股骨重建钉治疗股骨粗隆周围骨折

目的 探讨股骨重建钉在股骨粗隆周围骨折治疗中的临床疗效.方法 对23例股骨粗隆周围骨折,采用直切口,暴露粗隆间窝,开口、扩髓,C型臂X线机透视下复位骨折后打人股骨主钉,确定好前倾角打人股骨颈拉力螺钉2枚,安装远端锁钉固定.结果 本组随访1个月～5年.无一例发生骨折不愈合和股骨头坏死,未出现髋内翻、畸形愈合,功能恢复良好...     

中老年股骨近端骨折内固定方式的选择

目的探讨中老年人股骨近端骨折不同解剖部位及骨折类型的最优内固定方式。方法 56例股骨颈骨折采用股骨近端防旋髓内钉（PFNA）内固定8例、空心钉内固定10例、动力髋螺钉（DHS）内固定10例,DHS＋空心钉内固定23例,DHS＋空心钉＋带旋髂深动脉髂骨瓣治疗5例,88例股骨粗隆间骨折采用PFNA内固定42例、Gamma钉内固定12例、股骨近端解剖钢板内固定13例、DHS＋空心钉内固定21例,38例股骨粗隆下骨折采用PFNA内固定18例、解剖钢板内固定12例、DHS内固定8例。结果 182例均获得随访6-38个月,平均24.2个月。股骨颈骨折DHS＋空心钉内固定组及股骨粗隆间、粗隆下骨折PFNA内固定组髋关节功能Harris评分优良率高于其他组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论DHS＋空心钉内固定治疗中老年股骨颈骨折具有优势,而PFNA内固定是治疗股骨粗隆间骨折及粗隆下骨折的较佳选择。     

股骨近端髓内钉（PFN）治疗股骨粗隆间骨折

目的探讨股骨近端髓内钉（PFN）在治疗股骨粗隆间骨折的临床疗效。方法应用PFN髓内钉治疗股骨粗隆间骨折53例,进行随访并评价其骨折愈合时间、关节功能、并发症等。结果所有患者随访6～24个月,骨折全部愈合,骨折临床愈合时间平均为12.7周。2例股骨颈部螺钉退出,无主钉或锁钉断裂,无肢体短缩或明显功能障碍。结论 PFN是治疗股骨粗隆间骨折的一种理想、可靠的内固定方法,其疗效满意,并发症少。     

PFN结合有限内固定治疗股骨粗隆间粉碎性骨折

目的探讨PFN（股骨近端髓内钉）结合有限内固定在治疗股骨粗隆间粉碎性骨折的临床疗效。方法应用PFN及钢丝、螺钉等有限内固定治疗股骨粗隆间粉碎性骨折25例,进行随访并评价其骨折愈合时间、关节功能、并发症等。结果所有患者随访5-23个月,骨折全部愈合,骨折临床愈合时间平均为11．7周,3例股骨颈部螺钉退出,无主钉或锁钉断裂,无肢体短缩或明显功能障碍。结论PFN结合有限内固定是治疗股骨粗隆间粉碎性骨折的一种理想、可靠的方法。     

经皮撬拨复位股骨近端防旋髓内钉内固定治疗闭合复位困难的股骨粗隆间骨折

目的 探讨经皮撬拨复位股骨近端防旋髓内钉内固定治疗闭合复位困难股骨粗隆间骨折的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析自2016-04-2018-11采用闭合复位股骨近端防旋髓内钉内固定治疗的32例股骨粗隆间骨折,骨折近端内翻畸形且向后陷入股骨髓腔内,股骨颈前侧骨皮质和远端股骨紧密嵌插,股骨干内侧皮质位于股骨颈内侧骨皮质的内侧,常规...     

