大苞雪莲总黄酮体外抗氧化活性

目的:研究大苞雪莲总黄酮体外自由基清除能力及抗氧化活性。方法:采用体外清除1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基(DPPH·),2,2-联氮基-双-(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二氨盐阳离子自由基(ABTS+·),超氧阴离子(O-2·),羟基自由基(·OH),一氧化氮(NO),以及测定金属螯合能力、还原力、总抗氧化能力共8种方法对大苞雪莲总黄酮的自由基清除能力及抗氧化活性进行了评价。每组实验平行3次。结果:大苞雪莲总黄酮在一定浓度下能够有效地清除DPPH·,ABTS+·,O-2·,·OH,NO,对DPPH·,ABTS+·,·OH,NO的半数清除质量浓度分别为52.52,71.71,60.38,203.95 mg·L-1,对超氧阴离子的半数清除质量浓度为271.06 mg·L-1,小于维生素C(VC,380.10 mg·L-1),半数金属螯合质量浓度为184.52 mg·L-1,并且具有一定的还原力和总抗氧化能力。结论:大苞雪莲总黄酮具有较强的体外自由基清除能力及抗氧化活性,是一种具有较高研究价值和潜力的天然抗氧化物质。     

小丛红景天总黄酮抗氧化活性研究

目的:研究小丛红景天总黄酮的抗氧化活性。方法:以抗坏血酸为阳性对照,通过DPPH.法、邻苯三酚自氧化法、邻二氮菲-Fe2+法和脂质过氧化(LPO)法测定小丛红景天浸膏、小丛红景天总黄酮、市售西藏红景天药材及诺迪康胶囊制剂分别清除DPPH.自由基、O2-.自由基、OH.自由基和抑制脂质过氧化的活性。结果:小丛红景天总黄酮清除DPPH.自由基、O2-.自由基及OH.自由基的活性均高于小丛红景天浸膏、诺迪康胶囊与西藏红景天;小丛红景天总黄酮抑制脂质过氧化的活性与小丛红景天浸膏基本相当,但高于诺迪康胶囊和西藏红景天及抗坏血酸。结论:小丛红景天总黄酮对常见活性氧和DPPH.自由基都有较高的清除活性,且对机体脂质过氧化有很好的抑制作用,具有良好的抗氧化活性。     

三消草总黄酮的抗氧化活性研究

目的 确定三消草总黄酮(TFT)体外抗氧化活性.方法 以总黄酮提取率为指标,采用正交试验确定TFT最佳提取工艺.以Fenton反应、邻苯三酚自氧化和DPPH法检测TFT清除自由基活性,以肝匀浆、脾匀浆脂质过氧化、红细胞膜破裂抑制作用检测其对细胞或细胞器的抗氧化作用.结果 TFT对·OH自由基、O2-·自由基、DPPH·自由基均有清除作用.对·OH引发的肝匀浆、脾匀浆脂质过氧化、红细胞膜破裂有抑制作用,并且呈现明显的量效关系.TFT对生物反应体系抗自由基作用强度优于纯化学反应体系.结论 TFT抗氧化活性显著.     

过山枫总黄酮抗氧化作用研究

目的:探讨过山枫总黄酮的体外抗氧化活性。方法:分别采用DPPH.法、ABTS+法和Fenton体系法,以抗坏血酸(Vit C)作阳性对照,测定了过山枫总黄酮对DPPH·自由基、ABTS+自由基、·OH自由基的清除或抑制能力。结果:过山枫总黄酮对DPPH.自由基、ABTS+自由基、·OH自由基均具较强的清除或抑制效果。在供试浓度范围内,过山枫总黄酮对上述3种自由基的清除或抑制效率与总黄酮浓度间呈现一定量效关系,当过山枫总黄酮浓度达18.15、11、18.15μg/mL时,其对DPPH.、ABTS+与.OH的清除或抑制率分别达到87.43%、85.84%与92.56%,均高于同浓度下Vit C的清除或抑制率。结论:过山枫总黄酮具有较强的抗氧化的作用。     

