我国高原地区先天性心脏病影响因素的病例对照研究

目的调查母亲围孕期危险因素暴露与儿童先天性心脏病(congenital heart disease,CHD)发病的关系,为该病的防控提供参考。方法采用病例对照研究方法,选择CHD患儿331例为研究对象,同时选择生活在同一环境下、年龄、性别相匹配的健康儿童331例作为对照组,对其母亲进行面对面问卷调查,危险因素的探索采用多因素logistic回归分析。结果孕期感冒(OR=32.660,95%CI:2.843~376.319)、孕期使用抗生素(OR=14.645,95%CI:1.152~55.074)、母亲孕期被动吸烟(OR=5.288,95%CI:1.076~25.995)、父亲饮酒(OR=9.903,95%CI:2.860~34.293)、患者胎次(OR=3.834,95%CI:1.923~7.644)为CHD的高危因素,可增加胎儿患CHD的风险,母亲孕期接受健康宣教为保护因素(OR=0.002,95%CI:0.000~0.028)。结论高原地区CHD的发病与围孕期危险因素的暴露存在相关性,积极开展健康宣教,采取针对性的防控措施,有利于减少该地区CHD的发生。     

围孕期暴露与后代先天性心脏病发生风险的关系

目的 探讨孕母围孕期的暴露与后代先天性心脏病发生风险之间的关系.方法 采用成组病例对照研究方法.病例组为妊娠满28周及以上的孕产妇,其后代于妊娠期至出生后30天内确诊为先天性心脏病者,共42例;对照组通过多阶段整群抽样的方法,随机抽取在西安地区与病例组同时期分娩活产正常婴儿的妇女221例.采用多因素Logistic回归模型控制人口学影响因素后,估计各类围孕期相关因素与后代先天性心脏病发生的关联强度.结果 在研究的围孕期因素中:①优生检查(包括婚检、孕前检查及产检)是先天性心脏病发生的保护因素,OR值(95%CI)分别为0.90(0.24~0.95)、0.29(0.07~0.32)及0.14(0.02~0.32);②母亲孕期不良的周围环境如孕妇居住区1 000m内有排放废物的工厂、孕前或孕期工作中有毒物接触史,均可显著增加后代患先天性心脏病的风险,OR值(95%CI)分别为1.36(1.01~1.56),1.98(1.03~3.57);③不良的生活习惯如孕期接触电脑电视每天1小时以上、经常使用微波炉、睡眠不规律(每周1次以上)、被动吸烟均是导致后代患先天性心脏病的危险因素,OR值(95%CI)分别为1.77(1.47~2.65)、1.34(1.08~1.43)、1.09(1.02~1.43)、1.36(1.11~1.58);④母亲孕期患病如糖尿病、高血压等慢性疾病者其后代罹患先天性心脏病的风险最高(OR=2.80,95%CI为1.62~4.81),孕早期发热、孕早期感冒也是导致后代患先天性心脏病的危险因素,OR值(95%CI)分别为1.67(1.36~4.93)、1.59(1.44~5.84);⑤孕期服用药物如感冒药、避孕药及消炎药与后代患先天性心脏病的风险之间未得出有意义的结论.结论 优生检查对于先天性心脏病的发生具有明显的保护作用,不良环境、生活方式及孕期疾病是先天性心脏病发生的危险因素.     

CYP450基因多态性及环境危险因素暴露与先天性心脏病关系病例对照研究

目的探讨子代CYP450基因多态性及母亲孕期环境危险因素暴露与先天性心脏病(CHD)发病的关系以及二者在CHD发生中是否存在交互作用。方法采用病例对照研究方法,将2011年10月-2013年1月在山东省济宁医学院第一附属医院确诊的160例0~7周岁单纯性CHD患儿和同期在该院进行体检或就诊的160例非心脏病幼儿分别作为病例组和对照组,采用访谈方式进行问卷调查,获得研究对象母亲孕期环境危险因素暴露信息,采集研究对象空腹静脉,血应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性分析法(PCR-RFLP)检测CYP450基因多态性;应用单因素和多因素条件logistic回归模型分析子代CYP450基因多态性和母亲孕期环境危险因素暴露与CHD发病的关联强度,并采用相加模型交互作用指标评价二者的交互作用。结果多因素条件logistic回归分析结果显示,子代CYP1A1基因rs1048943位点纯合子突变型是CHD发病的保护因素(OR=0.369,95%CI=0.138~0.986);母亲孕前3个月使用染发剂(OR=5.621.95%CI=1.401~22.541)、孕前3个月被动吸烟(OR=2.511,95%CI=1.342~4.699)、孕早期被动吸烟(OR=2.441,95%CI=1.306~4.561)、孕早期居住在3年内装修过的居室(OR=4.159,95%CI=1.698~10.182)和孕早期服用解热镇痛药(OR=3.901,95%CI=1.271~11.971)是CHD发病的危险因素。交互作用分析结果显示,子代携带CYPIA1 rs1048943位点纯合子突变型有减弱环境因素致病风险的趋势,但交互作用指标无统计学意义。结论子代携带CYP1A1纯合子突变型对CHD发病有保护作用,母亲孕前及孕早期应尽量避免或减少环境危险因素的暴露,以预防子代CHD的发生。     

