自体骨—肌腿移植的解剖学研究

目的为临床治疗垂状指及屈肌腱止点重建的新方法提供解剖学依据.方法对20具40侧成人尸体的跟骨-跖肌腱、第1掌骨-拇长展肌、第2掌骨-桡侧腕长伸肌可行供区,进行止点类型、附着点面积、可切取骨块情况、以及相邻解剖结构和解剖变异等方面进行解剖学研究.并用SPSS统计软件进行统计和分析.结果.①90%的跖肌腱直接附着于跟骨而不与跟腱融合(集中型占85%),止点面积为(69.5±4.4)mm2;②93%拇长展肌腱直接附着于第1掌骨基底部桡侧(集中型占87%),止点面积为(27.9±3.4)mm2;③90%桡侧腕长伸肌腱直接附着于第2掌骨背侧或大于1/2桡背侧(集中型占90%),止点面积为(31.6±4.2)mm2.切取骨块形状分为椭圆形(平均占12%)、横形(平均占8%)、圆形(平均占7%)、弥散形(平均占13%).结论①跟骨-跖肌腱、部分第1掌骨-桡侧腕长伸肌和第2掌骨-拇长展肌的肌腱附着点形状、面积、可切取的骨块都能满足骨-肌腱移植的要求;②切取3个骨-肌腱供区对手足功能无任何影响,为临床构制骨-肌腱移植提供了解剖学依据.     

桡侧腕屈肌腱瓣转位修复下尺桡关节脱位的应用解剖和临床

目的:从解剖学角度证实,应用桡侧腕屈肌腱瓣转位修复下尺桡关节脱位的机理.方法:对30侧成人上肢标本的桡侧腕屈肌腱分段进行形态学测量,并进行力学测试.为36例下尺桡关节脱位患者,设计以桡侧腕屈肌腱部分腱瓣转位修复下尺桡关节.结果:桡侧腕屈肌腱性部分长(14.3±1.1)cm,肌腱的上、中、下段宽分别为(9.1±1.4)mm、(5.5±0.9)mm和(4.0±0.4)mm,肌腱的上、中、下段厚分别为(2.4±0.6)mm、(2.2±0.4)mm和(2.6±0.5)mm.36例患者术后随访5~10a,平均6.5 a.其中优23例,腕关节酸痛基本消失,旋转70°~120°,X线片示正常;良12例,腕关节轻度酸痛,旋转度数改善,X线片示正常;差1例,腕关节仍有酸痛,旋转度数无明显改善,X线片示正常.优良率97.2%.结论:桡侧腕屈肌腱部分转位有足够的长度和强度以修复下尺桡关节脱位,临床应用效果良好.     

第1跖背动脉显微外科解剖类型观察和临床意义

目的通过观察国人足部第1跖背动脉的解剖类型及所测得的解剖学数据,为临床显微外科进行修复手和足部合并骨和肌腱外露的皮肤软组织损伤以及手拇指再造时,以取用第1跖背动脉为蒂的皮瓣移植提供解剖学依据。方法选用16具成人尸体双侧足部标本32例,对其第1跖背动脉用游标卡尺进行解剖测量,并对第1跖背动脉测量数据进行统计学分析。结果通过对32例足部标本的测量,第1跖背动脉可分为5种类型。Ⅰ型(肌上型):第1跖背动脉走行于第1骨间背侧肌浅面,共13例(40.6%);Ⅱ型(肌内型):第1跖背动脉穿行于第1骨间背侧肌内部,共11例(34.4%);Ⅲ型(肌下型):第1跖背动脉走行于第1骨间背侧肌深面,共6例(18.8%);Ⅳ型(细小型):第1跖背动脉极其细小,共1例(3.1%);Ⅴ型(缺如型):第1跖背动脉缺如,共1例(3.1%)。第1跖背动脉发出的前、后穿支与跖骨和跖趾关节的距离:后穿支起点至第1跖骨底中点距离为(2.4±0.3)mm;后穿支起点至第1跖骨头中点距离为(10.1±1.0)mm;前穿支起点至跖趾关节中点距离为(7.6±2.7)mm。结论第1跖背动脉对手和足部创伤及拇指再造等皮瓣移植有重要临床参考意义。     

