肿瘤坏死因子相关诱导配体受体在前列腺癌组织中的表达

目的：研究肿瘤坏死因子相关诱导配体受体在前列腺癌组织中的表达情况。方法：应用RT—PCR检测20例良性前列腺增生和20例前列腺癌组织中的死亡受体DR4、DR5、假受体DcRl、DcR2的mRNA表达。结果：良性前列腺增生组织中DR4、DR5、DcR1均为85％(17／20)；DcR2为75％(15／20)。前列腺癌组织中死亡受体DR41、DR5为80％(16／20)；DcR1阳性表达率为15％(3／20)；假受体DcR2于前列腺癌组织中未见表达。结论：前列腺癌组织中的DcR1、DcR2受体缺乏表达，DcR1、DcR2在前列腺癌的凋亡调控途径中可能有重要作用。     

TRAIL及其受体在直肠癌组织中的表达

目的 探讨肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体(TRAIL)及其受体(DR4、DcR1)在正常直肠和直肠癌组织中的表达.方法 在31例直肠癌和20例正常直肠组织中,用免疫组化法检测TRAIL、DR4和DcR1的蛋白表达.结果 直肠癌组织中TRAIL、DR4和DcR1蛋白的表达阳性率(32.26%、29.03%、0)均低于正常直肠组织(55.00%、70.00%、65.00%),差异均有统计学意义(P=0.015、P=0.000、P=0.000),TRAIL及其受体的表达与直肠癌临床病理特征间无关(P>0.05).结论 直肠癌组织中TRAIL、DR4和DcR1的表达低于正常直肠组织,TRAIL及其受体相互作用所诱导的凋亡效应在直肠癌中有所减弱.     

TRAIL受体在胰腺癌中的表达

目的 研究肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体（TRAIL）受体在胰腺癌中的表达及意义。方法 应用半定量RT～PCR法检测TRAIL受体（死亡受体DR4、DR5和诱骗受体DcR1、DcR2）mRNA在胰腺癌组织及正常胰腺组织中的表达。结果 死亡受体DR4和DR5在所有胰腺癌组织和正常胰腺组织中均有表达，且在胰腺癌组织中的表达明显强于在正常胰腺组织中的表达（P〈0．01）。诱骗受体DcR1和DcR2在所有正常胰腺组织中均有表达，而在胰腺癌组织中仅有18例表达DcR1，有20例表达DcR2；诱骗受体DcR1和DcR2的表达水平在胰腺癌和正常胰腺组织中差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。胰腺癌组织中DR5的表达与肿瘤的分化程度和临床分期有关，分化程度越低，DR5的表达量越低，Ⅲ、Ⅳ期肿瘤DR5的表达显著低于Ⅰ、Ⅱ期（P〈0．05）。DR4、DcR1及DcR2在胰腺癌组织中的表达与肿瘤的分化程度和临床分期无关（P〉0．05）。结论 ①胰腺癌组织中普遍存在TRAIL受体的表达，并存在受体类型的表达差异，TRAIL基因受体在胰腺癌凋亡的调控机理中可能发挥重要作用。②胰腺癌组织中DR5的表达与肿瘤的分化程度及恶性程度相关；死亡受体DR4及诱骗受体DcR1和DcR2不能作为判断胰腺癌分化程度及恶性程度的指标。     

TRAIL受体在胰腺癌中的表达及意义

目的:研究肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体(TRAIL)受体在胰腺癌中的表达及意义。方法:应用半定量RT-PCR,检测TRAILR mRNA在胰腺癌组织,正常胰腺组织及胰腺癌细胞系ASPC-1、Can-pan-2中的表达。结果:死亡受体DR4、DR5在所有胰腺癌组织、正常胰腺组织及胰腺癌细胞系中均有表达,诱骗受体DcR1、DcR2在所有正常胰腺组织及细胞系中均有表达。死亡受体DR4、DR5在胰腺癌组织中有较高的表达,而在正常胰腺组织中呈中低水平表达(P<0.01)。胰腺癌细胞系中死亡受体DR4、DR5呈高水平表达,而诱骗受体DcR1、DcR2仅呈中低水平表达。结论:TRAIL受体在胰腺癌普遍表达,并存在受体类型的表达差异;死亡受体在胰腺癌中高表达,可能在TRAIL诱导胰腺癌细胞凋亡的机制中发挥重要的作用。     

