乳头瘤病毒16型E6,P53,RB,PCNA在宫颈癌中的表达状态及相关性

应用核酸原位杂交和免疫组织化学技术，检测人子宫颈癌中人乳头瘤病毒（ＨＰＶ）１６型Ｅ６ＯＲＦ与抑癌基因产物Ｐ５３，ＲＢ和增殖细胞核抗原（ＰＣＮＡ）。在４４例宫颈癌石蜡切片中，原位杂交检测出ＨＰＶ１６Ｅ６ＯＲＦ阳性２７例（６１．３６％），其中免疫组化检测出Ｐ５３、ＲＢ、ＰＣＮＡ阳性分别为８例（２９．６３％），１４例（５２．８５％）、２０例（７４．０７％），而在１７例ＨＰＶ１６Ｅ６阴性标本中Ｐ５３、ＲＢ、ＰＣＮＡ阳性分别为７例（４１．１７％），９例（５２．９４％）、１２例（７０．５８％）。而在５例正常宫颈组织中未测出ＨＰＶ１６Ｅ６ＯＲＦ，ＰＣＮＡ只在宫颈组织上皮基底层细胞中表达。统计学分析表明，ＨＰＶ１６Ｅ６与宫颈癌密切相关（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＰＣＮＡ在宫颈癌与正常宫颈组织中有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）。未能发现宫颈癌组织中ＨＰＶ１６Ｅ６ＯＲＦ与Ｐ５３蛋白相关性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。     

宫颈癌组织中HPV16,18E6蛋白表达的观察

目的观察ＨＰＶ１６、１８早期蛋白Ｅ６在人宫颈鳞状细胞癌中的表达并评价Ｅ６单抗的应用价值。方法采用ＳＰ免疫组化染色法,检测４０例宫颈鳞状细胞癌,３０例慢性宫颈炎及３０例正常宫颈组织中ＨＰＶ１６、１８Ｅ６蛋白的表达。结果癌组中Ｅ６的阳性率为６７．５％（２７／４０）,慢性宫颈炎中为３．３％（１／３０）,正常宫颈组织中均为阴性,良、恶组ＨＰＶ１６、１８Ｅ６的阳性率差异有显著意义（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论ＨＰＶ１６、１８感染与本地区宫颈癌病因学密切相关,Ｅ６单抗可作为预测ＨＰＶ１６、１８感染及宫颈癌早期诊断的标记之一。     

聚合酶链反应酶谱分型检测宫颈癌中人乳头瘤病毒 …

目的 探讨人乳头瘤病毒（ＨＰＶ）和单纯疱疹病毒（ＨＳＶ）等对宫颈癌的病因学作用。方法 应用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）－核酸内切酶分型检测宫颈癌活检组织中ＨＰＶ－ＤＮＡ和ＨＳＶ－ＤＮＡ基因,以正常宫颈组织作对照。结果 在宫颈癌活检细胞中ＨＰＶ－１６,１８型和ＨＳＶ－２型阳性率分别为３８．９％和３４．６％,与正常妇女宫颈组织阳性率均为３．２％比较,差异均有非常显著意义（Ｐ〈０．００１）。结论 ＨＰＶ－１６     

多重聚合酶链反应在人乳头瘤病毒检测和分型中的应用

采用多重聚合酶反庆技术，在一个反应中同时加入３对人乳头瘤病毒型特异性引物，１次可完成３个型别ＨＰＶＤＮＡ扩增。其结果显示，在有ＨＰＶ感染的样品中，ＨＰＶ１６占７２．７％，ＨＰＶ１８占１６．４％，其他型占１０．９％，从正常宫颈上皮细胞到宫颈癌变细胞，ＨＰＶ１６ＤＮＡ检出率随病变程度的加重而增加（８．８％－２２．２％－６０．％），反了宫颈癌与ＨＰＶ１６感染关系密切；在正常宫颈和良性病变宫颈上皮细胞中未     

p53蛋白在宫颈鳞状上皮内病变与宫颈癌中的过度表达及其与H…

目的 探讨宫颈鳞状上皮内病变（ＳＩＬ）和宫颈癌中抑癌基因ｐ５３基因表达水平以及与ＨＰＶ的关系。方法 用免疫组化和ＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰ方法，对２６８例宫颈石蜡包埋组织（２９例慢性宫颈炎、６８例ＳＩＬ、１７１例宫颈癌）进行了ｐ５３蛋白水平及多型ＨＰＶ检测。结果 宫颈癌ｐ５３蛋白的过度表达率及强阳性过度表达率高于ＬＳＩＬ，ＨＰＶ１８阳性的ＳＩＬ及宫颈癌ｐ５３蛋白的过度表达率高于ＨＰＶ１６阳性和ＨＰＶ阴性者。     