半腱肌、半膜肌运动点和肌内神经末梢分布区域的解剖学

目的:精确定位半腱肌、半膜肌的运动点和肌内神经末梢分布区域.方法:利用50侧韩国成人尸体下肢,以坐骨结节内侧缘后端至股骨内上髁的连线(X-轴)、坐骨结节内侧缘后端至股骨大转子外侧缘,并垂直于X-轴的连线(Y-轴)为参考线,手术显微镜下解剖半腱肌和半膜肌,测定运动点、最近侧和最远侧肌内神经分支末端位置.结果:半腱肌上部运动点位于X-轴(70±22)mm,Y-轴(22±6)mm,下部运动点位于(203±29)mm,(24±11)mm;半膜肌运动点位于(211±33)mm,(21±9)mm.半腱肌上部最近侧和最远侧肌内神经分支末端分别位于X轴的(63±23)mm,(126±28)mm,下部为(193±27)mm,(269±25)mm,半膜肌为(190±29)mm,(303±22)mm.结论:本研究明确定位了半腱肌、半膜肌运动点解剖学位置和肌内神经末梢的分布规律,为临床应用运动点阻滞、肉毒素肌内注射去神经化治疗腘绳肌痉挛提供可靠的解剖学依据.     

跟骨形态的观测及临床意义

目的 研究跟骨的解剖学特点,为跟骨骨折的手术治疗提供解剖学依据.方法 观测60侧男性成人跟骨的解剖学形态;观测跟骨骨密质、骨小梁的分布情况;对手术治疗跟骨骨折有意义的骨性标志进行测量.结果 跟骨的长、宽、高分别为:(71.5±4.2)mm,(41.4±2.4)mm和(42.3±2.8)mm.跟骨前部、沟部、后部的宽度分...     

尺骨鹰嘴关节外截骨入路的解剖学研究及临床意义

目的:为尺骨鹰嘴关节外斜行截骨手术入路提供解剖学依据.方法:选用成年上肢防腐标本男女各20侧.观察尺骨鹰嘴解剖形态并测量相关结构参数,侧位X-线片测量并确定截骨角度,综合确定截骨平面,完成截骨和固定试验.结果①尺骨鹰嘴关节侧为半弧形,背侧骨质为接近直角弯曲的鹰嘴突,断面旱尖端向关节的扇形,肱三头肌腱止于鹰嘴尖与鹰嘴突之间的局限区域,男、女性结构形态相I司.②测得肱三头肌腱止点长度、止点宽度、肌腱近缘处鹰嘴骨质厚度、肌腱远缘处鹰嘴骨质厚度、鹰嘴尖至肱三头肌腱近缘距离,男女分别为:(21.63±1.59)mm,(18.61±1.62mm);(23.56±1.33)mm,(20.69±1.77)mm;(8.38±0.76)mm,(7.33±0.74)mm;(20.78±1.40)mm,(17.62±1.32)mm;(9.00±0.86)mm,(7.39±0.90)mm;男女尺骨鹰嘴相关结构参数存在性别差异(P＜0.05).③经尺骨鹰嘴肱三头肌腱止点近侧缘与尺骨近端背侧呈(134.82±4.9)°夹角的冠状面为截骨面.④截骨后固定方便牢固.结论:经尺骨鹰嘴关节外斜行截骨手术人路可行,有较好的临床实用价值.     

