代谢综合征患者腹部内脏脂肪厚度测量的价值

目的 探讨代谢综合征(MS)患者内脏脂肪厚度(VFT)测量的价值.方法 选择2007年9月到2009年1月在我院住院的166例代谢综合征患者为研究对象,代谢综合征采用2005年国际糖尿病联盟MS全球共识定义中国标准,其中男性85例,平均年龄(58±11)岁,女性81例,平均年龄(60±13)岁.记录所有患者的身高、体重、腰围、血压等,检测受试者的血脂、空腹血糖(FPG)、尿酸、肾功能等指标,同时应用超声测量腹部内脏脂肪厚度(VFT)和颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT).结果 男性组IMT与年龄、甘油三酯、尿酸、高血压病、糖尿病、腹部内脏脂肪呈正相关.女性组IMT值与年龄、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、2型糖尿病及腹部内脏脂肪呈正相关,与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇呈负相关.校正腰围后,VFT仍然是IMT的独立危险因素.在代谢综合征患者中,无论男女,随着VFT的增加,IMT逐渐增加,高血压病、糖尿病、冠心病的发病率明显增高,差异有统计学意义.结论 代谢综合征患者VFT与颈动脉粥样硬化及心血管疾病发病率明显相关,VFT测量可以作为代谢综合征患者心血管疾病危险评估的有用指标.     

代谢综合征

代谢综合征是指中心型肥胖、高血压、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇降低、甘油三酯升高和血糖升高等几个容易同时存在的因素的组合，可增加糖尿病和心脑血管病的危险。代谢综合征者由于有多种危险因素聚集，因而属于高危人群。美国关于代谢综合征的定义是：腹型肥胖（腰围男性大于102cm，女性大于88cm），高血压（高于130／85mm Hg），糖尿病或糖耐量受损（空腹血糖大于6．1mmol／L）、血脂异常（甘油三酯大于1．7mmol／L，     

2型糖尿病患者血尿酸与代谢综合征及其组分关系的研究

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者尿酸代谢与代谢综合征（MS）及其组分的关系。方法772例2型糖尿病患者,按性别和女性绝经与否分组,组内分为MS亚组和非MS亚组,对血尿酸进行相关分析和回归分析。结果①MS组血尿酸高于非MS组。②血尿酸与腰围、甘油三酯（TG）、收缩压、舒张压正相关,与血糖、高密度脂蛋白负相关。③腰围和TG是血尿酸独立相关因素。结论2型糖尿病患者血尿酸升高与MS有关,腰围和TG是血尿酸升高的危险因素。     

2型糖尿病患者合并代谢综合征不同组分血脂谱分析

目的观察2型糖尿病患者合并代谢综合征组分数目对血脂谱的影响。方法回顾性分析3 750例2型糖尿病患者的代谢综合征患病率及合并不同代谢综合征组分的血脂谱进行分析。结果 2型糖尿病患者代谢综合征患病率为63%,其中男性1 268人(54%),女性1 087人(46%)。2型糖尿病患者合并代谢综合征常见组合中均包括血脂异常。血脂异常发生率为58%,其中男性1 322人(60%),女性864(40%)。并且随着代谢综合征组分数目的增加,均显示总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白水平逐渐升高,高密度脂蛋白水平下降。结论对于2型糖尿病患者尤其合并代谢综合征时不仅要控制血糖达标,还要重视其他代谢组分异常如血脂达标,从而减少患者心血管疾病的发生风险。     

改变不良生活方式积极控制代谢综合征

随着经济的繁荣，集肥胖、胰岛素抵抗、血脂紊乱、高血压、微量白蛋白尿和高尿酸症等多种心血管病危险因素于一身的代谢综合征日益增加。目前，在我国城市成人代谢综合征的发生率约为15％，已成为严重的公共卫生问题，其主要表现为反应内脏脂肪的过多蓄积的腹型肥胖，国人腰围男性≥90cm，女性≥80cm，同时合并以下四项指标即可诊断为代谢综合征：（1）甘油三酯水平〉150mg／dl，或已接受相应治疗；（2）高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平降低：男性〈40mg／dl，女性〈50mg／dl，或已接受治疗；（3）血压升高≥130／85mmHg，或已诊断高血压病接受相应治疗；（4）空腹血糖升高≥100mg／dl，或以前已患2型糖尿病接受治疗。[第一段]     

2型糖尿病患者高甘油三酯血症-腰围表型与颈动脉粥样硬化相关

对2625例2型糖尿病患者的研究发现,高甘油三酯血症-腰围表型(HTWC)组患者体重指数、收缩压、HbA1C、甘油三酯、载脂蛋白(Apo)B、血尿酸、超敏C反应蛋白、肿瘤坏死因子α、颈总动脉内中膜厚度等指标均高于非HTWC组(均P＜0.05),而高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和ApoA1低于非HTWC组(P＜0.05).HTWC是2型糖尿病患者合并颈动脉粥样硬化的独立危险因素(OR 1.45,95％CI 1.07～1.96).     