斑点分子杂交检测HPV感染与宫颈癌的关系

采用ＤＮＡ－ＤＮＡ分子杂交技术，对经病理组织学确诊的慢性宫颈炎，宫颈癌和正常宫颈的宫颈活检组织中ＨＰＶ６，ＨＰＶ１１，ＨＰＶ１６，ＨＰＶ１８型ＤＮＡ进行同源序列检测，结果表明ＨＰＶ６，ＨＰＶ１１，ＨＰＶ１６，ＨＰＶ１８型ＤＮＡ的检出率在正常宫颈均为０；在慢性宫颈炎分别为１６．０９％，１２．６４％，１１．４９％，３．４５％；在宫颈癌组分别为３．９６％，１．９８％，４６．５３％，７．９２％。在宫颈癌组     

中国妇女宫颈癌组织中人乳头瘤病毒感染及其地理分布…

应用核酸印迹技术（Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ）对我国十四省市自治区的１４５５例来源宫颈癌，宫颈不典型增生，宫颈湿疣和正常宫颈组织，进行人乳头瘤病毒（ＨＰＶ）感染的型别检测，并分析了其型别地理分布特点，结果发现，８１５例宫颈癌组织ＨＰＶ总检出率５３．５％，其中ＨＰＶ１６和５８型检出率最高，分别是３１．９％和７．６％，ＨＰＶ６／１１和１８型的检出率为２．３％和１．０％，而在１９５例宫颈上皮不典型增生中，     

我国人乳头瘤病毒58例感染与宫颈癌的关系

人乳头瘤病毒中，第５８型是很重要的高度致瘤性病毒之一。采用Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ印迹技术对我国１４省区１２１６例宫颈癌及癌前病变组织进行人乳头状瘤病毒５８例检测。结果：（１）各类宫颈组织中，宫颈癌组ＨＰＶ５８型检出率最高；（２）南方地区宫颈癌组织中ＨＰＶ５８型检出率高于北方地区，表现出明显的地区差异。（３）ＨＰＶ１６型、１８型检出率相比较，在宫颈癌组织中ＨＰＶ５８型检出率低于ＨＰＶ１６型，但明显高于ＨＰ     

中国地方株人乳头瘤病毒16型E7基因一级结构及其变异

从湖北地区一宫颈癌活检组织中提取ＤＮＡ，采取加端聚合链反应（Ａｄｄ－ｏｎ ＰＣＲ）技术，获得了人乳头瘤病毒１６型E７基因（ＨＰＶＩ６Ｅ７）。将该基因克隆于载体ｐＵＣ１８后，进行了该基因一级结构顺序分析。完整的ＨＰＶ１６Ｅ７湖北株基因（ＨＰＶ１６Ｅ７－ＨＢ）全长２９４ｂｐ，与已发表的德国株（ＧＳ）大小一致，但其核苷酸顺序中有２处发生了变异，均为Ｃ→Ｔ变异。第４３位ＣＡＡ→ＴＡＡ使相应的谷氨酰胺密码子变为终止密码，形成无义突变（Ｎｏｎｓｅｎｓｅｍｕｔａｔｉｏｎ）。将重组质粒中０．３ｋｂ的ＨＰＶ１６Ｅ７基因在表达载体ＰＷＲ５９０－１中进行克隆，经诱导使重组表达质粒在大肠杆菌中高效表达，得到了预计的、分子量约为６９×１０~３的融合蛋白。该蛋白的表达量占菌体总蛋白量的３０％左右。该试验表明ＨＰＶ１６Ｅ７一级结构以及所编码的蛋白多肽在不同的国家和／或不同的地区可能存在着差异。本文首次报道了中国地方株ＨＰＶ１６Ｅ７基因的一级结构。     

