肝移植治疗肝内胆管结石和肝包虫病

目的探讨肝移植治疗合并胆汁性肝硬化的广泛肝内胆管结石和不能手术治疗的肝包虫病的效果。方法对2例广泛肝内胆管结石伴胆汁性肝硬化和4例不能手术切除的肝包虫病(泡球蚴病)患者施行原位肝移植，术后定期随访，评价疗效。结果2例胆管结石患者已存活2年多：4例肝包虫病患者，除1例术后3个月死于心力衰竭外，其余3例已分别存活9个月、15个月及2年；存活患者均恢复了正常生活和工作。结论肝移植可作为治疗广泛肝内胆管结石和不能手术治疗的肝包虫病的有效手段。     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗左肝内胆管结石合并肝外胆管结石6例

探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗左肝内胆管结石合并肝外胆管结石的可行性。对6例符合手术指征的左肝内胆管结石合并肝外胆管结石病例,行腹腔镜规则性左半肝切除术+胆囊切除术,并应用纤维胆道镜行肝外胆管探查。6例患者手术均获得成功,手术时间(217.5±89.4)min,术中出血(108.3±102.1)m L。术后2例出现并发症,住院时间(12.7±4.8)d,残石率0(0/6)。腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗左肝内胆管结石合并肝外胆管结石安全、可行、微创。     

肝胆管盆式Roux-en-Y吻合术治疗复杂肝内胆管结石一例

<正>左右叶肝内同时存在多发肝内胆管充满型成堆结石,或全肝5个或以上肝段内存在多发肝内胆管充满型成堆结石,而且不能通过肝段和(或)肝叶切除来除净的肝内胆管结石即称为复杂肝内胆管结石^[1-2]。目前临床上对复杂肝内胆管结石的治疗以肝切除术为主,少数甚至需要行肝移植术。有症状的肝内胆管结石既是患者的痛苦历程,亦往往是对外科医生的严峻挑战。70年代黄志强教授提出“解除梗阻、祛除病灶、取尽结石、通畅引流”的十六字原则。复杂肝内胆管结石治疗中采用盆式胆肠吻合术是指将已切开的1～3级肝管拼合、整形,     

多模式ERCP在胆肠吻合术后肝内胆管结石复发中的应用进展

正肝内胆管结石属难治性胆道疾病~([1])。目前对肝内胆管结石的治疗仍以外科手术为主,包括开腹及腹腔镜下胆总管切开取石、肝部分切除、胆肠吻合及肝移植等。胆肠吻合术作为肝内胆管结石治疗的主要手段之一,在肝胆外科治疗中已有100多年的历史,但仍有部分患者术后因吻合口狭窄、反复胆道感染等因素导致结石复发,Uchiyama等~([2])报道胆肠     

肝内胆管结石治疗演变和发展

肝内胆管结石发病率明显下降,但其下降幅度存在地区性差别,同时早期肝内结石病例的诊断更多了。切除病灶是彻底治疗肝内胆管结石最有效的方法,目前肝内胆管结石肝切除治疗已趋向于肝段化和亚肝段化。“肝门上径路”肝切除术特别适用于右侧的和合并门静脉海绵样化的肝内胆管结石外科治疗。肝内胆管结石终末期病人,最有效的治疗应是肝切除同种异体原位肝移植术。     

肝内胆管结石治疗演变和发展

肝内胆管结石发病率明显下降,但其下降幅度存在地区性差别,同时早期肝内结石病例的诊断更多了。切除病灶是彻底治疗肝内胆管结石最有效的方法,目前肝内胆管结石肝切除治疗已趋向于肝段化和亚肝段化。“肝门上径路”肝切除术特别适用于右侧的和合并门静脉海绵样化的肝内胆管结石外科治疗。肝内胆管结石终末期病人,最有效的治疗应是肝切除同种异体原位肝移植术。     