北京社区人群心外膜脂肪厚度的影响因素

目的探讨社区人群超声心动图测量的心外膜脂肪厚度的影响因素。方法在北京古城地区选取超声心动图资料齐全的社区人群1 052人,同时测量腰围、体质量指数(BMI)、血压、血糖、血脂,调查心血管病患病情况。采用超声心动图测量心外膜脂肪厚度,在胸骨旁长轴水平,测量舒张期主动脉根部延长线右室游离壁到心包的脂肪厚度为心外膜脂肪厚度1,舒张期右室游离壁到心包的最大脂肪厚度为心外膜脂肪厚度2。采用多因素线性回归分析心外膜脂肪厚度的影响因素。结果研究人群平均心外膜脂肪厚度1为(0.39±1.26)cm,女性高于男性[(0.59±1.55)比(0.22±0.88)cm]。心外膜厚度2为(0.67±1.76)cm,女性高于男性[(0.96±2.12)比(0.41±1.28)cm]。多因素线性回归分析显示,心外膜脂肪厚度与腰围、年龄、心率和性别独立相关(心外膜脂肪厚度1:腰围,β=0.144,年龄,β=0.086,心率,β=0.086,性别,β=0.195;心外膜脂肪厚度2:腰围,β=0.198,年龄,β=0.175,心率,β=0.086,性别,β=0.230,均P0.05)。结论腰围、年龄、心率和女性是超声心动图测量的心外膜脂肪厚度的独立影响因素。     

61例老年2型糖尿病合并高尿酸血症临床分析

老年（年龄≥60岁）2型糖尿病患者273例，分为伴高尿酸血症者61例为A组和不伴尿酸血症者212例为B组。结果A组较男性多、更胖，收缩压和舒张压增高，甘油三酯（TG）增高，高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）降低，胰岛素抵抗指数增高；血尿酸与甘油三酯、总胆固醇、BMI、血压等呈正相关（P〈0．01），与HbA1c、HDL-C呈负相关（P〈0．01），与病程、LDL-C无相关（P〉0．05）；代谢综合征等患病率明显升高。结论提示老年2型糖尿病高尿酸血症是代谢综合征等发病的危险因素之一。     

61例老年2型糖尿病合并高尿酸血症临床分析

老年（年龄≥60岁）2型糖尿病患者273例，分为伴高尿酸血症者61例为A组和不伴尿酸血症者212例为B组。结果A组较男性多、更胖，收缩压和舒张压增高，甘油三酯（TG）增高，高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）降低，胰岛素抵抗指数增高；血尿酸与甘油三酯、总胆固醇、BMI、血压等呈正相关（P〈0．01），与HbA1c、HDL-C呈负相关（P〈0．01），与病程、LDL-C无相关（P〉0．05）；代谢综合征等患病率明显升高。结论提示老年2型糖尿病高尿酸血症是代谢综合征等发病的危险因素之一。     

老年2型糖尿病伴冠心病患者冠状动脉病变的临床和影像特点

为了观察老年 2型糖尿病伴冠心病患者冠状动脉病变的临床和影像学特点 ,选择 133例经冠状动脉造影确诊的冠心病患者 ,按是否合并 2型糖尿病分为两组 ,进行临床及影像学对照分析 ,结果发现老年冠心病伴 2型糖尿病患者甘油三酯高、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇低、左室射血分数低 ,冠状动脉病变以 3支血管病变及左主干病变多 ,室壁运动障碍发生率高 ,但侧枝循环丰富。Logistic回归分析显示年龄、高甘油三酯和低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇为独立危险因素。提示老年 2型糖尿病伴冠心病患者冠状动脉病变以 3支血管病变及左主干病变为主 ,高龄、高甘油三酯和低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇对老年冠心病伴 2型糖尿病患者的冠状动脉病变程度具有重要作用     

Echocardiographic epicardial adipose tissue is related to anthropometric and clinical parameters of metabolic syndrome: a new indicator of cardiovascular risk

