炙淫羊藿饮片稳定性初步研究

目的?考察炙淫羊藿饮片的稳定性。方法?对炙淫羊藿饮片中淫羊藿苷、宝藿苷I进行薄层色谱鉴别、水分、灰分以及酸不溶性灰分测定;以紫外分光光度法测定炙淫羊藿饮片总黄酮含量,以HPLC测定淫羊藿苷、宝藿苷I,考察炙淫羊藿饮片稳定性。结果? 室温留样和加速实验考核项目均符合要求。结论?炙淫羊藿饮片稳定性良好;高效液相色谱法测定炙淫羊藿中淫羊藿苷及宝霍苷I准确可靠,为炙淫羊藿的质量控制提供了科学依据。      

不同炮制方法对黔淫羊藿化学成分及产品质量的影响

目的观察不同炮制方法对黔淫羊藿化学成分及产品质量的影响。方法选择黔淫羊藿作为研究材料,对照品选择中国药品生物制品鉴定研究所产品,测定淫羊藿、羊脂淫羊藿、炒制淫羊藿、盐制淫羊藿及酒炙淫羊藿等不同炮制方法下总黄酮及淫羊藿苷含量的不同,比较不同炮制方式对黔淫羊藿化学成分及产品质量的影响。结果淫羊藿、羊脂淫羊藿、炒制淫羊藿、盐制淫羊藿及酒炙淫羊藿的总黄酮含量分别为8.99%、9.45%、8.86%、8.88%、10.28%,淫羊藿苷含量分别为0.75%、0.87%、0.84%、0.64%、0.95%,羊脂淫羊藿及酒炙淫羊藿效果佳,炮制后总黄酮及淫羊藿苷含量较高。结论炮制前后黔淫羊藿的活性成分发生改变,且不同炮制方法改变程度具有一定差异,羊脂淫羊藿和酒炙淫羊藿方法对淫羊藿的炮制效果佳,建议临床黔淫羊藿的炮制应以羊脂淫羊藿及酒炙淫羊藿为主,能有效提高淫羊藿活性成分及产品质量。     

炮制对巫山淫羊藿黄酮类成分的影响

目的：为巫山淫羊藿饮片质量控制指标的选择提供科学依据。方法：对贵州不同产地的巫山淫羊藿生品和油炙品饮片,采用紫外-可见分光光度法测定总黄酮含量,HPLC测定朝藿定C和淫羊藿苷含量。结果：巫山淫羊藿炮制后总黄酮含量降低,淫羊藿苷含量升高,朝藿定C含量有升有降。结论：巫山淫羊藿饮片以总黄酮、朝藿定C和淫羊藿苷等多指标进行质量评价为佳。     

淫羊藿苷元磷脂复合物的制备及其固体分散体研究

目的 制备淫羊藿苷元磷脂复合物,研究其固体分散体,提高淫羊藿苷元磷脂复合物的体外溶出度。方法 以复合率为指标,通过单因素及正交设计优化制备工艺,采用溶剂回流法制备淫羊藿苷元磷脂复合物与聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)的共沉淀物;以体外溶出度法考察不同配比PVP共聚物胶囊的药物累积溶出度。结果 淫羊藿苷元磷脂复合物的最佳制备条件：无水乙醇为溶剂,淫羊藿苷元质量浓度5 mg/mL,药物与大豆磷脂质量比1∶3,50 ℃反应1 h。所得磷脂复合物使淫羊藿苷元在水及正辛醇中的平衡溶解度提高5.9、1.6倍;淫羊藿苷元磷脂复合物与PVP(质量比为1∶1) 共沉淀物胶囊体外溶出度明显高于淫羊藿苷元磷脂复合物。结论 淫羊藿苷元磷脂复合物可改善淫羊藿苷元的溶解性能,淫羊藿苷元磷脂复合物PVP 共沉淀物可提高淫羊藿苷元磷脂复合物的体外溶出度。     