内镜逆行胰胆管造影术治疗肝移植术后并发胆管结石受者临床分析

目的探讨肝移植术后并发胆管结石受者行内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)治疗的安全性和有效性。 方法回顾性分析南京军区福州总医院肝胆外科2005年1月至2015年12月肝移植术后并发胆管结石受者的临床资料。24例受者胆管结石确诊主要依据T管造影、MRCP或ERCP。确诊胆管结石受者均采用ERCP下行球囊扩张联合胆道塑料支架置入治疗,术中采用地西泮镇静,同时密切监测生命体征。观察肝移植术后并发胆管结石受者结石类型、狭窄情况、ERCP治疗情况及其治疗前后肝功能指标变化。采用Wilcoxon符号秩和检验比较ERCP治疗前后受者血清总胆红素(TBil)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)、ALT和AST水平变化。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。 结果24例受者中胆总管结石20例(包括单纯胆总管结石11例、胆总管结石合并胆管狭窄9例),肝内、外胆管结石4例。肝移植至并发胆管结石平均间隔时间(604±215)d。19例发生在术后12～66个月,余5例发生在术后3个月内。11例胆总管结石受者采用柱状球囊扩张＋取石篮取石＋胆总管置入内支架引流治疗,治疗有效。9例胆总管结石合并胆管狭窄受者采用柱状球囊扩张＋取石篮取石＋胆总管置入内支架＋鼻胆管引流治疗,其中8例治疗有效;1例因重度胆管狭窄,反复内镜取石不能取尽,继发感染再次行肝移植。4例肝内、外胆管结石受者均采用柱状球囊扩张＋取石篮取石＋左、右肝管置入内支架＋鼻胆管引流治疗,治疗有效。受者内镜治疗后血清TBil、ALP和GGT分别为31、179和247 mmol/L,均低于内镜治疗前水平(43、273和385 mmol/L),差异均有统计学意义(z＝0.042、0.001、0.004,P均<0.05)。截至2017年12月,24例受者随访时间为1～2年,4例因原发性肝癌复发分别于肝移植术后9、5、34、25个月死亡,1例因上消化道出血于肝移植术后34个月死亡,1例因重度胆管狭窄行二次肝移植并于2014年4月因肝脓肿继发感染性休克死亡,1例因感染性休克于肝移植术后33个月死亡,其余17例随访期间未见结石再发。 结论内镜下行球囊扩张联合塑料支架置入治疗原位肝移植术后并发胆管结石安全、有效,可作为目前原位肝移植术后并发胆管结石的首选治疗方案。     

Caroli病合并肝内胆管结石的病因及诊治

Caroli病引起肝内胆管结石的原因可能与胆道慢性炎症、胆汁淤积有关。其诊断主要依靠B超、CT、MRI等非侵入性影像学检查,以明确病变范围与分型。遵循肝内胆管结石的治疗原则。Ia型行肝叶或肝段切除;Ib型应取净结石、低位大口径囊肿空肠吻合;对于II型弥漫性病变病人,肝移植是最有效的根治方法。无条件行肝移植的II型病人,特别是双侧Ⅰ、Ⅱ级胆管囊状扩张伴结石者,应取净结石,行肝门胆管切开整形,胆管空肠Roux-en-y吻合或间置空肠胆管十二指肠吻合。对于急性感染期,应先行经皮肝穿刺胆管引流（PTCD）等外引流,在炎症控制后再行肝叶或肝局部切除等确定性手术。     

复杂肝内胆管结石的诊断与处理

复杂肝内胆管结石是指在治疗上不容易达到“祛除病灶,取尽结石,矫正狭窄,通畅引流,防治复发”20字标准的肝内胆管结石,涉及到解剖复杂性、病理生理复杂性、结石分布的广泛性与结石位置特殊性。运用精准外科理念,通过术前精准评估肝功能、结石分布范围、肝脏萎缩和胆道狭窄状况,制定合理的手术规划;术中综合应用围肝门外科技术、胆道镜技术、解剖性肝切除技术和黏膜对黏膜的胆肠吻合技术,以达到降低残石率和复发率的目标。对于门静脉高压伴肝功能不全的肝内胆管结石应兼顾取尽结石与保证手术安全之间的平衡。肝移植是终末期肝内胆管结石的惟一安全有效治疗手段。     