p53蛋白在宫颈鳞状上皮内病变与宫颈癌中的过度表达及其与HPV的关系

目的探讨宫颈鳞状上皮内病变（ＳＩＬ）和宫颈癌中抑癌基因ｐ５３蛋白表达水平以及与ＨＰＶ的关系。方法用免疫组化和ＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰ方法，对２６８例宫颈石蜡包埋组织（２９例慢性宫颈炎、６８例ＳＩＬ、１７１例宫颈癌）进行了ｐ５３蛋白水平及多型ＨＰＶ检测。结果宫颈癌ｐ５３蛋白的过度表达率及强阳性过度表达率高于ＬＳＩＬ和ＨＳＩＬ，ＨＰＶ１８阳性的ＳＩＬ及宫颈癌ｐ５３蛋白的过度表达率高于ＨＰＶ１６阳性和ＨＰＶ阴性者。结论抑癌基因ｐ５３蛋白过度表达率与宫颈癌的发生发展有关，与ＨＰＶ１８的内在联系尚有待于进一步研究。     

西多福韦对人宫颈癌细胞CaSki内人乳头瘤病毒16抑制作用研究

目的从抗病毒角度探讨西多福韦对宫颈癌细胞 CaSki内人乳头瘤病毒16（HPV16）的抑制作用及对细胞周期的影响。方法用 MTT法检测西多福韦对细胞的毒性;用实时定量 PCR法检测其对病毒 E6、E7 mRNA水平的影响;用 Western blot方法检测其对病毒蛋白 E6、E7和细胞抑癌蛋白 p53、pRb表达水平的影响;用流式细胞法检测其对宫颈癌细胞周期的影响。结果西多福韦对宫颈癌细胞毒性较正常细胞大。可使HPV16阳性宫颈癌细胞 CaSki内 E6、E7 mRNA和蛋白水平降低,最大抑制率分别为（33.38±8.00）%、（28.32±2.73）%和98.92%、97.46%;可以使 p53、pRb蛋白水平升高,最大浓度时可以上调12.06和3.53倍;对 HPV16阴性宫颈癌细胞 C-33A p53蛋白表达无影响,但可提高 pRb蛋白水平;可导致 CaSki和 C-33A细胞发生 S期阻滞,最高浓度组细胞相对对照组 S期分别增加22.83%和67.64%。结论西多福韦可以在对细胞无毒的浓度下,抑制宫颈癌细胞内的 HPV16,诱导宫颈癌细胞发生 S期阻滞。     

人乳头瘤病毒16型转换基因的序列分析

为了解中国地区宫颈癌病人中人乳头瘤病毒１６型Ｅ６Ｅ７基因结构特点,从中国山东地区宫颈癌活检组织中提取组织ＤＮＡ,经ＨＰＶ多重引物ＰＣＲ法鉴定标本中感染ＨＰＶ型别,选单纯感染ＨＰＶ１６两例标本ＤＮＡ为模板进行ＰＣＲ扩增,获得ＨＰＶ１６Ｅ６Ｅ７基因后,重组入ｐＡＬＴＥＲ－１载体,进行双向测序、分析。ＤＮＡ序列分析表明：两例标本的ＨＰＶ１６Ｅ６Ｅ７序列全长均为７７６ｂｐ,与已发表的德国标准株长度相等,两     

Use of multiple displacement amplification in the investigation of human papillomavirus physical status

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The investigation of human papillomavirus (HPV) physical status in pre-invasive cervical lesions has been restricted by the small amounts of tissue available for study. Multiple displacement amplification (MDA), a phi29 DNA polymerase based whole genome amplification technique, has the potential to help resolve this problem by yielding large amounts of high molecular weight DNA from tiny starting quantities. METHODS: Firstly, a comparison was made of restriction endonuclease fragment patterns of DNA from seven different HPV types and corresponding MDA products. Secondly, E6/E7 and LCR sequencing data from HPV16 recombinant plasmid and MDA copy DNA were correlated. Thirdly, DNA and MDA products from cervical cell lines (CaSki, HeLa, and SiHa that contain integrated HPV) and an invasive cervical carcinoma were analysed by Southern blot hybridisation. Fourthly, MDA product from CaSki cell DNA mixed with HPV18-plasmid DNA was tested for the demonstration of both episomal and integrated HPV. Finally, MDA products from HPV16 positive abnormal cervical cytological samples were assayed for integration by Southern blot hybridisation. RESULTS: DNA templates and MDA products yielded analogous data. Episomal and integrated HPV DNA were successfully detected by Southern blot assay of the cell line/HPV-plasmid model, and in MDA products of clinical samples. CONCLUSIONS: These data show that MDA has considerable potential to assist in the investigation of HPV physical status; abundant (>40 microg) DNA can be generated with high fidelity from minuscule (50 ng) starting quantities, and both episomal and integrated HPV DNA are distinguishable in MDA products from solid tumours and cytological materials.     