藏紫菀不同溶剂提取物的体外抗氧化活性

目的研究藏紫菀不同溶剂提取物的体外抗氧化活性。方法采用1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基清除法、2,2′-联氮基双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)自由基清除法、超氧阴离子自由基清除法、NO自由基清除法、羟自由基清除法及铁还原/抗氧化能力(FRAP)法,对藏紫菀70%乙醇粗提物、正己烷部位、乙酸乙酯部位、正丁醇部位、水提部位等极性部位的抗氧化活性进行评价,同时分析抗氧化活性与总多酚和总黄酮含量之间的关系。结果与粗提物相比,乙酸乙酯、正丁醇部位表现出更强的抗氧化活性,且抗氧化活性与总黄酮和总多酚的含量密切相关,乙酸乙酯、正丁醇部位中总多酚含量分别高达(311.09±7.92)、(320.21±10.69)mg没食子酸/g提取物,总黄酮含量最高可达(667.78±19.18)、(623.97±14.01)mg芦丁/g提取物。乙酸乙酯部位对DPPH、ABTS⁺·、·OH、O₂^-·均具有最高的自由基清除活性,而正丁醇部位的NO清除活性和FRAP值均高于其他部位。结论藏紫菀乙酸乙酯、正丁醇部位具有较强自由基清除能力,是活性优异的天然抗氧化剂,可将其用于天然抗氧化活性单体成分的提取和分离。     

牡蛎酶解液的抗氧化活性研究

目的探讨牡蛎酶解液的抗氧化活性。方法用普鲁士蓝反应法测定牡蛎酶解液还原能力,在DPPH体系、Fenton体系和邻苯三酚自氧化体系中分别检测牡蛎酶解液清除二苯代苦味酰自由基(DPPH.)、羟基自由基(.OH)和超氧阴离子(O2-.)的能力,并考察牡蛎酶解液在Fe2 诱发卵黄脂蛋白过不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)过氧化体系中的抗氧化作用。结果牡蛎酶解液清除DPPH.和.OH的EC50分别为7.313和1.330 mg/ml;牡蛎酶解液(17.800 mg/ml)对超氧自由基和卵黄脂蛋白脂质过氧化的抑制率分别为19.86%和82.97%。结论牡蛎酶解液具有显著的清除DPPH.和.OH作用,且活性与剂量呈正相关,并对卵黄脂蛋白脂质过氧化也显示出了较强的抑制作用。     

防风多糖的抗氧化活性研究

目的研究防风多糖的抗氧化活性.方法采用水提醇沉法提取防风多糖,利用CTAB沉淀法对防风多糖进行分离,得到酸性防风多糖(A-SPS)和中性防风多糖(N-SPS).在体外化学模拟条件下,研究不同防风多糖的总还原能力以及对超氧阴离子(O-2 ·)、羟基自由基(·OH)、1,1-二苯基-2苦苯肼自由基(DPPH·)的清除作用和对Fe2-诱导的脂质过氧化反应的抑制作用.结果防风多糖具有一定的清除自由基、抑制脂质过氧化的能力,其中对·OH和DPPH·具有较强的清除作用.在几种防风多糖中,以A-SPS的效果较好,当实验浓度为8 mg/ml时,对·OH和DPPH·的清除率均接近于70%.结论A-SPS具有较强的抗氧化作用,可能是防风多糖的主要活性组分,可作为潜在天然抗氧化剂应用于食品和医药工业中.     

异鼠李素和槲皮素抗氧化活性研究

目的研究东方肉穗草中的主要黄酮类活性成分异鼠李素和槲皮素的抗氧化活性。方法采用清除DPPH自由基、清除ABTS自由基和抑制体外肝脏线粒体脂质过氧化试验的方法,检测异鼠李素和槲皮素的抗氧化活性。结果异鼠李素和槲皮素有明显的抗氧化活性,呈浓度依赖性效应。在清除DPPH自由基、清除ABTS自由基和抑制体外肝脏线粒体脂质过氧化试验中,异鼠李素的体系终浓度IC50分别为32,14.54,6.67μmol/L。槲皮素的体系终浓度IC50分别为4,3.64,6.67μmol/L。结论异鼠李素和槲皮素有明显的抗氧化活性。相同浓度的槲皮素比异鼠李素清除DPPH自由基、清除ABTS自由基能力更强,而抑制体外肝脏线粒体脂质过氧化能力十分接近。     