初步探讨肝内胆管结石行肝移植术的适应证

目的 探讨肝内胆管结石患者行肝移植的适应证.方法 回顾性分析我院2000年1月至2006年12月期间先后接受外科治疗的肝内胆管结石患者1431例的临床资料,手术包括T管插入联合术中胆道纤维内镜肝内取石术、肝切除术、胆总管空肠吻合术及肝移植术.结果 961例患有左或右肝内胆管结石者接受了肝切除术或T管插入联合术中胆道纤维内镜肝内取石术,结石残余率为7.5%(72/961);470例患有双侧肝内胆管结石者接受了除肝移植术外的上述其他手术治疗,结石残余率为21.7%(102/470).残余结石患者中仅15例肝内胆管结石患者接受了肝移植术,术后患者全部存活.根据胆汁性肝硬变的程度,受者分为胆汁性失代偿性肝硬变(n=7)和胆汁性代偿性肝硬变或无肝硬变(n=8)2组.2组在手术时间、液体灌注量及失血量方面差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).胆汁性失代偿性肝硬变组7例患者中有6例出现了手术并发症,而胆汁性代偿性肝硬变或无肝硬变组受者恢复平稳,未出现并发症.所有受者术后1年的健康状况和心理健康满意度较移植术前有明显改善(P＜0.05).结论 对于肝硬变明确者、继发性胆汁性失代偿性肝硬变者、或肝内胆管结石弥漫性分布难以取出且无法行肝切除、胆总管空肠吻合和胆道镜手术者,可选择肝移植术治疗.     

原位肝移植术后胆道结石的临床研究

目的 探讨原位肝移值术后胆道结石的诊治。方法 回顾性分析2000年1月至2003年1月完成的206例原位肝移值的临床资料，总结术后胆道结石的防治经验。结果11例病人术后并发胆道结石，发病率为5．3%。表现为颗粒样结石和胆泥两种形式。发生部位在胆总管者7例，在肝内胆道者1例。胆泥和颗粒样结石的首次诊断时间分别平均为138d和306d。胆道感染是胆道结石发作的主要症状。11例病例中有7例合并不同程度的胆道狭窄。主要依靠经“T”管照影或FRL、P(endoscopic reirograde cholangiopancreatography)术明确诊断。FRCP术是主要的非手术治疗手段，7例胆总管结石经1～3次ERCP术后痊愈。4例肝内胆道结石中合并弥漫性胆道狭窄者有3例，其中2例行再次肝移植术。结论 胆道狭窄是肝移植术后胆道结石的主要原因，胆道黏膜的缺血坏死合并胆道感染是胆泥形成的主要机制。ERCP术对胆总管绵石有良好疗效，对合并弥漫性胆道狭窄的肝内胆道结石病人肝脏再移值往往不可避免。     

Rendezvous Technique Using Double Balloon Endoscope for Removal of Multiple Intrahepatic Bile Duct Stones in Hepaticojejunostomy After Living Donor Liver Transplant: A Case Report

Cholangitis is a major complication following transplantation. We report a living donor liver transplant (LDLT) patient with cholangitis due to multiple stones in the intrahepatic bile duct during hepaticojejunostomy anastomosis, who was successfully treated with the rendezvous technique using double balloon endoscope. A 64-year-old woman underwent LDLT with right lobe graft and hepaticojejunostomy for Wilson disease. There was bile leakage with biliary peritonitis, which was treated conservatively after transplant. Two years after surgery, she developed reiterated cholangitis due to stenosis of hepaticojejunostomy anastomosis and multiple stones in the intrahepatic bile ducts.Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage was performed. The size of the drainage tube was increased, and the anastomotic area was dilated in a stepwise manner using a balloon catheter. The stones were crushed and lithotomy was performed using electronic hydraulic lithotripsy through cholangioscopy. Finally, lithotomy was performed for the remaining stones through endoscopic retrograde cholangiography with the rendezvous technique using the double balloon endoscope.Rendezvous approach with percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage and double balloon endoscopic retrograde cholangiography was an effective treatment for the multiple intrahepatic stones in hepaticojejunostomy following LDLT with right lobe graft.     