Metabolic syndrome is related to multiple cardiovascular risk factors. Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) plays a key role in metabolic syndrome. Easy detection of VAT could be an important tool to increase knowledge of metabolic syndrome. The objective of this study was to study the relationship of echocardiographic epicardial adipose tissue to anthropometric and clinical parameters of metabolic syndrome. We selected 72 consecutive subjects, 46.5 +/- 17.4 yr of age, with a body mass index between 22 and 47 kg/m(2). Each subject underwent transthoracic echocardiogram to measure epicardial fat thickness on right ventricle and magnetic resonance imaging to calculate visceral adipose tissue. Anthropometric, metabolic, and cardiac parameters were also evaluated. Echocardiographic epicardial adipose tissue showed a very good correlation with magnetic resonance imaging abdominal VAT and epicardial fat measurement (Bland-Altman plot and linear regression). Multiple regression analysis showed that waist circumference (r(2) = 0.428; P = 0.01), diastolic blood pressure (r(2) = 0. 387; P = 0.02), and fasting insulin (r(2) = 0.387; P = 0.03) were the strongest independent variables correlated with epicardial adipose tissue. Echocardiographic epicardial adipose tissue could be applied as an easy and reliable imaging indicator of VAT and cardiovascular risk.     

Epicardial adipose tissue thickness in type 1 diabetic patients

Insulin resistance is getting important in the course of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Visceral fat depot is associated with insulin resistance and assessment of epicardial fat thickness is a way of measuring visceral fat. The aim of the study was to measure epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) thickness and to determine its relationship with waist-hip-ratio (WHR) and estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR) in adult type 1 diabetic patients. Thirty-six type 1 diabetic patients (aged 31±8 years; Female/Male: 22/14) and 43 age, gender and BMI matched healthy controls were included. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), hemoglobin A1c, and lipid profiles were measured. Waist-hip-ratio (WHR) was calculated. Daily insulin dose/kg of patients were recorded and eGDR of all subjects was calculated. Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) thickness was evaluated by echocardiography. EAT thickness of the type 1 diabetic patients was significantly higher than controls (3.30±1.06 vs. 2.30±0.34 mm, P<0.0001). EAT thickness was correlated with age (P=0.05; r=0.35), WHR (P=0.003; r=0.67), daily insulin dose/kg (r=0.45, P=0.005), and eGDR (r=-0.55, P=0.0004). Multivariate analysis revealed WHR and eGDR to be related to EAT among age, WHR, daily insulin dose/kg, eGDR, FBG, and hemoglobin A1c (r2 of the model=0.64). Epicardial adipose tissue thickness is increased in type 1 diabetic patients compared to controls and is related to WHR and eGDR in this group of patients. This measurement may point to the presence of insulin resistance in type 1 diabetic patients.     

初诊2型糖尿病患者内脏脂肪含量与心功能的相关性研究

目的探讨初诊2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者内脏脂肪(VAT)含量与心功能的关系。方法收集2015年8月至2016年6月就诊的18~70岁初诊T2DM患者,按体质指数(BMI)分为肥胖组(BMI≥28.0 kg/m^2)、超重组(24.0 kg/m^2≤BMI<28.0 kg/m^2)及正常体重组(18.5 kg/m^2≤BMI<24.0 kg/m^2)。采用双能X线骨密度仪测量VAT质量、面积,采用心脏彩超测量右心室前壁脂肪、心尖脂肪及心功能[射血分数、舒张末期容积(EDV)、收缩末期容积(ESV)]等指标。组间比较采用方差分析和秩和检验,心功能的影响因素采用多元线性回归分析。结果共入组患者142例,其中男77例,女65例,年龄51(42,59)岁;失访3例。分为肥胖组(48例)、超重组(45例)及正常体重组(46例)。(1)三组间比较BMI、腰围、腰臀比、VAT质量、VAT面积、右室前壁、心尖脂肪差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。(2)单因素分析显示,射血分数与BMI、腰围、VAT面积、右室前壁脂肪、心尖脂肪相关(β=-0.590^-0.023,均P<0.05),EDV与VAT面积、心尖脂肪相关(β=0.196、4.357,均P<0.05),ESV与VAT面积、心尖脂肪相关(β=0.113、2.675,均P<0.05)。(3)多元线性回归显示,在模型Ⅰ(未调整)和模型Ⅱ(调整年龄和性别)中,心尖脂肪每增加1 mm,射血分数分别下降0.590%、0.645%,EDV依次增加4.357%、4.835%,ESV依次增加2.675%、2.931%。结论BMI、腰围、VAT质量、VAT面积、右室前壁脂肪、心尖脂肪是影响心功能的重要影响因素,尤以心尖脂肪对心功能的影响最大。     

Angiotensin II receptor blocker combined with eplerenone or hydrochlorothiazide for hypertensive patients with diabetes mellitus

Experimental models recently suggested an interaction between aldosterone and adipose tissue, but clinical investigation has been limited. We studied the effects of eplerenone compared to hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) on blood pressure (BP), glucose, and lipid levels in 50 patients with essential hypertension (EHT) and type 2 diabetes mellitus whose BP failed to reach target levels with 8 mg of candesartan alone. BP improved similarly in both groups over the 12-month study period, but BMI, waist circumference, and LDL-cholesterol were decreased in the eplerenone group, while glycohemoglobin was elevated in the HCTZ group.     