Sequence analysis of human papillomavirus type 16 E6E7 gene from cervical carcinoma biopsies of Chinese patients in Shandong province

INTRODUCTION　　Humanpapillomavirustype16(HPV16)hasastrongassociationwithcervicalcarcinoma,Itrepresentsabout50%ofcervicalcancer-associatedHPVinfectionsworldwide.TheexpressionofitsearlyproteinsE6andE7contributestothetrans-formationprocessinvitro.Continuned…     

Novel oligomannose liposome-DNA complex DNA vaccination efficiently evokes anti-HPV E6 and E7 CTL responses

The aim of this study was to establish an efficient human papilloma virus (HPV) type 16-targeting cancer immunotherapy. Persistent high-risk HPV infection causes cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN) and subsequent cervical carcinoma. HPV type16 (HPV16) is one of the common carcinogenic types and is found in about 50% of invasive cervical carcinomas. HPV16-derived viral proteins E6 and E7 are expressed in cancerous cells through the progression of the disease and have a role in carcinogenesis but are not expressed in normal cells. Thus, these proteins are regarded as ideal antigens for cervical carcinoma immunotherapy. In this study, we generated a novel HPV 16 E6 and E7 gene plasmid containing oligomannose liposomes (OML-HPV). We compared the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) induction efficiency of OML-HPV and that of standard liposome-HPV16 E6 and E7 DNA complex. HPV16 E6-specific CTLs could be generated from HPV 16-positive cervical carcinoma patient's peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by stimulating OML-HPV, but could not by stimulating standard liposome-HPV 16 E6, E7 DNA complex. Furthermore, we screened HLA-A24-restricted HPV16 E6- and E7-derived peptides, and found that one E6-derived peptide (E6 66-74) showed the highest immunogenicity with ELISPOT assay from 100% of HPV16-positive patients (4 out of 4). On the other hand, other E6- or E7-derived peptides, including E6 49-57, E6 82-90, E6 87-95, E6 98-106 and E7 83-93, showed less frequent reactivity. These results indicate that OML-HPV is a more effective approach than DNA vaccination using standard liposomes, and that a novel HLA-A24-restricted peptide, E6 66-74, might be a suitable target of cervical cancer immunotherapy.     

P16 overexpression and human papillomavirus infection in small cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix

Carcinogenesis of cervical cancer has been investigated, and p16(INK4a) overexpression in squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix has been reported as a result of infection by human papillomavirus (HPV) (eg, HPV 16), and the consequence of the retinoblastoma (Rb) protein inactivation by HPV E7 protein. However, to our knowledge, there have been no studies on the relation between p16(INK4a) overexpression associated with HPV and small cell carcinoma of the cervix, which behaves more aggressively clinically than squamous cell carcinoma. The purpose of this study was to determine whether p16(INK4a) is overexpressed in small cell carcinoma, and if p16(INK4a) is overexpressed, the types of HPV that are related to this cancer. We reviewed 10 cases of small cell carcinoma and examined them for p16(INK4a) overexpression by immunohistochemistry. We also performed HPV typing with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-sequencing analysis and in situ hybridization and found that p16(INK4a) was overexpressed in every case. PCR-sequencing analyses revealed that all cases were HPV-positive and that 9 cases were positive for HPV 18. Five of the 9 cases positive for HPV 18 were also positive by in situ hybridization and yielded a punctate signal, considered to represent the integrated form. In conclusion, p16(INK4a) was overexpressed and HPV 18 was frequently detected in an integrated form in small cell carcinoma. Therefore, inactivation of Rb protein by HPV 18 E7 protein may be associated with carcinogenesis of small cell carcinoma the same as inactivation of Rb protein by HPV 16 E7 protein is associated with carcinogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma.     