Primary intrahepatic lithiasis: report of a case treated by laparoscopic bilioenteric anastomosis

Recent advances in videolaparoscopic surgery have made this method the treatment of choice for many biliary diseases. However, it has not been used in certain cases, such as primary intrahepatic lithiasis. The authors report a case of a 62-year-old woman with a history of several episodes of cholangitis. Investigation revealed dilated intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts with intrahepatic stones. The patient underwent laparoscopy, and intraoperative cholangiography disclosed an enlarged common duct with absence of stones and the presence of multiple calculi in the intrahepatic biliary tree. A choledochotomy followed by choledochoscopy was performed, which revealed several intrahepatic pigmented stones that were completely retrieved, followed by a laterolateral choledochoduodenostomy to decompress the biliary tree and to allow the migration of residual or recurrent stones. The patient had an uneventful recovery and was discharged on the fourth postoperative day. After 15 months of follow-up the patient is asymptomatic with normal results of liver function tests. Late postoperative upper digestive endoscopy showed a patent choledochoduodenostomy.     

肝移植术后胆道并发症的内镜治疗

目的:探讨内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)在治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症方面的临床疗效.方法:回顾性分析2002年8月-2012年12月采用ERCP治疗8例肝移植术后胆道并发症患者的临床资料,其中胆道狭窄5例(吻合口狭窄4例,肝内型胆道狭窄1例),胆瘘1例,胆石和胆泥形成2例.8例患者共行ERCP治疗21次,对胆道狭窄患者行括约肌切开、胆管扩张、鼻胆管引流和内支架置放术等治疗;对胆瘘患者行鼻胆管引流及塑料内支架置放术等治疗;对结石患者行括约肌切开、鼻胆管冲洗引流术及取石网篮取石等治疗.结果:ERCP手术成功率为100％ (21/21);4例吻合口狭窄、1例胆瘘和2例结石患者均治愈,1例肝内型胆道狭窄治疗未成功,建议再次肝移植;术后胆道感染的发生率为14.3％(3/21),胰腺炎发生率为19.0％ (4/21),经对症治疗后均痊愈.结论:ERCP是治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症微创、安全和有效的方法.     

Caroli's disease and outcomes after liver transplantation.

Caroli's disease is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by intrahepatic cystic dilatation of the bile ducts that, when progressive, leads to intrahepatic stones, recurrent cholangitis, portal hypertension, cholangiocarcinoma, and liver failure. Liver transplantation is a promising curative option for advanced Caroli's disease. The aim of this study was to determine the outcomes of liver transplantation in unselected patients with Caroli's disease and recommend an evidence-based therapeutic algorithm for the management of Caroli's disease. Of the 78,124 patients transplanted in the United States between 1987 and 2006, 104 had Caroli's disease; 96 of these underwent liver alone, and 8 underwent combined liver/kidney transplantation. The patient survival and graft survival were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, and risk of death and risk of graft loss were analyzed by Cox proportional hazards regression. The overall 1-, 3-, and 5-year graft (79.9%, 72.4%, and 72.4%) and patient (86.3%, 78.4%, and 77%) survival rates were excellent for patients after liver transplantation. For combined liver/kidney transplantation (n = 8), the 1-year patient survival and graft survival were 100%. Proportional hazards analysis identified Asian ethnicity, elevated bilirubin, requirement of life support or hospitalization prior to transplantation, and a cold ischemia time greater than 12 hours as associated with increased risk of both graft loss and death. A history of prior transplant or prior abdominal surgery was also associated with increased risk of graft loss. In conclusion, liver transplantation is an excellent treatment option for patients with advanced Caroli's disease and should be considered in a timely fashion to prevent worsening complications including refractory cholangitis and cholangiocarcinoma.     

Preliminary Experience With Indications for Liver Transplantation for Hepatolithiasis

Objective

The aim of this study was to explore the indications for liver transplantation among patients with hepatolithiasis.