雪菊总黄酮抗氧化活性研究

目的:研究雪菊总黄酮及其主要成分的抗氧化活性。方法:对雪菊总黄酮的主成分进行分离鉴定和含量测定,采用1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)和2,2-联氮-二-(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)法测试其抗氧化活性。结果:分离鉴定了雪菊总黄酮中的黄诺玛苷、马里苷2个主成分,雪菊总黄酮对DPPH、ABTS自由基的半数清除率依次为11.06、139.3μg·m L-1,与马里苷、黄诺玛苷的半数清除率相近。结论:雪菊精制总黄酮具有优良的抗氧化能力,其中主要含有马里苷、黄诺玛苷等黄酮类活性成分。     

大孔树脂纯化后益智总黄酮体外抗氧化活性研究

目的研究大孔树脂纯化得到的益智总黄酮的体外抗氧化活性。方法以大孔树脂纯化得到的益智总黄酮为研究对象,并以Vc为对照,对其还原能力及1,1-二苯基-2-苦苯肼(·DPPH)自由基、·ABTS+自由基、羟基(·OH)自由基、超氧阴离子(O_2-·)自由基的清除能力和对铁氰化钾还原能力进行探讨。结果纯化后黄酮含量为51.68%的益智总黄酮对·DPPH自由基、·ABTS+自由基、羟基(·OH)自由基、超氧阴离子(O_2-·)自由基的清除能力的IC50分别为0.122 mg/ml、0.656 mg/ml、2.571 mg/ml和1.458 mg/ml,且对铁氰化钾还原能力的EC50为0.064 mg/m L,因此具有较强的还原能力。结论益智总黄酮表现出良好的体外抗氧化活性,为益智今后的研究提供了理论依据。     

Effect of feeding Mucuna pruriens on helminth parasite infestation in lambs

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume anecdotally reputed to have anthelmintic properties. This study was conducted to examine the validity of such claims.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to determine if ingestion of Mucuna seeds reduces helminth parasite infestation in lambs.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six Dorper × Katahdin ram lambs were assigned to three treatments, a cottonseed meal based control diet, a diet in which Mucuna replaced cottonseed meal and the control diet with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg body weight) administration. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The 12 lambs in each treatment were assigned randomly to 4 pens, each containing 3 lambs. Lambs were trickle infected three times per week by gavage with infectious Haemonchus contortus larvae (2000 larvae/lamb) for 3 weeks.

Results

Levamisole treatment decreased fecal egg counts by 87% and abomasal worm counts by 83%. Mucuna intake did not statistically affect fecal egg counts or abomasal worm counts, though numerical (P > 0.10) reductions of 7.4% and 18.1%, respectively were evident. Anemia indicators, feed intake, and lamb growth were unaffected by treatment.

Conclusions

Levamisole reduced the Haemonchus parasite burden in lambs significantly but feeding Mucuna reduced the burden by levels unlikely to eliminate the clinical effects of parasitism.     

α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of selected Philippine plants

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Antidesma bunius Spreng. (Phyllantaceae), Averrhoa bilimbi L. (Oxalidaceae), Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. (Oxalidaceae), Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. (Rhizophoraceae), Kyllinga monocephala Rottb. (Cyperaceae), and Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (Rhizophoraceae) are used as remedies to control diabetes. In the present study, these plants were screened for their potential α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

Materials and methods

The 80% aqueous ethanolic extracts were screened for their α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity using yeast alpha glucosidase enzyme.

Results

Except for A. bilimbi with IC₅₀ at 519.86±3.07, all manifested a significant enzyme inhibitory activity. R. mucronata manifested the highest activity with IC₅₀ at 0.08±1.82 μg mL⁻¹, followed by C. tagal with IC₅₀ at 0.85±1.46 μg mL⁻¹ and B. sensitivum with IC₅₀ at 2.24±1.58 μg mL⁻¹.

Conclusion

This is the first report on the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of the six Philippine plants; thus, partly defining the mechanism on why these medicinal plants possess antidiabetic properties.     

European medicinal polypores – A modern view on traditional uses

Ethnopharmacological relevance

In particular five polypore species, i.e. Laetiporus sulphureus, Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola, Piptoporus betulinus, and Laricifomes officinalis, have been widely used in central European folk medicines for the treatment of various diseases, e.g. dysmenorrhoea, haemorrhoids, bladder disorders, pyretic diseases, treatment of coughs, cancer, and rheumatism. Prehistoric artefacts going back to over 5000 years underline the long tradition of using polypores for various applications ranging from food or tinder material to medicinal–spiritual uses as witnessed by two polypore species found among items of Ötzi, the Iceman. The present paper reviews the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and biological activity of the five mentioned polypores.

