何首乌治疗血管性痴呆的疗效观察

目的 探讨何首乌对血管性痴呆（VD）患者的治疗作用。方法 对40例轻中度VD患者，简易智能量表（MMSE）评分在10－24分之间，进行为期12周的何首乌治疗自身对照研究。疗效评价采用MMSE，日常生活能力量表9ADL），Blessed-Roth痴呆量表，临床疗效总评量表（CGI）。在入组时及治疗结束后评定。结果 MMSE，ADL，Blessed-Roth和SI评分均有显著性改善（P＜0．05）；GI和EI评分均大于1。何首乌对生命体征及实验室指标无影响，未见不良反应。结论 何首乌可改善VD患者的认知功能，情感，人格及日常生活自理能力，安全性好。     

盐酸多奈哌齐与尼莫地平治疗血管性痴呆的疗效比较

目的:对比观察盐酸多奈哌齐与尼莫地平治疗血管性痴呆(VD)的疗效。方法:选择2007年1月～2009年1月的82例VD患者,将其随机分为盐酸多奈哌齐组与尼莫地平组,每组41例,对比观察2组的临床疗效及对认知能力、痴呆程度和日常生活能力的影响。结果:盐酸多奈哌齐组治疗的显效率、总有效率均明显高于尼莫地平组(P<0.05);盐酸多奈哌齐组治疗后4周、12周简易精神状态量表(MMSE)评分、临床痴呆量表(CDR)评分及日常生活活动能力量表(ADL)评分均较治疗前明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。尼莫地平组治疗后4周、12周MMSE评分与治疗前比较,差异有统计学意义(P>0.05);CDR评分仅在治疗后12周明显下降(P<0.05),治疗后4周CDR评分与治疗前比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);ADL评分治疗后4周、12周与治疗前比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。盐酸多奈哌齐组治疗后4周、12周MMSE评分、CDR评分和ADL评分均优于同期尼莫地平组,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:在治疗VD方面,盐酸多奈哌齐治疗VD优于尼莫地平,并且较尼莫地平更能改善患者的认知功能、痴呆程度和日常生活活动能力。     

奥拉西坦治疗腔隙性脑梗死合并认知功能障碍疗效观察

目的：观察奥拉西坦胶囊对腔隙性脑梗死（LI）合并血管性认知功能障碍（血管性痴呆,VD）患者疗效观察,旨在探讨奥拉西坦对 LI 合并 VD 患者的临床作用。方法LI 合并 VD 患者124例随机分成治疗组和对照组,每组62例,治疗组服用奥拉西坦胶囊,对照组服用尼莫地平,2组疗程均为3个月;观察其简易智能精神状态检查量表（MMSE）评分、日常生活能力评定量表（ADL）评分及蒙特利尔认知评估量表（MoCA）总分、各亚项得分的改变。结果治疗3个月后,2组治疗前后 MMSE、ADL 及 MoCA 总分、各亚项均有改善（P ＜0．05）,但治疗组 MMSE 评分、ADL 评分、MoCA 总分、各亚项得分较对照组明显好转（P ＜0．05）。结论奥拉西坦胶囊可改善 LI 合并 VD 患者的认知功能,副作用小,具有一定的临床指导意义。     

盐酸多奈哌齐治疗老年痴呆的疗效观察

目的观察盐酸多奈哌齐治疗不同类型痴呆的疗效。方法将78例痴呆患者予盐酸多奈哌齐5mg.d^-1,4周后加至10mg.d^-1,8周为1疗程。在治疗前及治疗8周后分别测定简易智能精神状态量表（MMSE）及日常生活活动能力量表（ADL）。结果治疗后：老年性痴呆（AD）患者MMSE明显提高（P〈0.05）,ADL明显改善（P〈0.05）;血管性痴呆（VD）患者MMSE及ADL均无改善（P〉0.05）;混合性痴呆患者MMSE有所改善（P〈0.05）,但ADL无明显改善（P〉0.05）。结论盐酸多奈哌齐能改善老年性痴呆和部分混合性痴呆患者的认知功能,而对血管性痴呆患者无效。     

尼莫地平联合多奈哌齐治疗血管性痴呆临床观察

目的：探讨尼莫地平联合多奈哌齐治疗血管性痴呆（VD）的临床效果。方法：79例VD患者随机分为2组。试验组予尼莫地平片20mg,po tid,联合多奈哌齐片5mg,po qd,疗程16周;对照组单用多奈哌齐片5mg Po qd,疗程16周。治疗前后采用日常生活能力（ADL）及精神状况（MMSE）量表评价并比较两组疗效。结果：完成试验75例。治疗后,两组ADL及MMSE评分均较治疗前有明显改善（P〈0．05）;且试验组各项评分较对照组改善更显著（P〈0．05）。试验组总有效率明显优于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论：尼莫地平联合多奈哌齐治疗血管性痴呆较单用多奈哌齐更有效,能改善轻中度VD患者的ADL及MMSE评分。     