淫羊藿苷与淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ的体外抗氧化作用

的：检测淫羊藿苷和淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ的体外抗氧化活性,阐明淫羊藿黄酮类化合物的抗氧化机制。方法: 以抗坏血酸(Vc)、二丁基羟基甲苯(BHT)为阳性对照,测定淫羊藿苷、淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ和BHT对1,1-二苯基-2-苦苯肼自由基(DPPH?)的清除率;铁氰化钾还原法测定其还原力;利用NADH-NBT-PMS系统测定其对超氧阴离子(O2－?)的清除率;2-脱氧-D-核糖降解法测定淫羊藿苷和淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ对羟自由基(OH?)的清除率,硫代巴比妥酸法测定其对脂质过氧化的抑制率,β-胡萝卜素-亚油酸自氧化体系测定其总抗氧化能力。结果:不同样品对DPPH?均有一定的清除作用,淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ清除DPPH?的能力较淫羊藿苷强(P<0.05)。淫羊藿苷和淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ在浓度梯度范围内对O2－?有一定的清除作用,均表现出一定的浓度依赖性,与同浓度的BHT比较,淫羊藿苷和淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ对O2－?的清除率较低,且淫羊藿苷的清除能力略低于淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ。      淫羊藿苷和淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ在浓度为0.1～0.5 g.L^-1时对OH?清除率分别为(16.76±0.35)%~(40.56±1.46)%和(15.65±0.72)%~(28.51±0.91)%。当浓度为0.9 g.L^-1时,淫羊藿苷、Vc和淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ对脂质过氧化的抑制率为(58.79±1.56) %、(75.05±2.12)%和 (37.82±1.43)%。随着浓度的增加,抑制率不再有显著的增加。随着样品浓度的增加,淫羊藿苷、淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ和标准品Vc还原力均表现出浓度依赖性。30~120 min内淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ的抗氧化活性均低于淫羊藿苷和BHT（P<0.05或P<0.01）。淫羊藿苷和淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ在体外抗氧化的各项指标中表现出的抗氧化活性均弱于Vc和BHT。结论: 淫羊藿苷和淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ在清除DPPH?、O2－?、OH?和抑制脂质过氧化、总抗氧化能力和还原力方面,均具有明显的抗氧化能力。     

淫羊藿苷及其代谢产物脱水淫羊藿素促血管内皮细胞增殖的初步机制研究

目的研究淫羊藿苷及其代谢产物脱水淫羊藿素脐静脉血管内皮细胞的影响。方法体外培养人脐静脉血管内皮细胞,用CCK-8法检测淫羊藿苷和脱水淫羊藿素(1μM)对血管内皮细胞的增殖能力影响。Real-time PCR法检测与血管形成相关基因的表达,探讨淫羊藿苷和脱水淫羊藿素对血管形成的分子机制。结果淫羊藿苷和脱水淫羊藿素均具有轻微的促血管内皮细胞增殖的作用。Real-time PCR结果显示,淫羊藿苷可以上调血管内皮生长因子(VEGFA)、乏氧因子(HIF-1α)和金属基质蛋白酶(MMP-2)表达,下调单核细胞趋化蛋白(MCP-1)和白细胞介素(IL-8)基因表达。脱水淫羊藿素则可以上调上述所有基因表达。结论淫羊藿苷可以单独或通过其代谢产物脱水淫羊藿素上调血管形成相关基因VEGFA、HIF-1α、MMP-2、MCP-1和IL-8基因表达,进而促进血管内皮细胞增生及血管形成。     

淫羊藿属9种淫羊藿叶中朝藿定C和淫羊藿苷量的考察

淫羊藿属Epimedium L．药用植物，在我国有29种，产于川陕者14种，具有多方面的药理活性。《中国药典》作为淫羊藿药材的有5种，分别为淫羊藿、朝鲜淫羊藿、箭叶淫羊藿、巫山淫羊藿和柔毛淫羊藿，笔者在进行淫羊藿成分系统分离研究的基础上，对采集的川陕豫产9种习惯人药的淫羊藿品种，将其叶中的主要成分朝藿定C和淫羊藿苷的量进行了考察，结果表明大部分品种朝藿定C量大于淫羊藿苷。     

淫羊藿苷及衍生物药理作用研究进展

淫羊藿是祖国医学中传统的补益中药,具有补肾阳,强筋骨,祛风湿等多种功效.淫羊藿苷(ICA)是主要的活性单体成分,对各种疾病都表现出生理活性.淫羊藿素(ICT)作为淫羊藿苷的衍生物,近年来对其研究越来越多,研究发现ICA和ICT对神经系统、内分泌系统、心血管系统、免疫系统等都发挥药理作用.     

甘肃不同产地淫羊藿中总黄酮和淫羊藿苷含量测定

目的比较甘肃榆中、阿甘镇、武山、徽县4个产地淫羊藿中主要活性成分总黄酮和淫羊藿苷的含量。方法采用回流提取法提取,以紫外分光光度（UV）法测定总黄酮含量,高效液相色谱（HPLC）法比较各产地图谱,并测定淫羊藿苷的含量。结果不同产地的HPLC图谱相似,榆中淫羊藿中总黄酮的含量最高（8．07％）,徽县淫羊藿中淫羊藿苷的含量最高（1．11％）,建立的总黄酮和淫羊藿苷含量测定方法的精密度、稳定性、重复性、加样回收率均良好。结论该方法为淫羊藿药材的质量研究和商品规格提供了参考依据。     