Integration of human papillomavirus type 16 into cellular DNA of cervical carcinoma: preferential deletion of the E2 gene and invariable retention of the long control region and the E6/E7 open reading frames

The integration patterns of human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 in the cellular DNA of six cervical carcinoma samples were analyzed by the Southern blot procedure. None of the HPV integrants retained the entire viral genome. Double HPV integration was found in one case while all other cases were single integrants. In some samples, internal deletion and selective amplification of the viral sequences were observed. On integration, the E2 open reading frame (ORF) was invariably lost but the E6/E7 ORFs and the long control region of the HPV-16 genome were retained in all seven integrations analyzed and may play a role in cellular transformation and/or maintenance of the transformed phenotype.     

p16/CDKN2 alterations and pRb expression in oesophageal squamous carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Upregulation of the cell cycle associated genes, p16/CDKN2 and the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene (Rb), is commonly seen during the proliferation of normal cells. An inverse relation between the expression of p16/CDKN2 and Rb has been noted in many tumours, but has not yet been determined in oesophageal squamous carcinoma. AIMS: To investigate p16/CDKN2 genetic alterations and both the p16/CDKN2 and the Rb protein (pRb) immunophenotypes in oesophageal squamous carcinoma. METHODS: Twenty primary oesophageal squamous carcinomas were examined for mutations in p16/CDKN2 by the polymerase chain reaction, single stranded conformational polymorphism, and DNA sequencing. Synthesis of p16/CDKN2 and pRb proteins was determined by immunohistochemistry in 19 specimens of formalin fixed, paraffin wax embedded tissues. RESULTS: Mutations of p16/CDKN2 were not detected in exons 1 and 2. In only one case, G to C and C to T base changes were detected in a non-coding region of exon 3. Expression of p16/CDKN2 and Rb was observed in both normal and neoplastic areas of tissue sections, indicating neither consistent homozygous deletion nor consistent hypermethylation of the genes in tumours. Fourteen tumours showed an inverse expression of p16/CDKN2 and Rb. An increased percentage of cells that immunostained positively for p16/CDKN2 but not for pRb was observed in eight tumours, five of which had no detectable pRb, suggesting defective Rb expression in these oesophageal squamous carcinomas. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that p16/CDKN2 mutations occur infrequently in oesophageal squamous carcinoma. The alteration of the Rb gene is suggested as an important step in the development of these tumours.     

Independent association of antibodies against human papillomavirus type 16 E1/E4 and E7 proteins with cervical cancer.

The E4 open reading frame (ORF) of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) is transcribed in abundant mRNAs encoding an E1/E4 fusion gene during the productive infection, and the HPV 16 E7 ORF encodes an oncoprotein detectable in the cell lines derived from cervical carcinoma. We examined 421 human sera, which included 108 samples from the patients with cervical carcinoma, for the presence of IgG antibodies against the HPV 16 E4 and E7 proteins by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Bacterially expressed fusion protein lac-E1/E4 and nonfusion protein E7 were purified and used as antigens. All of the 22 serum samples positive for anti-E7 antibody and the 11 out of 15 samples positive for anti-E1/E4 antibody were from the patients with cervical carcinoma, but only one sample was found to contain both anti-E1/E4 and anti-E7 antibodies. These findings show specific and independent association of these antibodies with cervical carcinoma.     

Overexpression of p16 and p14ARF is associated with human papillomavirus infection in cervical squamous cell carcinoma and dysplasia

The CDKN2 gene encodes two structurally different proteins: a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p16, which regulates retinoblastoma protein (pRb)-dependent G1 arrest, and a cell cycle inhibitor, p14ARF, which blocks MDM2-induced p53 degradation resulting in an increase in p53 levels that leads to cell cycle arrest. Recent studies have revealed that expression of p16 and p14ARF is influenced markedly by the status of pRb and p53, and p16 overexpression has been demonstrated in cervical neoplasia because of functional inactivation of pRb by the human papillomavirus (HPV) E7 protein. To clarify the p14ARF status and the relationship between p16/p14ARF and other cell cycle molecules in cervical carcinogenesis, immunohistochemical analysis of p16, p14ARF, p53 and MDM2 was performed on 65 samples of cervical and genital condylomatous and neoplastic lesions, including nine HPV-negative tumors. In most cervical cancers and preneoplastic lesions with HPV infection of high and intermediate risk, a marked overexpression of p14ARF as well as the p16 protein (i.e. dotted nuclear immunostaining) was observed. All condyloma acuminata except one and low-grade dysplasia with HPV infection of low risk, such as HPV 6, immunohistochemically showed completely negative staining for p14ARF, also seen in non-neoplastic and mesenchymal cells. Our results clearly show that the mode of p14ARF overexpression in cervical neoplastic cells with HPV association differs from that in cancers of other organs without HPV association, and the p14ARF overexpression may be attributable to a negative feedback result in the functional inactivation of the pRb and p53 proteins by HPV oncoproteins.