阿托伐他汀治疗血管性痴呆患者认知功能的疗效观察

目的探讨阿托伐他汀对血管性痴呆患者认知功能的临床疗效及安全性。方法将89例血管性痴呆患者随机分为阿托伐他汀组(45例)和对照组(44例)。两组均接受常规药物治疗,治疗组同时加用阿托伐他汀治疗。治疗前、治疗后12周和24周时采用简易智能状态量表(MMSE)和日常生活能力量表(ADL)评价临床疗效。结果治疗组1例失访,对照组3例失访。治疗后12周时阿托伐他汀组MMSE和ADL评分虽有改善,但与对照组比较无显著性差异;治疗后24周时阿托伐他汀组MMSE和ADL评分显著优于对照组(P<0·01)。结论阿托伐他汀治疗血管性痴呆安全性好,能明显改善患者的认知功能,提高生活质量。     

血管性痴呆康复护理的效果观察

目的探讨康复护理干预用于血管性痴呆患者的临床效果。方法选取我院近年来收治血管性痴呆患者160例,采用随机抽样方法分为对照组(80例)和康复护理干预组(80例),分别给予常规护理干预和康复护理干预;比较两组患者治疗前后临床痴呆量表(CDR)、韦氏记忆量表(WMS-RC)、Blessed痴呆量表(IMCT)、社会功能活动调查表(FAQ)及日常生活能力量表(ADL)等评分。结果对照组和康复护理干预组患者治疗后认知能力(CDR、WMS-RC及IMCT)和生活自理能力(FAQ、ADL)评分较治疗前均显著改善,且康复护理干预组患者治疗后改善程度均优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论康复护理干预用于血管性痴呆患者可显著改善认知功能,提高日常生活自理能力。     

银杏叶联合胞磷胆碱治疗血管性痴呆疗效观察

目的:观察银杏叶加胞磷胆碱治疗血管性痴呆(Vascular dementia,VD)的疗效.方法:采用病例对照研究,将筛选出的VD患者76例随机分为观察组和对照组各38例,治疗组在常规治疗的基础上给予银杏叶联合胞磷胆碱治疗,对照组在常规治疗的基础上给予胞磷胆碱治疗,全部患者在用药前、后4周,采用简明精神状态检查量表(MMSE)和日常生活能力(ADL)量表(Barthel指数记分法)评价疗效.结果:两组治疗后MMSE和ADL评分均显著增加,尤以治疗组更显著(P＜0.05).结论:银杏叶联合胞磷胆碱可有效改善血管性痴呆患者的认知及社会功能,能延缓痴呆的发展.     

奥拉西坦联合尼莫地平治疗血管性痴呆的临床疗效分析

目的探讨奥拉西坦联合尼莫地平治疗血管性痴呆的临床疗效。方法将本院收治的196例患者随机分为单一尼莫地平治疗组(对照组,n=98)和奥拉西坦联合尼莫地平治疗组(观察组,n=98)采用日常生活能力量表(ADL)和简易智力状态量表(MMSE)评价2组患者的临床疗效。结果治疗前,对照组及观察组的ADL评分、MMSE评分相比,差异无统计学意义,均有P>0.05。治疗后,对照组及观察组的ADL评分、MMSE评分均显著提高,且观察组提高得更明显,均有P<0.05。结论采用奥拉西坦联合尼莫地平治疗血管性痴呆患者,能有效改善患者的日常生活能力和认知功能,具有十分重要的意义。     

补肾填精、祛瘀化痰法治疗血管性痴呆的临床疗效观察

目的:观察补肾填精、祛瘀化痰法治疗血管性痴呆(Vascular dementia,VD)的临床疗效及应用价值。方法:选取某院神经内科2017年12月~2019年12月收治的70例VD患者,根据随机数字表法平均分为中医组和对照组各35例,对照组给予常规药物治疗,中医组在对照组基础上给予自拟补肾祛瘀化痰中药疗法,均治疗4周。评估两组治疗疗效,并记录治疗前后各项临床指标的变化,如长谷川痴呆量表(HDS)评分、简易精神状态量表(MMSE)评分、日常生活能力量表(ADL)评分及不良反应发生情况。结果:中医组总有效率(91.43%)高于对照组(71.43%),差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗前两组HDS评分、MMSE评分及ADL评分比较无明显差异(P>0.05),治疗后各项指标均明显改善(P<0.05),且中医组优于对照组(P<0.05);治疗期间两组均出现恶心呕吐、头晕乏力、呼吸困难等不良反应,但两组不良反应发生率比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:补肾填精、祛瘀化痰中医法治疗VD患者效果显著,能显著改善临床病症及精神状态,提高生活质量,有助于康复。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.