淫羊藿苷的肠菌代谢研究Ⅰ.肠内细菌对淫羊藿苷的代谢转化

目的：在考察淫羊藿苷（ｉｃａｒｉｉｎ）于人工胃液中稳定性的基础上,研究了肠道内细菌对淫羊藿苷的代谢作用。方法：于人工胃液或肠内菌培养液中。加入淫羊藿苷温孵培养一定时间后,以薄板层析、高效液相色谱仪和电喷雾质谱仪,对培养物成分做定性分析检查。结果：淫羊藿苷在人工胃液中有较高的稳定性。离体培养人肠道内细菌可代谢淫羊藿苷,且其说要代谢产物为淫羊藿苷的苷元（ｉｃａｒｉｔｉｎ）及其苷元的异戊烯基位置异构体。在大鼠整体实验中,从粪便和尿液中均检出一主要代谢产物,并初步确定此代谢产物为宝藿苷Ⅰ（ｂａｏｌｉｕｏｓｉｄｅⅠ）。结论：在离体条件下,淫羊藿苷可被人肠内菌代谢,主要代谢产物为淫羊藿苷的苷元。大鼠灌服淫羊藿苷后,吸收人血的主要代谢物为宝藿苷Ⅰ。     

The role of central nervous system on hypoglycemia and the feasibility of the brain theory in traditional Chinese medicine on treatment of diabetes mellitus

The central nervous system （CNS） plays a key regulatory role in glucose homeostasis. In particular, the brain is important in initiating and coordinating protective counterregulatory responses when blood glucose levels fall. This may due to the metabolic dependency of the CNS on glucose, and protection of food supply to the brain. In healthy subjects, blood glucose is normally maintained within a relatively narrow range. Hypoglycemia in diabetic patients can increase the risk of complications, such as heart disease and diabetic peripheral neuropathy. The clinical research finds that the use of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has a positive effect on the treatment of hypoglycemia. Here the authors reviewed the current understanding of sensing and counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia, and discuss combining traditional Chinese and Western medicine and the theory of iatrogenic hypoglycemia in diabetes treatment. Furthermore, the authors clarify the feasibility of treating hypoglycemia on the basis of TCM theory and CNS and have an insight on its clinical practice.     

Chinese herbal medicine Xinfeng Capsule in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis： study protocol of a multicenter randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND： Rheumatoid arthritis （RA）, as a common systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease, affects approximately 1 in 100 individuals. Effective treatment for RA is not yet available because current research does not have a clear understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of RA. Xinfeng Capsule, a patent Chinese herbal medicine, has been used in the treatment of RA in recent years. Despite its reported clinical efficacy, there are no large-sample, multicenter, randomized trials that support the use of Xinfeng Capsule for RA. Therefore, we designed a randomized, double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled trial to assess the efficacy and safety of Xinfeng Capsule in the treatment of RA. METHODS AND DESIGN： This is a 12-week, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter trial on the treatment of RA. The participants will be randomly assigned to the experimental group and the control group at a ratio of 1：1. Participants in the experimental group will receive Xinfeng Capsule and a pharmaceutical placebo （imitation leflunomide）. The control group will receive leflunomide and an herbal placebo （imitation Xinfeng Capsule）. The American College of Rheumatology （ACR） Criteria for RA will be used to measure the efficacy of the Xinfeng Capsule. The primary outcome measure will be the percentage of study participants who achieve an ACR 20% response rate （ACR20）, which will be measured every 4 weeks after randomization. Secondary outcomes will include the ACR50 and ACR70 responses, the side effects of the medications, the Disease Activity Score 28, RA biomarkers, quality of life, and X-rays of the hands and wrists. The first four of the secondary outcomes will be measured every 4 weeks and the others will be measured at baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment. DISCUSSION： The result of this trial will help to evaluate whether Xinfeng Capsule is effective and safe in the treatment of RA. TRIAL REGISTRATION： This trial has been registered in ClinicalTrials.gov. The identifier is N CT01774877.     

Effects of the aqueous extract of Schizandra chinensis fruit on ethanol withdrawal-induced anxiety in rats

Background We previously demonstrated that the aqueous extract of the Schizandra chinensis fruit （AESC） ameliorated Cd-induced depletion of monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain through antioxidant activity.In the present study,we investigated the effect of AESC on anxiety-like behavior and the levels of norepinephrine and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol （a metabolite of norepinephrine） in different brain regions during ethanol withdrawal in rats.Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with 3 g/kg of ethanol （20％,w/v） or saline by daily intraperitoneal injection for 28 days followed by three days of withdrawal.During withdrawal,rats were given AESC （100 mg.kg 1.d-1 or 300 mg.kg 1·d1,P.O.） once a day for three days.Thirty minutes after the final dose of AESC,the anxiogenic response was evaluated using an elevated plus maze,and the plasma corticosterone levels were examined by radioimmunoassay.Meanwhile,the concentrations of norepinephrine and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylglycol in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and hippocampus were also measured by high performance liquid chromatography.Results Rats undergoing ethanol withdrawal exhibited substantial anxiety-like behavior,which was characterized by both the decrease in time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze and the increased level of corticosterone secretion,which were greatly attenuated by doses of AESC in a dose-dependent manner.The high performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed that ethanol withdrawal significantly increased norepinephrine and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylglycol levels in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus,while not significantly altering them in the hippocampus.Similar to the results from the elevated plus maze test,the AESC significantly inhibited the elevation of norepinephrine and its metabolite in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in a dose-dependent manner.Conclusions These results suggest that AESC attenuates anxiety-like behavior induced by ethanol withdrawal through modulation of the hypothalamic norepinephrine system in the brain.     