PFN治疗股骨粗隆间骨折46例分析

目的评价应用AO股骨近端髓内钉(Proximal femoral nail,PFN)治疗股骨粗隆间骨折的临床疗效。方法2003年2月至2008年8月,采用AO股骨近端髓内钉闭合复位内固定治疗46例股骨粗隆间骨折患者,评价其骨折愈合情况和并发症及优点。结果44例获随访患者经6～24个月(平均13.5个月)随访,所有患者均获得骨性愈合。术后骨折延迟愈合伴防旋髋螺钉切出1例、髋内翻1例、股骨颈螺钉松出2例。根据Harris髋关节评分,优良率达93.2%。结论PFN闭合复位内固定治疗股骨粗隆间骨折,具有手术创伤小、固定可靠、应力分布分散、适合早期功能锻炼、愈合效果好等优点,是股骨粗隆间骨折较理想的内固定物。     

股骨近端髓内钉固定治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折

目的对应用股骨近端髓内钉（proximal femoral nails，PFN）内固定治疗老年性股骨粗隆间骨折的疗效进行分析。方法对我院自2002年3月至2005年2月收治的78例老年性股骨粗隆间骨折，均采用闭合牵引复位，PFN内固定治疗的疗效进行分析。结果78例经5～24个月随访，平均12个月，所有患者全部获得骨性愈合，股骨颈螺钉退出1例，根据股骨粗隆间骨折疗效判定标准，优良率达93．6％。结论PFN内固定治疗老年性股骨粗隆间骨折是一种手术创伤小、操作简单、固定可靠、疗效满意的治疗方法。     

老年股骨粗隆间骨折股骨近端双拉力螺钉髓内钉的内固定治疗

[目的]探讨老年股骨粗隆间骨折患者股骨近端髓内钉内固定的手术方法及疗效。[方法]采用国产股骨近端双拉力螺钉髓内钉内固定治疗。[结果]73例病人随访时间18～48个月,平均26个月。骨折全部愈合,无明显髋内翻及下肢短缩畸形,无感染,无断钉。患肢关节功能良好。[结论]股骨近端双拉力螺钉髓内钉具有手术操作简单、手术时间短、固定可靠、损伤小、出血少、骨折愈合率高等优点,对老年股骨粗隆间骨折患者的治疗是一种较好的、值得临床推广的手术方法。     

国产重建钉治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折

目的探讨国产重建钉治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折的临床效果和并发症。方法自2001年3月~2005年5月,采用重建钉治疗46例老年股骨粗隆间骨折患者,平均随访12个月,观察疗效。结果2例术中复位不良,本组无术中股骨近段骨折发生,随访9~30个月后,无远端锁钉处骨折发生。6例发生髋内翻,其中4例近端拉力螺钉切割股骨头,1例近端拉力螺钉退出,1例为术中复位不良者;余40例骨折愈合良好,髋关节活动良好。近端拉力螺钉退出2例,1例不合并髋内翻。结论国产重建钉治疗老年股骨粗隆间骨折,术中并发症少见,更易完成手术,但远期髋内翻发生率高,不能令人满意。     

老年骨质疏松患者股骨粗隆间骨折治疗的研究

目的 比较不同方法治疗老年骨质疏松患者股骨粗隆间骨折的结果.方法 从1990年至2006年我院收治老年骨质疏松股骨粗隆间骨折患者49例,分别采用保守治疗、外固定架及多种内固定器材手术治疗并比较疗效.结果 术后平均随访3年,并发症最少的是采用重建交锁髓内钉内固定治疗.结论 股骨重建交锁髓内钉是目前治疗股骨粗隆间骨折的一种较好的方法.在实际操作中常发生导针或防旋钉将主钉向上推移的现象,导致拉力钉在股骨颈中位置偏上,应在定位钻孔时施加外力固定.防止主钉上移.伴有骨质疏松老年转子部骨折,普遍伴有大转子粉碎骨折,术中一定要在透视下探入主钉导针,避免形成假道,加重股骨近端及大转子的破坏程度不利于骨折愈合.另外,应注意因严重骨质疏松患者内固定螺钉在股骨头内深度不够不能有效固定的问题,拉力螺钉应在股骨颈中下1/3处深及股骨头下0.5～1.0 cm位置,拧入到钉尾靠近骨皮质时要注意,防止原地空转破坏骨孔道螺纹,降低拉力螺钉的固定力.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.