孕期环境暴露因素与先天性心脏病关系

目的 探讨母亲孕期环境暴露因素与子代先天性心脏病(CHD)之间的关系,为CHD的干预防治提供科学依据.方法 采用1∶1配对病例对照研究,分析115对CHD患儿与对照组父母的环境暴露因素,对CHD可能的危险因素进行单因素及多因素条件Logistic回归分析.结果 母亲怀孕早期接触农药(OR=7.316,95%CI=1.196～44.731)、孕早期感冒(OR=4.806,95%CI=2.092～11.04)、妊娠合并症(OR:2.851,95%CI=1.189～6.838)、孕期情绪状况(OR=3.318,95%CI=1.829～6.018)4个因素为子代发生CHD的危险因素.结论 母亲怀孕早期接触农药、孕早期感冒、孕期患妊娠合并症、孕期情绪紧张或忧郁可能增加子代发生CHD的危险.     

南京地区285例婴幼儿先天性中高度散光影响因素

目的了解南京地区婴幼儿先天性中高度散光影响因素。方法采用SureSight手持式自动验光仪进行屈光检查,参照美国伟伦公司儿童眼屈光筛查判定标准,分为病例组和对照组,并采用问卷调查形式,采集孕期母亲户外活动量、母亲孕期接触电子产品时间、父母亲生育年龄及父母是否具有屈光不正、新生儿生产方式、父亲吸烟等因素,分析先天性中高度散光影响因素。结果完成检查及调查问卷婴幼儿285例,检出先天性中高度散光174例,占61.05%。病例组母亲孕期每天户外活动时间2h比例、孕期每天电子产品使用时间2h比例、父母亲为屈光不正比例均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P值均0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析结果表明,孕期母亲接触电子产品时间[OR(95%CI):2.550(1.081～6.051),P=0.033]及母亲的屈光不正[OR(95%CI):2.315(1.323～4.049),P=0.003]是婴幼儿先天性散光危险因素。结论应根据婴幼儿先天性中高度散光发生的影响因素,采取针对性干预措施。     

河北省儿童先天性心脏病危险因素的研究

目的:探讨影响先天性心脏病(CHD)的危险因素,为CHD的预防和发病机理的研究提供理论依据。方法:采用1∶2配比的方法进行病例对照研究,内容包括母亲一般情况、母亲孕早期可疑危险因素暴露情况、父亲情况等,对CHD的可能的危险因素进行单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析。结果:母亲本次怀孕的末次月经月份(OR=0.4.00,95%CI为0.193～0.827)、父亲饮酒(OR=7.407,95%CI为3.759～14.493)、缺乏优生优育教育(OR=3.575,95%CI为1.633～7.824)、未规律补充叶酸(OR=7.465,95%CI为2.674～12.493)、情绪紧张或忧虑(OR=5.145,95%CI为2.723～9.722)为CHD的危险因素。结论:第三季度怀孕者发生CHD的危险小;孕前及孕早期父亲饮酒、缺乏优生优育教育、未规律补充叶酸、情绪状况不佳能增加子代CHD的危险。     