Patients and Methods

Data from 1431 consecutive patients who underwent surgical treatment from January 2000 to December 2006 were retrospectively collected for analysis. Surgical procedures included T-tube insertion combined with intraoperative cholangioscopic removal of intrahepatic stones, hepatectomy, cholangiojejunostomy, and liver transplantation.

Results

Nine hundred sixty-one patients who had a stone located in the left or right intrahepatic duct underwent hepatectomy or T-tube insertion combined with intraoperative cholangioscopic removal of intrahepatic stones. The rate of residual stones was 7.5%. Four hundred seventy patients who had a stone located in the bilateral intrahepatic ducts underwent surgical procedures other than liver transplantation; the rate of residual stones was 21.7%. Only 15 patients with hepatolithiasis underwent liver transplantation; they all survived. According to the degree of biliary cirrhosis, recipients were divided into 2 groups: a group with biliary decompensated cirrhosis (n = 7), or group with compensated cirrhosis or no cirrhosis (n = 8). There were significant differences in operative times, transfusion volumes, and blood losses between the 2 groups (P < .05). In the first group, 6 of 7 patients experienced surgical complications, and in the second, 8 recipients recovered smoothly with no complications. Health status, disability, and psychological wellness of all recipients (n = 15) were significantly improved at 1 year after transplantation compared with pretransplantation (P < .05).

Conclusions

Liver transplantation is a possible method to address hepatolithiasis and secondary decompensated biliary cirrhosis or difficult to remove, diffusely distributed intrahepatic duct stones unavailable by hepatectomy, cholangiojejunostomy, and choledochoscopy.     

Portal vein aneurysm as late complication of liver transplantation: a case report

OBJECTIVE: A case of intrahepatic portal vein aneurysm in the late postoperative period after liver transplantation, as well its complications, is reported. CASE REPORT: A 59-year-old man underwent orthotopic liver transplantation in 1996 for treatment of hepatitis C virus cirrhosis. The patient received a graft from a 10-year-old child. During the follow-up from 1996 to 1998, the patient did not show any alterations. In 1999, during an annual routine exam, a portal vein aneurysm was identified; however, it had no impact on graft function. In November 2002, the patient developed jaundice and serious graft dysfunction requiring hospital admission. Helicoidal CT scan showed an intrahepatic image compatible with a portal vein aneurysm without biliary tract dilatation. During the same hospitalization, he developed upper gastrointestinal bleeding due to variceal rupture as well as kidney and liver failure, and expired on December 31, 2002. The necropsy demonstrated an intrahepatic portal vein aneurysm with portal vein thrombosis and chronic liver disease. The evolution in this case suggests that if there is an intrahepatic portal vein aneurysm after liver transplantation, the patient is likely to experience an eventual recurrence of portal hypertension; retransplant may be an alternative.     

完全腹腔镜下肝部分切除治疗体会

目的探讨腹腔镜肝部分切除术的适应证、可行性及手术操作技术。方法回顾分析2009年7月至2009年12月在我院行腹腔镜部分肝切除9例患者的临床资料。其中原发性肝细胞肝癌5例,直肠癌肝转移瘤1例,肝海绵状血管瘤1例,肝内胆管结石2例,肝功能Child-Pugh评分均在B级以上。位于左半肝实质中的肿瘤及左半肝肝内胆管结石,行规则性左半肝切除;位于肝脏边缘或右肝表面的肿瘤,行肝脏局部切除。结果 8例成功完成腹腔镜肝切除术,其中局部切除术1例,左肝外叶切除术5例,左半肝切除术2例。1例因术中出血较多(800ml)而中转开腹手术。平均手术时间(173±52)min,术中平均出血(402±91)ml,切除病灶最大直径8cm。全部患者肿瘤均完整切除,肿瘤包膜完整。术后未发生明显胆漏和出血等并发症,患者恢复良好,术后平均住院(8.3±3.2)d。结论位于肝脏边缘、右肝表面或左半肝的肝脏占位或肝内胆管结石,在充分掌握适应证及相应的手术操作技巧的基础上,行腹腔镜肝切除术是安全可行的。