Materials and methods

All available information on the selected polypore taxa used in traditional folk medicine was collected through evaluation of literature in libraries and searches in online databases using SciFinder and Web of Knowledge.

Results

Mycochemical studies report the presence of many primary (e.g. polysaccharides) and secondary metabolites (e.g. triterpenes). Crude extracts and isolated compounds show a wide spectrum of biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities.

Conclusions

The investigated polypores possess a longstanding ethnomycological tradition in Europe. Here, we compile biological results which highlight their therapeutic value. Moreover, this work provides a solid base for further investigations on a molecular level, both compound- and target-wise.     

真菌的中药干预研究近5年进展

近年来真菌感染率逐年上升,传统抗真菌药物易产生耐药性,而中药在防治真菌感染方面具有一定的优势。本文就近5年来中药对白念珠菌、皮肤癣菌、曲霉菌、马拉色菌、串珠镰孢菌、申克孢子丝菌、新生隐球菌及真菌生物膜的干预研究进展进行综述。     

Investigation of plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts

Aim of the study

To investigate the activities of the 217 plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts.

Materials and methods

Plant extracts were prepared by the method of maceration using solvents of different polarities. The growth inhibition of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (FcB1) was determined by measuring the radioactivity of the tritiated hypoxanthine incorporated. Activity against Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay. The antifungal tests were carried out by using the CLSI method. The active extracts were tested also by cytotoxicity assay using NIH-3T3 cells of mammalian fibroblasts.

Results

Two hundred and seventeen extracts of plants were tested against Plasmodium falciparum. The eleven active extracts, belonging to eight plant species were evaluated against L. (L.) chagasi, Trypanosoma cruzi, yeasts and in NIH-3T3 cells. The results found in these biological models are consistent with the ethnopharmacological data of these plants. The ethyl acetate extract of Diospyros hispida root showed IC₅₀ values of 1 μg/mL against Plasmodium falciparum. This extract demonstrated no toxicity against mammalian cells, resulting in a significant selectivity index (SI) of 435.8. The dichloromethane extract of Calophyllum brasiliense root wood was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 1.95 μg/mL; and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida krusei LMGO 174, both with MIC of 7.81 μg/mL. The same extract was also active against Plasmodium falciparum and L. (L.) chagasi with IC₅₀ of 6.7 and 27.6 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of Spiranthera odoratissima leaves was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 31.25 μg/mL, and against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ of 9.2 μg/mL and Trypanosoma cruzi with IC₅₀ of 56.3 μg/mL.

Conclusion

The active extracts for protozoans and human pathogenic yeasts are considered promising to continue the search for the identification and development of leading compounds.     

厚朴与凹叶厚朴群体遗传学研究

目的:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴的群体遗传学进行研究,为中药厚朴的质量控制提供分子生药学方面的依据。方法:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴15个居群应用2个叶绿体基因间序列psbA-trnH和trnL-trnF进行PCR扩增并测序,计算厚朴与凹叶厚朴单倍型频率,用程序HaploNst分析遗传多样性和遗传结构,应用TCS version 1.13软件构建单倍型网状进化树。结果:厚朴与凹叶厚朴均无特有单倍型存在,但单倍型频率存在显著差异,已开始出现遗传分化的趋势,NST略大于GST。结论:厚朴与凹叶厚朴在遗传上已出现遗传分化的趋势,但尚未完全分化成彼此独立的单系。     

牛耳朵和黄花牛耳朵的显微和化学鉴别

目的:为苦苣苔科唇柱苣苔属植物牛耳朵和黄花牛耳朵的鉴定和分类提供解剖学和化学依据。方法:采用石蜡制片法和水合氯醛透化法对2种药用植物的根状茎和叶横切面和粉末特征进行研究,应用光学显微镜观察显微结构。采用HPLC-UV法进行化学鉴别。结果:牛耳朵和黄花牛耳朵显微特征无明显区别,但是化学特征有明显的差异。结论:化学诞生特征鉴别方法可以作为2种药用植物的鉴定方法。     

Antiplasmodial activity of extracts from seven medicinal plants used in malaria treatment in Cameroon

Aim of the study

In a search for new plant-derived biologically active compounds against malaria parasites, we have carried out an ethnopharmacological study to evaluate the susceptibility of cultured Plasmodium falciparum to extracts and fractions from seven Cameroonian medicinal plants used in malaria treatment. We have also explored the inhibition of the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease Falcipain-2.