围生儿先天性心脏病发病及其危险因素的病例对照研究

目的调查围生儿先天性心脏病(先心病)的发病情况,探讨先心病发生的危险因素。方法收集杭州市第一人民医院2009—2013年围生儿资料,进行病例对照研究,对先心病组和对照组各176名围生儿的家长进行问卷调查,采用单因素和多因素条件Logistic回归分析,筛选与先心病发生相关的危险因素。结果围产儿26 295人中发现先心病176例,发生率为62.73/万;其中单一畸形109例,心脏复合畸形67例。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,服用叶酸(OR=0.275,95%CI:0.079~0.982)是先心病的保护性因素,妊娠早期使用药物(OR=3.350,95%CI:1.024~13.992)、妊娠早期感染(OR=4.235,95%CI:1.275~18.735)、不良生育史(OR=3.679,95%CI:1.102~14.113)、高龄产妇(OR=2.974,95%CI:1.213~16.372)和吸烟(OR=4.229,95%CI:1.167~15.782)是先心病的危险因素。结论适时补充叶酸,避免妊娠早期感染、药物使用和主/被动吸烟,加强孕期检查,对预防围产儿先心病具有重要意义。     

孕前及孕早期非遗传因素与胎儿先天性心脏病的相关性研究

目的探讨孕前及孕早期非遗传因素与胎儿先天性心脏病(CHD)的相关性。方法选取2013年1月-2014年10月间在该院行产前超声检查并确诊为CHD的胎儿728例为研究组;对照组选取与研究组相差2周以内的健康胎儿孕妇以1∶1比例进行匹配。调查两组胎儿母亲孕前及孕早期非遗传暴露因素,对可能诱发CHD的因素进行风险分析。结果孕早期感冒(OR=1.892,95%CI:1.204~3.143)负性生活事件(OR=2.272,95%CI:1.376~3.781)、生殖系统感染(OR=2.081,95%CI:1.269~3.507)、居住或工作地在化工厂附近(OR=1.936,95%CI:1.143~2.937)为胎儿先天性心脏病发生的独立危险因素。孕前及孕早期补充叶酸(OR=0.573,95%CI:0.376~0.916)、补充复合维生素(OR=0.541,95%CI:0.363~0.852)为胎儿先天性心脏病发生的保护因素。结论怀孕前及孕早期遭遇负性事件、孕早期感冒、生殖系统感染、居住地或单位附近有工厂会提升先天性心脏病发生风险;而孕前及孕早期补适量的复合维生素和叶酸可降低胎儿先天性心脏病发生的风险。     

山东省发热伴血小板减少综合征发病危险因素分析

目的 探讨影响山东省发热伴血小板减少综合征（SFTS）发病的危险因素,为科学防制该病提供依据。方法 应用1∶2匹配的病例对照研究方法,调查收集病例、对照的基本情况、可疑暴露因素等信息,采用单因素和多因素的配对条件logistic回归分析发病危险因素。结果 本研究共纳入374例SFTS确诊病例和748例对照。分析结果显示,有病例接触史（OR = 5.84,95%CI:1.11～30.88）、有家养动物（OR = 1.74,95%CI: 1.02～2.96）、近1个月见过蜱（OR = 5.85,95%CI: 2.73～12.53）、近2周有蜱叮咬史（OR = 29.58,95%CI: 6.70～130.60）、从事田间作业（OR = 2.63,95%CI:1.41～4.91）、住宅周围环境有杂草/农作物/菜地（OR = 3.24,95%CI:1.74～6.05）和住宅卫生条件差（OR = 2.20,95%CI:1.32～3.66）是SFTS发病的危险因素（P＜0.05）,近1个月有亲邻发病（OR = 0.01,95%CI:0～0.03）、采取防护措施（OR = 0.21,95%CI:0.10～0.46）是SFTS发病的保护因素（P＜0.05）。结论 接触病例、饲养家养动物、蜱叮咬、无防护措施的野外作业及住宅周围环境卫生较差等是影响山东省SFTS发病的危险因素。应加强重点人群SFTS健康教育和行为干预,减少危险因素暴露,以控制SFTS传播。     