Relevance of muscle biopsy for diagnosing multifocal motor neuropathy

Multifocal motor neuropathy （MMN） is a rare,.focal,inflammatory,demyelinating disease of the peripheral nerves with pure motor involvementJ MMN is clinically characterized by slowly progressive,asymmetric,distal,upper limb predominant weakness,in the absence of sensory disturbances） Weakness is usually multifocal and connected to a distinct motor nerve,such as the musculocutaneous nerve resulting in biceps weakness,the posterior interosseus nerve resulting in finger drop,the median,ulnar,or radial nerve resulting in dexterity problems or grip weakness,or the peroneal nerve resulting in a foot drop.Onset of clinical manifestations is between 20 and 50 years of age.The prevalence of MMN is reported as 1-2 per 100 000.2 MMN is three times more frequent in men as compared to women.     

Association between intervertebral disc degeneration and disturbances of blood supply to the vertebrae

Low back pain is a common public health problem in western industrialized societies and the world as well.Studies indicate that the prevalence rate ranges to 35%, with around 10% of patients from 12% becoming chronically disabled. It also places an enormous economic burden on society. Although the exact cause of low back pain has yet to be defined, intervertebral disc degeneration is considered a major source of it. Since patients with degenerative discs are often asymptomatic, the mechanisms of it are still unclear.     

Efficacy of Different Iron Controlling Fortificants in Wheat Flour in Iron Deficiency

Objective To observe the different impacts of electrolytic iron, FeSO4, and NaFeEDTA on body iron store of anemic school students. Methods Four hundreds anemic students at the age of 11-18 years were divided into four groups. Of which, three consumed different iron fortificants from wheat flour as food vehicle for six months and one consumed non-fortified flour （control）. The fortification level of electrolytic iron, FeSO4, and NaFeEDTA was 60 mg Fe/kg, 30 mg Fe/kg, and 20 mg Fe/kg, respectively. Blood samples were collected at 0, 2, 4, and 6 months and hemoglobin （Hb）, serum ferritin （SF）, and transferrin receptor （TfR） were measured. Results The hemoglobin levels in three intervention groups increased, the increments of Hb in the NaFeEDTA group were significantly higher than that in the other groups. SF and TfR levels increased in the tested groups and body iron store in the NaFeEDTA group was higher than that in the other groups. These parameters did not show any significant changes in the control group. Conclusion NaFeEDTA and FeSO4 tortified wheat flour has positive impacts on iron status in anemic students and NaFeEDTA is more effective than FeSO4, while electrolytic iron is less effective in improving iron store in anemic students.     

Antioxidant and Antigenotoxic Activity of Bioactive Extracts from Corn Tassel简

This study is designed to evaluate antioxidant and antigenotoxic activities of corn tassel extracts（CTTs）. The major bioactive components of CTTs include flavonoid, saponin and polysaccharide. The antioxidant properties of the three bioactive components of CTTs were investigated by Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Property（FRAP） and 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl（DPPH） assays. The activities of the extracts were determined by assessing the inhibition of mutagenicity of the direct-acting mutagen fenaminosulf, sodium azide, and indirect-acting mutagen 2-aminofluorene using the Ames test（strains TA98 and TA100）. The results showed that the extraction rates of flavonoid, saponin, and polysaccharide from the dried corn tassels were 1.67%, 2.41% and 4.76% respectively. DPPH and FRAP assay strongly demonstrated that CTTs had antioxidant properties. CTTs at doses of 625, 1250 and 2500 μg per plate reduced 2-aminofluorene mutagenicity by 12.52%, 28.76% and 36.49% in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 strain assay respectively and by 10.98%, 25.27% and 37.83%, at the same doses in Salmonella typhimurium TA100 assay system, respectively. 3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide（MTT） assay showed that the different concentrations of CTTs inhibited the proliferation of MGC80-3 cells in a dose-dependent manner（P0.01）. It is concluded that these integrated approaches to antioxidant and antigenotoxicity assessment may be useful to study corn tassel as a natural herbal material.