Materials and methods

Plant materials were extracted by maceration in organic solvents, and subsequently partitioned or fractionated to afford test fractions. The susceptibility of erythrocytes and the W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum to plant extracts was evaluated in culture. In addition, the ability of annonaceous extracts to inhibit recombinant cysteine protease Falcipain-2 was also assessed.

Results and discussion

The extracts showed no toxicity against erythrocytes. The majority of plant extracts were highly active against Plasmodium falciparumin vitro, with IC₅₀ values lower than 5 μg/ml. Annonaceous extracts (acetogenin-rich fractions and interface precipitates) exhibited the highest potency. Some of these extracts exhibited modest inhibition of Falcipain-2.

Conclusion

These results support continued investigation of components of traditional medicines as potential new antimalarial agents.     

Screening of the topical anti-inflammatory activity of the bark of Acacia cornigera Willdenow, Byrsonima crassifolia Kunth, Sweetia panamensis Yakovlev and the leaves of Sphagneticola trilobata Hitchcock

Ethnopharmacological relevance

An investigation of topical anti-inflammatory activity was undertaken on plants used in Central America traditional medicine.

Aim of study

Four herbal drugs used in the folk medicine of Central America to treat inflammatory skin affections (Acacia cornigera bark, Byrsonima crassifolia bark, Sphagneticola trilobata leaves and Sweetia panamensis bark) were evaluated for their topical anti-inflammatory activity.

Materials and methods

Petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts were obtained for herbal medicines and then extracts were tested on Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis model in mice.

Results

Almost all the extracts reduced the Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis in mice and the chloroform ones showed the highest activity, with ID₅₀ (dose giving 50% oedema inhibition) values ranging from 112 μg/cm² (Byrsonima crassifolia) to 183 μg/cm² (Sphagneticola trilobata). As reference, ID₅₀ of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin was 93 μg/cm².

Conclusions

Lipophilic extracts from these species can be regarded as potential sources of anti-inflammatory principles.     

金银花类药用植物IspE和IspH基因克隆和生物信息学分析

目的:克隆金银花类药用植物4-二磷酸胞苷-2-C-甲基赤藓糖激酶(4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol kinase,IspE)和4-羟基-3-甲基-2-邻苯基二磷酸还原酶(4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase,IspH)基因,并对其基因序列、蛋白特性和转录活性进行分析、比较.方法:从忍冬Lonicera japonica转录组测序结果中分析获得了IspE,IspH基因.分别以忍冬、红白忍冬L.japonica var.chinensis、红腺忍冬L.hypoglauca和水忍冬L.dasystyla新鲜花蕾为材料,利用RT-PCR技术克隆获得了4种金银花类药用植物IspE和IspH基因的全长cDNA.运用生物信息学分析软件,预测编码蛋白的结构和功能,并通过RT-PCR检测IspE和IspH在忍冬、红白忍冬、红腺忍冬、水忍冬花蕾中的转录情况.结果:金银花类药用植物IspE基因含有1个完整的开放阅读框,长度为1 221 bp,编码406个氨基酸;IspH含有一个完整的开放阅读框,长度为1 380 bp,编码459个氨基酸.IspE和IspH均为非分泌蛋白,均定位于叶绿体中.RT-PCR分析结果表明在忍冬、红腺忍冬和水忍冬的花蕾中IspE,IspH基因的转录水平没有显著差异,但红白忍冬花蕾中IspE,IspH基因的转录水平均显著高于忍冬.结论:克隆获得忍冬、红白忍冬、红腺忍冬和水忍冬中IspE,IspH基因,并证实了其在不同金银花类药用植物中的表达,为进一步研究IspE,IspH基因对萜类化合物生物合成和花香气以及颜色的影响奠定了基础.