琼南地区先天性甲状腺功能减低症发病情况及其影响因素分析

目的 调查琼南地区先天性甲状腺功能减低症（congenital hypothyroidism,CH）发病率,影响CH发病的危险因素。方法 收集2016—2020年琼南地区新生儿疾病筛查结果,调查琼南地区CH发病率及分布情况。应用病例对照研究分析影响CH发病的相关因素。结果 琼南地区2016—2020年新生儿疾病筛查人数为128 285例,确诊为CH患儿50例,5年CH总体发病率为38.98/10万。2016—2020年CH发病率呈上升趋势。冬季CH发病率最高,发病率为47.16/10万。早产儿CH发病率最高,发病率为280.19/10万。多因素logistic回归分析显示,低出生体重（OR = 3.208,95%CI:2.204～8.527）、早产（OR = 2.715,95%CI:1.968～7.426）、合并妊娠期糖尿病（OR = 1.982,95%CI:1.403～5.118）、合并妊娠期高血压疾病（OR = 1.884,95%CI:1.165～4.102）、孕期用药史（OR = 2.377,95%CI:1.946～6.935）、孕期射线接触史（OR = 2.926,95%CI:2.185～8.207）及孕期碘摄入量不足（OR = 4.228,95%CI:2.906～9.622）是影响CH发病的危险因素（P＜0.05）。结论 琼南地区CH发病率较高,影响CH发病的危险因素较多,应采取针对性预防措施,以减少CH发病。     

孕前及孕早期母体因素与子代复杂先天性心脏病的相关性研究

目的 探讨孕前及孕早期母体环境暴露因素与子代复杂先心病的关系,为先天性心脏病（congenital heart disease ,CHD）的科学预防和干预提供依据。方法 选取2017年1月-2018年12月产前超声诊断为子代复杂先心病的孕妇62例为病例组,按照1∶2匹配正常孕妇为对照组,问卷调查后通过多因素logstic回归分析复杂先心病可能的危险因素和保护因素。结果 母亲不良生育史（OR:6.981, 95%CI:3.621～11.017）、孕前吸烟饮酒史（OR:2.418,95%CI:1277～6.757）、孕早期呼吸道感染（OR:3.906, 95%CI:1.115～5.242）、噪音环境（OR:2.391, 95%CI:0.898～4.710）、不良精神心理因素（OR:4.791, 95%CI:2.242～8.597）为子代复杂先心独立危险因素。而孕前及孕早期食用蛋、奶类等高蛋白物质（OR:0.517,95%CI:0.311～0.803）和补充叶酸及其它营养素（OR:2.979,95%CI:1.537～5.016）为子代复杂先心保护因素。结论 孕前及早孕期孕妇需避免上述危险因素的接触,增加高蛋白和叶酸摄入量,对降低及预防复杂CHD有重要价值。     

先天性泌尿生殖系统结构畸形危险因素的研究

目的：探讨有关因素在先天性泌尿生系统结构畸形发病中的作用。方法：采用成组匹配的病列对照研究方法。对95例患先天性泌尿生殖系统 的围产儿和160例对照围产儿及其父母的情况进行调查。采用非条件logistic回归模型进行多因素分析,计算OR值及OR的95％可信限。结果：先天性泌尿生殖系统结构畸形多发生于男性围产儿（性别成比为74．7％,X^2＝74．863,P＝0．001）,多元逐步回归分析表明：母亲孕早、中期感冒（OR＝7．034,95％CI＝3．488－14．187）、低出生体重（OR＝4．075,95％CI＝1．774－9．362）、孕次≥2（OR＝3．133,95％CI＝1．514－6．483）及母亲孕前职业性接触有害化学物质（OR＝10．496,95％CI＝1．053－104．651）为先天性泌尿生殖系统结构畸形的危险因素,结论：胎儿男性别,母亲孕早、中期感冒、低出生体重,母亲孕次≥2及孕前职业性接触有害化学物质与胎儿发生先天性泌尿生系统畸形有关联。     

