以便有的放矢地改善患者手术后的身心症状,提高生活质量。     

Coronary Venous Lead Implantation after an Evaluation by Virtual Histology Intravascular Ultrasound and Stenting of a Stenosis

We describe a patient who developed coronary vein (CV) stenosis shortly (<3 months) after an initial left ventricular (LV) lead implantation with significant fibrous tissue. The virtual histological intravascular ultrasound analysis was useful for characterizing the plaque component of the stenotic lesion and formulating the strategy. A summarized review of the CV angioplasty for LV lead implantations disclosed that CV stenosis was often found in patients who had a previous history of cardiac surgery or an LV lead implantation and that a stent implantation was required to deploy the LV lead in the targeted CV in some (9.3%) patients. (PACE 2013; 36:e59–e63)     

State of percutaneous transluminal coronary artery angioplasty and effectiveness of low-density lipoprotein apheresis.

We have recognized percutaneous transluminal coronary artery angioplasty (PTCA) as an important procedure for achieving myocardial revascularization. PTCA has been performed for stable and unstable angina, acute myocardial infarction, and silent myocardial ischemia. Among many new devices, the coronary stent is the most important advancement in PTCA. Frequent stent use is due to the introduction of antiplatelet therapy to prevent stent thrombosis. One serious problem is that PTCA, even with stent use, often causes chronic restenosis. This problem has not been solved, however, despite various strategies. Aggressive lipid-lowering therapy is one of the most important therapies for coronary heart disease. The findings in aggressive lipid-lowering therapy show us its importance. We report that low-density lipoprotein (LDL) apheresis, when performed immediately before and after PTCA, can prevent restenosis of coronary artery lesions. Lipid-lowering therapy should be applied more aggressively with medicine and/or with LDL apheresis for patients who have undergone PTCA.