2型糖尿病患者皮下、大网膜脂肪组织脂联素mRNA表达的定量研究

目的　探讨 2型糖尿病患者皮下及大网膜脂肪组织脂联素 (adiponectin)表达水平及与血脂联素、体重指数、腰臀比 (WHR)、胰岛素敏感性的相关关系。方法　用实时荧光定量RT PCR检测 2型糖尿病患者和非糖尿病患者皮下及大网膜脂肪组织脂联素mRNA的表达水平 ,用ELISA方法测定血浆脂联素水平。结果　 2型糖尿病患者大网膜脂肪组织脂联素mRNA表达水平较非糖尿病组显著下降 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;糖尿病组与非糖尿病组的血浆脂联素水平差异无显著性 ;糖尿病组大网膜脂肪组织脂联素mRNA表达与WHR成负相关 (r=- 0 .5 1,P <0 .0 5 )。糖尿病组血浆脂联素水平与大网膜脂肪组织脂联素mRNA的表达成正相关 (r=0 .5 7,P <0 .0 1)。结论　 2型糖尿病患者大网膜脂肪组织脂联素mRNA表达显著降低。内脏脂肪组织脂联素mRNA的表达水平可以作为胰岛素抵抗的重要参数。     

Increased subcutaneous and epicardial adipose tissue production of proinflammatory cytokines in cardiac surgery patients: possible role in postoperative insulin resistance

CONTEXT: Hyperglycemia and insulin resistance frequently occur in critically ill patients even without a history of diabetes. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to study the role of adipose tissue hormonal production in the development of insulin resistance in cardiac surgery patients. PARTICIPANTS, INTERVENTIONS, AND SETTINGS: Fifteen patients with elective cardiac surgery underwent blood sampling before, at the end, and 6, 12, 24, 48, and 120 h after the end of their operation. Epicardial and sc adipose tissue sampling was done at the beginning and at the end of surgery in the Department of Cardiac Surgery. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We measured serum concentrations and sc and epicardial adipose tissue mRNA expression of IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), TNF-alpha, leptin, resistin, and adiponectin and sc and epicardial adipose tissue mRNA expression of CD14, CD45, and CD68. RESULTS: The rate of insulin infusion required to maintain euglycemia increased up to 7-fold 12 h after the operation, suggesting the development of insulin resistance. Serum IL-6 levels increased 43-fold 12 h after surgery. MCP-1 peaked 6-fold at the end of surgery. Smaller peaks of TNF-alpha and leptin appeared 6 and 12 h after surgery, respectively. Resistin levels peaked 4-fold 24 h after surgery, but adiponectin levels were not significantly affected. TNF-alpha and CD45 mRNA expression increased markedly during the operation in sc adipose tissue. IL-6, resistin, and MCP-1 mRNA expression increased in both sc and epicardial adipose tissue. Leptin, adiponectin, CD14, and CD68 mRNA expression did not change significantly. CONCLUSIONS: Both sc and epicardial adipose tissue is a source of proinflammatory cytokines in cardiac surgery patients and may contribute to the development of postoperative insulin resistance.     

2型糖尿病患者内脂素在网膜脂肪组织中的表达及与血清浓度的关系

目的探讨内脂素基因在2型糖尿病患者网膜脂肪组织中的表达情况及其与血清浓度的关系。方法选取2型糖尿病患者及健康对照者各60例,用Northern b lot印迹技术检测两组网膜脂肪组织内脂素mRNA的表达水平,并测定血浆内脂素浓度、空腹血糖、OGTT 2 h血糖、空腹胰岛素、血脂及其他生化指标。结果 2型糖尿病组网膜组织的内脂素mRNA表达显著高于对照组（P〈0.01）。两组网膜组织中内脂素mRNA表达与内脂素血清浓度呈正相关。结论 T2DM患者网膜内脂素mRNA表达量较对照组升高,且与血清浓度呈正相关。     

La grasa epicárdica se relaciona con la visceral,el síndrome metabólico y la resistencia a la insulina en mujeres menopáusicas

Introduction and objectives

Epicardial adipose tissue has been associated with several obesity-related parameters and with insulin resistance. Echocardiographic assessment of this tissue is an easy and reliable marker of cardiometabolic risk. However, there are insufficient studies on the relationship between epicardial fat and insulin resistance during the postmenopausal period, when cardiovascular risk increases in women. The objective of this study was to examine the association between epicardial adipose tissue and visceral adipose tissue, waist circumference, body mass index, and insulin resistance in postmenopausal women.