孕母叶酸摄入与MTHFR基因C677T多态性对子代先天性心脏病发病风险研究

目的 分析孕母孕早期环境高危因素,探讨叶酸摄入与MTHFR基因多态性间交互作用对子代先天性心脏病(简称先心病)发病的影响.方法 通过病例对照研究回顾性分析98例12岁以下先心病患者母亲和101例正常婴儿的母亲(对照组)孕期危险因素暴露水平以及叶酸摄入情况,进一步应用变性液相高效色谱(DHPLC)检测MTHFR基因C677T多态性,并分析其与叶酸摄入的交互作用.结果 经Logistic回归分析,6项因素纳入先心病风险模型,孕母教育程度、没有定期产检、精神紧张、接触化学物质是子代先心病的高危因素,服用叶酸和复合维生素是先心病的保护因素.叶酸补充充足情况下,MTHFR基因各基因型比较,病例组与对照组无统计学差异.将间断服用及未服用叶酸者合并作为叶酸补充不足者,其孕母基因型为CT与CC时发病无统计学意义(P=0.066,OR=2.018,95%CI:0.95～4.285).结论 提高孕母的自我保健意识是减少先心病危险因素暴露的重要措施.怀孕早期孕母叶酸的补充不足可能是导致子代先心病发病风险增高的独立因素,孕母MTHFR基因C677T基因型合并叶酸补充不足可能增加先心病风险.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the environmental risk factors,periconceptional folate intake and methylenetetrahydrofolate reduetase (MTHFR)gene C667T polymorphism of pregnant women on congenital heart diseases (CHD)in offspring.Methods Retrospective case-control study was carried out to investigate periconceptional folate supplementation and environmental factors in 98 parents with CHD offsprings and 101 parents with normal offsprings.The mothers'MTHFR gene C667T mutation was also identified.The possible risk factors were analyzed by simple and multiple factors Logistic regression methods.Results Six factors were related to the occurrence of CHD in the offspring:education of gestation mother,no prenatal examination,under depressed or nervous condition during pregnancy and maternal exposures to harmful substance;periconceptional folate and compound vitamin supplementation were protection factors.There were significant difference between case and control group in folate supplement(P<0.05).The maternal MTHFR 677genotypes CC and TT in combination with daily folate supplements were associated with no increased risk for CHD in offspring,however in combination with not use of folate a two-fold(P=0.066,OR=2.018,95%CI 0.95-4.285)increased risk.Conclusion Improving self health care of gestational mother is the most important protection measures to avoid the risk factors exposure.Periconceptional folate deficiency may be the independence risk factor for CHD.Periconceptional mother carrying MTHER heterozygote's(CT)genotype in combination with deficiency may increase risk for CHD.     

Environmental Risk Factors for Congenital Heart Disease in the Shandong Peninsula,China: A Hospital-based Case–Control Study

Background

In China, and in Shandong province, the proportionate contribution of birth defects to infant mortality has increased, and congenital heart disease (CHD) is now the most common cause of birth defects. The cause of approximately 90% of cases of congenital heart disease is multifactorial. Little is known about modifiable environmental risk factors or regional differences. We investigated putative environmental risk factors for congenital heart disease in the Shandong province of China in order to improve prevention of CHD.

Methods

We conducted a hospital-based 1:2 matched case–control study of 164 patients with congenital heart diseases and 328 controls, all of whom were retrospectively interviewed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to identify environmental risk factors for CHD.

Results

The environmental risk factors associated with CHD were mother’s education level (odds ratio [OR], 0.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.15–0.67), neonatal asphyxia or hypoxia (OR, 3.74; 95% CI, 1.25–11.18), number of previous pregnancies (OR, 2.68; 95% CI, 1.44–4.97), maternal upper respiratory tract infection (OR, 4.12; 95% CI, 1.56–10.85), maternal infection (OR, 7.98; 95% CI, 2.14–29.72), maternal B-mode ultrasound examination (OR, 4.05; 95% CI, 1.48–11.08), and maternal mental stress (OR, 3.93; 95% CI, 1.94–7.94) during early pregnancy. No significant interactions were observed among these factors.

Conclusions

Augmenting maternal mental healthcare, obtaining regular health counseling and testing during pregnancy, preventing upper respiratory tract infections, limiting medication during early pregnancy, offering health promotion and health education to women of childbearing age (especially those with less formal education), and improving obstetric procedures and techniques may lower the occurrence of congenital heart disease.Key words: heart defects, congenital; hospital-based; matched case–control study; risk factors; Shandong peninsular area of China     

Maternal exposure to nitrate from drinking water and diet and risk for neural tube defects

In this population-based case-control study conducted in California between June 1989 and May 1991, the authors investigated the association between maternal periconceptional exposure to nitrate from drinking water and diet and risk for neural tube defects. The mothers of 538 cases and 539 nonmalformed controls were interviewed regarding residential history, consumption of tap water at home, and dietary intake during the periconceptional period. Dietary nitrate exposure was not associated with increased risk for neural tube defects. Exposure to nitrate in drinking water at concentrations above the 45 mg/liter maximum contaminant level was associated with increased risk for anencephaly (odds ratio (OR) = 4.0, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.0, 15.4), but not for spina bifida. Increased risks for anencephaly were observed at nitrate levels below the maximum contaminant level among groundwater drinkers only (OR = 2.1, 95% CI: 1.1,4.1 for 5-15 mg/liter; OR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.1, 4.5 for 16-35 mg/liter; and OR = 6.9, 95% CI: 1.9, 24.9 for 36-67 mg/liter compared with <5 mg/liter). Adjustment for identified risk factors for anencephaly did not substantially alter these associations, nor did control for maternal dietary nitrate, total vitamin C intake, and quantity of tap water consumed. The lack of an observed elevation in risk for anencephaly in association with exposure to mixed water containing nitrate at levels comparable with the concentration in groundwater may indicate that something other than nitrate accounts for these findings.     