肿瘤坏死因子相关诱导凋亡配体受体mRNA在肝癌中的表达及其意义

目的 探讨肿瘤坏死因子相关诱导凋亡配体的4种受体DR4、DR5、DcR1、DcR2在肝细胞癌肝组织中的表达状况。方法 应用半定量逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）方法检测40例人肝细胞癌组织、相应癌旁肝组织、23例正常人肝组织中DR4、DR5、DcR1、DcR2的mRNA表达率及表达水平。结果 （1）40例肝癌组织、癌旁组织、23例正常肝组织DR4、DR5的mRNA的表达水平差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；（2）40例癌旁组织、23例正常肝组织DcR1、DcR2表达水平明显高于40例肝癌组织（P〈0．05）；（3）DR4和DR5mRNA在肝细胞癌组织中表达水平与患者的年龄，肿瘤大小，有无包膜，分级程度，AFP水平，HBsAg，有无肝硬化有关系。结论 肝癌组织中存在TRAIL受体的表达，与其在正常肝组织中的表达差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；DR4、DR5表达水平与肝癌的病理状况有关系。     

肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体受体在人肝细胞肝癌的原发灶及其门脉癌栓中的表达及意义

目的 探讨肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体(TRAIL)受体DR4、DR5、DcR1、DcR2在人肝细胞肝癌的原发灶及其门脉癌栓中的表达及意义.方法 采用实时荧光定量逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)法,检测20例人肝细胞肝癌的原发灶及其门脉癌栓和20例未发生转移的原发性肝癌组织中TRAIL受体mRNA的表达水平.结果 死亡受体DR4、DB5在无转移的肝癌组织分别为(3.59±0.87)、(1.98±0.54),伴有门脉癌栓的肝癌原发灶组织(分别设定为1)及其门脉癌栓组织中的表达量分别为(0.62±0.28)、(0.31±0.12),呈递减趋势(P<0.05).诱捕受体DcR1、DcR2在伴有门脉癌栓的肝癌组织中的表达量分别为(0.29±0.04)、(0.54±0.08),显著低于无转移的肝癌组织(分别设定为1)(P<0.05).而在伴发PVTT的HCC中,门脉癌栓组织与其肝癌原发灶组织中DcR的表达量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).DR的表达水平与肿瘤的分化程度(r=0.461,P<0.05)及门静脉浸润情况(r=0.587,P<0.05)呈显著正相关.DR的表达水平与肿瘤的大小及血清甲胎蛋白(AFP)浓度无明显相关(P>0.05).结论 TRAIL死亡受体DR的表达下调可能与肝癌的恶性进展密切相关.TRAIL 途径诱导凋亡在肝癌转移过程中可能起到重要的作用.     

聚集素在前列腺正常、增生、癌组织中的表达及意义

目的　通过检测聚集素 (Clusterin)在前列腺正常、增生、癌变组织中的表达 ,探讨其与前列腺疾病发生发展的关系。　方法　采用免疫组织化学染色法检测 12例正常前列腺组织、15例良性前列腺增生组织 (BPH)、5 6例前列腺癌标本中Clusterin的表达水平。　结果　 3种组织中Clusterin的阳性及弱阳性表达率为 81% (67/83 ) ,其中前列腺正常、增生、癌组织中阳性及弱阳性表达率分别为17% (2 /12 )、73 % (11/15 )、96% (5 4/5 6)。前列腺癌组织中Clusterin表达水平明显高于前列腺正常 (t=8 82 ,P <0 0 1)及增生 (t =7 63 ,P <0 0 1)组织 ,且在癌组织中与肿瘤病理分级 (r =0 64 9,P <0 0 1)、临床分期 (r=0 60 9,P <0 0 1)呈正相关。　结论　Clusterin可能通过抗凋亡机制在前列腺癌的生物特性中发挥着重要的作用     

肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体及其受体在烧伤大鼠胸腺组织中的表达

目的 了解肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）相关的凋亡诱导配体（TRAIL）及其受体在严重烧伤大鼠胸腺组织细胞异常凋亡中的作用。方法 将50只Wistar大鼠随机分为假伤组（模拟烧伤）lO只和烧伤组40只（设伤后4、12、24、48h 4个时相点）。应用膜联蛋白A5-异硫氰酸荧光素／碘化丙啶双染法，观察大鼠胸腺组织中细胞凋亡的情况；反转录-聚合酶链反应和蛋白质印迹法检测TRAIL的死亡受体5（DR5）、DR4、诱骗受体1（DcR-1）、DcR2在大鼠胸腺组织中的表达。结果 与假伤组大鼠细胞凋亡率[（6．7±0．8）％]比较，烧伤组于伤后4h[（17．1±0．4）％]起增高，12h时[（25．2±1．1）％]达高峰，48h时仍明显高于假伤组（P〈0．05）。烧伤组大鼠胸腺组织中DR5的表达显著高于假伤组，DcR2的表达则显著低于假伤组；其余受体的表达组间相似。结论 严重烧伤后早期大鼠胸腺组织的细胞凋亡明显增加，且胸腺组织中DR5和DcR2的表达异常，提示TRAIL凋亡途径可能参与了病理性细胞凋亡过程。     

前列腺癌细胞凋亡与iNOS、Bcl-2的表达及意义

目的 :探讨细胞凋亡和诱生型一氧化氮合酶 (iNOS)、Bcl 2蛋白表达在前列腺癌中的意义以及两者之间的关系。　方法 :对 2 4例前列腺癌、15例前列腺增生及 5例正常前列腺组织行原位细胞凋亡检测及iNOS、Bcl 2蛋白免疫组化检测。　结果 :前列腺癌组的细胞凋亡率和iNOS的染色强度均显著高于前列腺增生组及正常前列腺组(P <0 .0 1) ,且Bcl 2蛋白表达阳性者的细胞凋亡率显著低于阴性者 (P <0 .0 1)。　结论 :前列腺癌的细胞凋亡率可反映其恶性程度 ;iNOS的表达与前列腺癌的分化程度无关 ,但与Bcl 2蛋白表达呈负相关 ;Bcl 2蛋白表达与前列腺癌细胞凋亡呈负相关。iNOS与Bcl 2均可通过影响前列腺癌细胞凋亡而在前列腺癌病理发生发展中起作用     

烧伤后增生性瘢痕成纤维细胞中TRAIL受体的表达及意义

目的检测肿瘤坏死斟子相关凋亡诱导配体（TRAIL）的受体住烧伤后增生期增生性瘢痕成纤维细胞上的表达，并探讨其意义。方法应用RT-PCR和流式细胞术，检测了30例处于增生期的烧伤后增牛性瘢痕成纤维细胞中TRAIL各受体的表达，并以30例正常皮肤成纤维细胞作为对照。结果RT-PCR和流式细胞术的检测结果均显示：与正常对照组相比，增生期瘢痕的成纤维细胞中步匕亡受体DR5的表达显著降低（P〈0．05），诱导受体DcR1的表达显著升高（P〈0．05），其余受体的表达住两组间差异无统计学意义。结论烧伤后增生性瘢痕的形成可能与TRAIL介导的瘢痕内成纤维细胞凋亡受阻有关。     

Sensitivity of prostate cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis increases with tumor progression: DR5 and caspase 8 are key players

BACKGROUND: As advanced prostate cancers are resistant to currently available chemotherapies, we evaluated the cytotoxic effect of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and characterized the involvement of its five receptors DR4, DR5, DcR1, DcR2, and osteoprotegerin (OPG) and of the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC)-forming proteins caspase 8 and c-FLIP in prostate cell lines. METHODS: We used six prostate cell lines, each corresponding to a particular stage in prostate tumorigenesis, and analyzed TRAIL sensitivity in relation to TRAIL receptors' expression. RESULTS: TRAIL sensitivity was correlated with tumor progression and DR5 expression levels and apoptosis was exclusively mediated by DR5. DcR2 was significantly more abundant in tumor cells than in non-neoplastic ones and may contribute to partial resistance to TRAIL in some prostate tumor cells. Conversely, non-tumoral cells secreted high levels of OPG, which can protect them from apoptosis. Finally, caspase 8 expression levels were as DR5 directly correlated to TRAIL sensitivity in prostate tumor cells. CONCLUSION: TRAIL-induced apoptosis is closely related to the balanced expression of its different receptors in prostate cancer cells and their modulation could be of potential clinical value for advanced tumor treatment.     