Methods

A cross sectional study was conducted in 34 postmenopausal women with and without metabolic syndrome. All participants underwent a transthoracic echocardiogram and body composition analysis.

Results

A positive correlation was observed between epicardial fat and visceral adipose tissue, body mass index, and waist circumference. The values of these correlations of epicardial fat thickness overlying the aorta-right ventricle were r = 0.505 (P < .003), r = 0.545 (P < .001), and r = 0.515 (P < .003), respectively. Epicardial adipose tissue was higher in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome than in those without this syndrome (mean [standard deviation], 544.2 [122.9] vs 363.6 [162.3] mm ²; P = .03).

Conclusions

Epicardial fat thickness measured by echocardiography was associated with visceral adipose tissue and other obesity parameters. Epicardial adipose tissue was higher in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome. Therefore, echocardiographic assessment of epicardial fat may be a simple and reliable marker of cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women.Full English text available from:www.revespcardiol.org/en     

Muscle adiposity and body fat distribution in type 1 and type 2 diabetes: varying relationships according to diabetes type

OBJECTIVE: To compare the relationships between markers of total and regional adiposity with muscle fat infiltration in type 1 diabetic and type 2 diabetic subjects and their respective nondiabetic controls, and to document these relationships in type 1 diabetic subjects. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS: In total, 86 healthy, with type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes or control subjects. Each diabetic group was matched for age, sex and body mass index with its respective nondiabetic control group. MEASUREMENTS: Measures of body composition (hydrodensitometry), fat distribution (waist circumference, abdominal and mid-thigh computed tomography scans) and blood lipid profiles were assessed. RESULTS: Low attenuation mid-thigh muscle surface correlated similarly with markers of adiposity and body composition in all groups, regardless of diabetes status, except for visceral adipose tissue and waist circumference. Indeed, relationships between visceral adiposity and muscle adiposity were significantly stronger in type 2 vs type 1 diabetic subjects (P<0.05 for comparison of slopes). In addition, in well-controlled type 1 diabetic subjects (mean HbA(1c) of 6.8%), daily insulin requirements tended to correlate with low attenuation mid-thigh muscle surface, a specific component of fat-rich muscle (r=0.36, P=0.08), but not with glycemic control (HbA(1c)). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the relationship of central adiposity and muscle adiposity is modulated by diabetes status and is stronger in the insulin resistant diabetes type (type 2 diabetes). In well-controlled nonobese type 1 diabetic subjects, the relationship between muscle fat accumulation and insulin sensitivity was also maintained.     

Ⅱ型糖尿病病人脂肪组织胰岛素受体底物1和含2个SH2结构的蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the protein expression of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), protein tyrosine phosphatase with two src-homology 2 (SH-PTP(2)) in adipose tissues of type II diabetic patients, and explore molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance from adipose tissues of type II diabetic individuals. METHODS: The levels of protein expression of IRS-1 and SH-PTP(2) in adipose tissues from type II diabetic individuals were measured by Western blot analysis; meanwhile compared the level of protein expression of one's own abdominal subcutaneous and omentum majus adipose tissue from patients with type II diabetes mellitus. RESULTS: The expression of IRS-1 protein in abdominal subcutaneous (A) 2.14 +/- 0.67 and omentum majus 3.25 +/- 0.70 adipose tissues from patients with type II diabetes mellitus was significantly lower than that of control group [subcutaneous: 4.33 +/- 0.57 (P < 0.001), omentum majus: 8.65 +/- 2.85 (P < 0.05)]. The expression of SH-PTP(2) protein had no difference compared with control group (P > 0.05). The protein expression of IRS-1 was significantly lower in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (1.09 +/- 0.13) than that in omentum majus adipose tissue (2.10 +/- 0.22) from the type II diabetic patients (P < 0.05), but the protein expression of SH-PTP(2) was significantly higher in subcutaneous adipose tissue (70.75 +/- 2.18) than that in omentum majus (43.69 +/- 11.07, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The abnormal changes in expression of IRS-1 and SH-PTP(2) protein in adipose tissues of the patients with type II diabetic mellitus may be one of the mechanisms of leading to insulin resistance. The abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue of type II diabetic patients, as visceral adipose tissues, contributes to their insulin resistance.