母亲围孕期被动吸烟与子代先天性心脏病关系的病例对照研究

目的 探讨母亲围孕期被动吸烟与子代先天性心脏病（CHD）的关系。方法 采用病例对照研究设计,于2014年1月至2016年12月在陕西省开展的CHD病例对照研究。病例组为妊娠满28周至出生后7 d确诊为CHD的围产儿和妊娠<28周但经超声等检查确诊为CHD的胎儿;对照组为未发生任何出生缺陷的同时期新生儿。采用logistic回归模型分析母亲围孕期被动吸烟与子代发生CHD的关系,并进行亚组分析探索其稳定性。结果 共纳入2 259例调查对象,其中病例组695例,对照组1 564例。病例组中围孕期被动吸烟者占26.76%,而对照组中仅占6.01%。在控制了混杂因素后,围孕期被动吸烟者子代患CHD的风险是无被动吸烟者的3.32倍（OR=3.32,95% CI：2.41～4.56）。该风险随着孕妇被动吸烟暴露频率的增加而增大：每周被动吸烟1～3 d的孕妇生育CHD子代的风险是无被动吸烟者的2.75倍（OR=2.75,95% CI：1.62～4.66）;而每周被动吸烟超过3 d的孕妇生育CHD子代的风险是无被动吸烟者的3.62倍（OR=3.62,95% CI：2.48～5.29）。亚组分析显示,母亲围孕期被动吸烟和子代CHD的关系稳定。结论 母亲围孕期被动吸烟是子代发生CHD的危险因素。孕妇应尽可能避免二手烟的暴露,防范被动吸烟的危害。     

父源性影响因素及交互作用与子代先天性心脏病关系的初步研究

目的探讨父源性影响因素及其与家族史交互作用对子代先天性心脏病(简称先心病)风险的关系。方法采用以医院为基础的病例对照研究设计,按照标准选择144例先心病患儿为病例组,168例无先心病或其他畸形的就诊患儿为对照组,对其父母进行结构式问卷调查,采用单因素和多因素非条件logistic回归模型,进行影响因素关联强度及交互作用分析。结果病例组和对照组一般情况指标差异无统计学意义。阳性家族史是先心病的危险因素,OR=3.459(95%CI:1.819～6.579)。调整混杂因素后,筛选出3个父源性暴露因素与子代先心病有关联,分别是有害化学物接触、饮酒指数阳性、负性事件阳性,关联强度分别为OR=5.551(95%CI:2.023～15.232)、OR=3.522(95%CI:2.015～6.157)、OR=3.380(95%CI:1.838～6.219);先心病家族史与父亲有害化学物接触以及饮酒指数之间具有正相加交互作用,调整混杂因素前后,家族史与化学物接触的RERI为8.465、8.991,AP(AB)为34.56%、35.67%,AP*(AB)为36.29%、37.48%;与饮酒指数之间的RERI为7.113、7.832,AP(AB)为30.18%、32.07%,AP*(AB)为33.17%、33.89%。结论父源性危险因素可增加子代先心病发生的风险并与家族史具有协同作用。     

中国人群先天性心脏病危险因素的Meta分析

目的 探讨中国人群先天性心脏病发生的主要危险因素,为该病防治提供依据.方法 利用Meta分析方法分析国内12篇(累计病例3436例,对照3976例)关于先天性心脏病发病危险因素的研究文献.根据齐性检验结果采用计算各危险因素合并OR值及其95%CI.结果 单因素合并OR值分别为:母孕期受精神刺激(4.55)、母孕早期有感冒病史(3.18)、孕前接触有毒化合物(3.19)、孕期接触农药(4.85)、孕期有负性生活事件(5.39);多因素合并OR值分别为:母孕期受精神刺激(4.08)、孕期接触有毒化合物(3.54)、母孕期感冒发热(5.00).结论 目前影响中国人群先天性心脏病发生的主要因素为母孕期受精神刺激、母孕早期有感冒病史或发热、孕前或孕期接触有毒化合物、孕期接触农药和孕期有负性生活事件.     