(足母)长伸肌腱移位治疗(足母)外翻的应用解剖学

目的:探讨(足母)长伸肌腱移位治疗(足母)外翻的解剖学入路及手术的要点.方法:(1)100例正常足及100例(足母)外翻足,测量(足母)长伸屈肌腱的位置;(2)对20具尸体40足解剖,观察(足母)长伸肌腱、(足母)长屈肌腱、(足母)短伸肌腱、腓浅神经、腓深神经、隐神经及周围血管走行特点,并测量上述结构与解剖标志的相对位置.结果:正常(足母)长伸肌腱的位置在踝横纹处位于胫骨前肌外侧(9.44±4.26)mm,在跖附关节中点外侧(2.00±2.22)mm,跖趾关节中点外侧(1.32±1.46)mm,止点位于末节趾骨基底中点(2.22±2.42)mm范围内,(足母)长屈肌腱在跖趾关节中点外侧(0.44±2.42)mm.在(足母)外翻的患(足母)者中,(足母)长伸肌腱在踝横纹处位于胫骨前肌外侧(9.32±3.46)mm,在跗跖关节中点外侧(3.00±2.22)mm,跖趾关节中点外侧(4.22±2.26)mm,止点位于末节趾骨基底中点(2.02±2.32)mm范围内,(足母)长屈肌腱在跖趾关节中点外侧(3.24±2.32)mm.(足母)趾背侧皮肤由隐神经、腓浅及腓深神经支配.结论:(1)正常与(足母)外翻足的比较中,伸肌腱的位置在足横纹及止点处无明显的差异,在跖附关节及跖趾关节处,外翻足的伸肌腱明显外移(P＜0.05).(足母)长屈肌腱也明显外移(P＜0.05).(2)手术中隐神经终末支易受损伤.(3)伸肌腱内移并止点重建可矫正(足母)外翻.     

腓动脉穿支皮瓣的解剖与临床应用

目的:通过解剖学研究,分析腓动脉穿支特点,评价腓动脉穿支游离皮瓣临床应用的安全性和可行性.方法:10%甲醛固定成人尸体标本10具共20侧小腿,解剖观察腓动脉穿支数,测量各穿支穿出点与腓骨小头间距离、各穿支外径及血管蒂长度,并总结其规律性;采用游离腓动脉穿支皮瓣或筋膜瓣移植修复手足皮肤缺损43例.结果:10具20侧标本腓动脉穿支数平均为(6.35±1.15)支;在腓骨小头下方(9.8±0.93)cm,(13.4±0.90)cm,(17.2±1.13cm,(21.3±0.77)cm 4处,腓动脉穿支出现较恒定;上述四个位置穿支外径分别为(1.33±0.39)mm,(1.30±0.46)mm,(1.17±0.30)mm,(1.22±0.23)mm;血管蒂长分别为(5.87±0.73)cm,(5.83±1.73)cm,(5.44±1.09)cm,(5.10±1.93)cm.临床应用43例中,皮瓣完全成活42例,部分坏死1例.结论:腓动脉各穿支出现基本恒定,其中小腿中1/3段的穿支血管管径较粗,血管蒂较长,是穿支皮瓣切取的合适部位.腓动脉穿支皮瓣游离移植,是临床修复手足皮肤缺损的理想术式.     

Y-V血管蒂延长技术在(拇)甲瓣供区修复中的应用解剖

目的 为(拇)甲瓣供区移植提供解剖学基础.方法 在25侧经动脉内灌注红色乳胶成人下肢标本上重点观察跗外侧、内侧动脉、第一跖背动脉起始、走行、分支及管径,另在1侧新鲜标本上进行摹拟手术设计.结果 跗外侧动脉发出点至足底深支发出点距离(7.5 ± 0.8)cm,起始部管径为(0.8 ± 0.1)mm;跗内侧动脉发出点至足底...     

尺侧腕屈肌腱部分移位修复桡尺远侧关节脱位的解剖与临床

目的:为尺侧腕屈肌腱部分移位修复桡尺远侧关节脱位提供解剖学依据。方法:30侧成人上肢标本,将尺侧腕屈肌腱分为上、中、下3部分作形态学测量,并进行力学测试。结果:尺侧腕屈肌腱宽度:上段为(7.6±0.9)mm,中段(6.4±0.7)mm,下段(5.5±0.6)mm。厚度:上段为(1.7±0.3)mm,中段(2.0±0.3)mm,下段(2.3±0.2)mm。尺侧腕屈肌腱性部分长(16.7±2.7)cm。力学测试:尺侧腕屈肌全肌腱破坏载荷为(266.7±45.2)N,半肌腱破坏载荷为(107.2±19.9)N,两者无显著性差异(P>0.5)。结论:尺侧腕屈肌腱部分转位有足够的长度和强度以修复桡尺远侧关节脱位,临床应用12例,均获得良好效果。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.