TRAIL受体在膀胱癌中的表达及意义

目的：了解肿瘤坏死因子相关诱导凋亡配体（TRAIL）受体在膀胱癌组织中的表达及意义。方法：采用RT－PCR及Northern blot方法检测TRAIL受体在膀胱癌组织及正常膀胱粘膜中的表达。结果：死亡受体DR4、DR5在膀胱癌组织及正常膀胱粘膜中呈强表达,候受体DcR-1在正常膀胱粘膜呈强表达,假受体DcR-2未见表达。结论：TRAIL基因在膀胱移行上皮细胞癌凋亡机制中可能发挥重要作用。     

肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体受体在肾癌中的分布及其意义

目的：研究肿瘤坏死因子相关诱导凋亡配体（TRAIL）受体在肾癌组织中的分布及其意义。方法：采用RT－PCR及NorthernBlot的方法检测TRAIL受体在肾癌组织及正常肾组织,肾癌细胞系GRC－I和正常肾小管细胞系HK－2中的表达。结果：死亡受体DR4、DT4在肾癌组织及正常肾组织、肾癌细胞系GRC－I和正常肾小管细胞系HK－2中强表达;假受体DcR-1在正常肾组织和正常肾小管细胞系HK－2中强表达;假受体DcR-2未见表达。结论TRAIL基因在肾癌肿瘤细胞的凋亡机制中可能发挥重要的作用。     

Thapsigargin potentiates TRAIL-induced apoptosis in giant cell tumor of bone

TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is capable of causing apoptosis in tumor cells but not in normal cells; however, it has been shown that certain types of tumor cells are resistant to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. In this study, we examined the potentiation of TRAIL-induced apoptosis in the stromal-like tumor cells of giant cell tumor of bone (GCT). We show that both mRNA and protein of TRAIL receptors—death receptors (DR4, DR5) and decoy receptors (DcR1, DcR2) are present in GCT stromal tumor cells. However, the expression profiles in all GCT clones tested do not readily correlate with their differential sensitivity to TRAIL. To this end, we selected thapsigargin (TG), an agent known to cause perturbations in intracellular Ca²⁺ homeostasis to enhance the apoptotic action of TRAIL. When added alone, neither TRAIL nor TG induces a therapeutically important magnitude of cell death in GCT tumor cells. Interdependently, scheduled treatment of the cultures with TG followed by subsequent addition of TRAIL resulted in a significant synergistic apoptotic activity, while in contrast, no obvious augmentation was seen when TRAIL was added before TG. This effect was in accord with our observation that TG predominantly up-regulated both mRNA and protein expression of DR5, as well as DR4 mRNA while down-regulating DcR1 protein in GCT stromal-like tumor cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that TG is able to sensitize tumor cells of GCT to TRAIL-induced cell death, perhaps in part through up-regulating the death receptor DR5 and down-regulating the decoy receptor DcR1. These findings provide an additional insight into the design of new treatment modalities for patients suffering from GCT.     

肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体治疗肝细胞癌的研究

目的探讨肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体(TRAIL)与其受体在肝细胞肝癌(hepatocellularcarcinoma,HCC)中的表达及意义,及利用TRAIL对HCC的治疗作用。方法采用免疫组化技术及原位杂交方法分别检测了100例肝癌组织,100例癌旁组织,40例正常肝组织中TRAIL及TRAILR的表达,并结合临床资料进行分析;采用不同浓度TRAIL处理肝癌细胞株HepG2、SMMC7721,观察经药物处理前后肿瘤细胞的凋亡发生率。结果TRAIL在正常肝组织中无表达,癌旁组织中的表达明显高于癌组织。86例肝癌组织不表达诱捕受体DcR1(86%),55例肝癌组织不表达诱捕受体DcR2(55%),40例正常肝组织两种诱捕受体均有表达。肝癌组织中死亡受体为高表达,诱捕受体为低表达,正常肝组织则相反,两者间有显著差异性(P<0.05)。肝癌组织中死亡受体的表达与肿瘤的分化呈正相关(P<0.01),与肿瘤分级呈负相关(P<0.05),与病人的性别、年龄、AFP水平、肿瘤的大小以及是否转移无关。经TRAIL(100ng/ml)处理24h,肝癌细胞凋亡发生率约10%,而Jurkat细胞凋亡率达70%以上,胆管癌细胞QBC939凋亡发生率约50%。结论HCC时,TRAILR普遍表达,但存在受体类型的表达差异,其中DcR1大多缺失,这为利用TRAIL治疗HCC提供了理论依据,然而,单一的TRAIL治疗只能有限的诱导肝癌细胞HepG2、SMMC7721发生凋亡,HCC对TRAIL诱导的凋亡存在耐药现象。     