Women's exposure to early and later life socioeconomic disadvantage and coronary heart disease risk: the Stockholm Female Coronary Risk Study

BACKGROUND: Measures of low socioeconomic position have been associated with increased risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) among women. A more complete understanding of this association is gained when socioeconomic position is conceptualized from a life course perspective where socioeconomic position is measured both in early and later life. We examined various life course socioeconomic indicators in relation to CHD risk among women. METHODS: The Stockholm Female Coronary Risk Study is a population-based case-control study, in which 292 women with CHD aged < or =65 years and 292 age-matched controls were investigated using a wide range of socioeconomic, behavioural, psychosocial and physiological risk factors. Socioeconomic disadvantage in early life (large family size in childhood, being born last, low education), and in later life (housewife or blue-collar occupation at labour force entry, blue-collar occupation at examination, economic hardships prior to examination) was assessed. RESULTS: Exposure to early (OR = 2.65, 95% CI : 1.12-6.54) or later (OR = 5.38, 95% CI : 2.01-11.43) life socioeconomic disadvantage was associated with increased CHD risk as compared to not being exposed. After simultaneous adjustment for marital status and traditional CHD risk factors, early and later socioeconomic disadvantage, exposure to three instances of socioeconomic disadvantage in early life was associated with an increased CHD risk of 2.48 (95% CI : 0.90-6.83) as compared to not being exposed to any disadvantage. The corresponding adjusted risk associated with exposure to later life disadvantage was 3.22 (95% CI : 1.02-10.53). Further analyses did not show statistical evidence of interaction effects between early and later life exposures (P = 0.12), although being exposed to both resulted in a 4.2-fold (95% CI : 1.4-12.1) increased CHD risk. Exposure to cumulative socioeconomic disadvantage (combining both early and later life), across all stages in the life course showed strong, graded associations with CHD risk after adjusting for traditional CHD risk factors. Stratification of cumulative disadvantage by body height showed that exposure to more than three periods of cumulative socioeconomic disadvantage had a 1.7- (95% CI : 0.9-3.2) and 1.9- (95% CI : 1.0-7.7) fold increased CHD risk for taller and shorter women, respectively. The combination of both short stature and more than two periods of cumulative socioeconomic disadvantage resulted in a 4.4-fold (95% CI : 1.7-9.3) increased CHD risk. CONCLUSIONS: Both early and later exposure to socioeconomic disadvantage were associated with increased CHD risk in women. Later life exposure seems to be more harmful for women's cardiovascular health than early life exposure to socioeconomic disadvantage. However, being exposed to socioeconomic disadvantage in both early and later life magnified the risk for CHD in women. Cumulative exposure to socioeconomic disadvantage resulted in greater likelihood of CHD risk, even among women who were above median height. In terms of better understanding health inequalities among women, measures of socioeconomic disadvantage over the life course are both conceptually and empirically superior to using socioeconomic indicators from one point in time.     

Association of transposition of the great arteries in infants with maternal exposures to herbicides and rodenticides

The Baltimore-Washington Infant Study, a case-control study of congenital heart defects in liveborn infants conducted in 1981--1989, interviewed parents about a wide range of environmental exposures that occurred during and before the pregnancy. In the period 1987--1989, the questionnaire was expanded to include a detailed inquiry about exposures to pesticides. An analysis of these latter data revealed an association of maternal exposure to any pesticides during the first trimester with transposition of the great arteries in their infants (TGA; n = 66 infants), relative to 771 control infants, with an odds ratio of 2.0 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2, 3.3). No other heart defects were associated with pesticides. When analyzed by type of pesticide and adjusted for covariates, there were associations of TGA with maternal exposures to herbicides (odds ratio (OR) = 2.8; 95% CI: 1.3, 7.2) and to rodenticidal chemicals (OR = 4.7; 95% CI: 1.4, 12.1) but not to insecticides (OR = 1.5; 95% CI: 0.9, 2.6). No data were collected on specific chemicals or brand names. These results raise new questions about the possible epidemiologic association of TGA with some classes of pesticides and warrant new, carefully targeted investigations.