Regulation of the resistance to TRAIL-induced apoptosis as a new strategy for pancreatic cancer

BACKGROUND: Tumor necrosis factor-related, apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a potent inducer of apoptosis in a wide variety of tumor cells, but it does not cause toxicity in the majority of normal cells. Therefore, TRAIL could become a suitable agent for anticancer therapies. However, a number of tumor cell lines are known to be resistant to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. The purpose of this study was to determine the mechanisms of resistance to TRAIL in pancreatic cancer cells. METHODS: In human pancreatic cancer cell lines, the sensitivity to TRAIL-induced apoptosis was tested. The expression of TRAIL receptors (DR4, DR5, DcR1, and DcR2) and the expression of death signal-transducing proteins were investigated. In the TRAIL-resistant pancreatic cancer cells, effects of cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor, on death signal-transducing proteins were tested. Finally, the effects of the combined treatment with cycloheximide and TRAIL on the induction of apoptosis and on the expression of death signal-transducing proteins were examined. RESULTS: Pancreatic cancer cells responded to TRAIL in a different way. Resistant cell lines, AsPC-1, Suit-2, and CFPAC-1, expressed higher levels of FLIP-S protein, one of the splice variants of FLIP. Cycloheximide reduced the expression of FLIP in the resistant cells. Combined treatment with cycloheximide and TRAIL induced cleaved forms of caspases and simultaneously restored the sensitivity to TRAIL-induced apoptosis in the resistant cells. CONCLUSIONS: Pancreatic cancer cells are resistant to TRAIL-induced apoptosis via strong expression of the anti-apoptotic protein FLIP-S. Suppression of FLIP-S by cycloheximide restored sensitivity to TRAIL-induced apoptosis in resistant cancer cells. These findings may provide useful information for the development of TRAIL-based therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring the functionality of apoptotic pathways in pancreatic cancer cells.     

Effects of sequential treatments with chemotherapeutic drugs followed by TRAIL on prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo

BACKGROUND: Tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis-inducing ligand/Apo2 ligand (TRAIL/Apo-2L) is a novel anticancer agent, capable of inducing apoptosis preferentially in tumor and transformed cells. TRAIL-R1/death receptor (DR)4 and TRAIL-R2/DR5 are members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, and can be activated by the TRAIL. We examined the clinical potential of chemotherapeutic drugs and TRAIL for the treatment of prostate cancer. METHODS: Prostate and bladder cancer cells were exposed to chemotherapeutic drugs (paclitaxel, vincristine, vinblastine, etoposide, doxorubicin, and camptothecin) and TRAIL. Cell viability was measured by sodium 3'[1-(phenylaminocarbonyl)-3,4-tetrazolium]-bis (4-methoxy-6-nitro) assay; expressions of death receptors and Bcl-2 family members were measured by Western blotting, ELISA and ribonuclease protection assay. PC-3 tumor cells xenografted athymic nude mice were exposed to chemotherapeutic drugs and TRAIL, either alone or in combination, to measure tumor growth and survival of mice. Apoptosis was measured by annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide staining, and terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated nick end labeling assay. Caspase-3 activity was measured by the Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: TRAIL induced apoptosis with varying sensitivity. Chemotherapeutic drugs (paclitaxel, vincristine, vinblastine, etoposide, doxorubicin, and camptothecin) significantly augmented TRAIL-induced apoptosis in cancer cells through up-regulation of DR4, DR5, Bax, and Bak, and induction of caspase activation. Mitochondrial pathway enhanced the synergistic interactions between drugs and TRAIL. The sequential treatment of mice with chemotherapeutic drugs followed by TRAIL induced caspase-3 activity, and apoptosis, inhibited angiogenesis, completely eradicated the established tumors, and enhanced survival of mice. CONCLUSIONS: Chemotherapeutic drugs can be used to enhance the therapeutic potential of TRAIL in prostate cancer.